内容正文:
第一章 句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。 句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语及同
位语。
句子成分由相应的词类来充当。
一、主语:主语是句子说明的人或事物“是什么”或“是谁”。主语一般位于_____ 。
Jane is good at playing the piano. 简擅长弹钢琴。
She went out in a hurry. 她匆忙出去了。
The old should hand on the torch of knowledge to the young. 老年人应该把知识的火炬传递给年轻人。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。
【归纳】 主语通常由 ______ 词、______词、数词、名词化的形容词、________、________以及主语从句充当。
2、 谓语动词:说明主语做什么或怎么样。
His parents are teachers.
We love China. 我们爱中国。
He can speak English. 他会说英语。
We have finished reading this book. 我们看完了这本书。
【归纳】 谓语由 动词 或 动词短语 充当,位于主语之后。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。
(1) _________动词 可单独作谓语
(2) _________ 动词 和 _________ 动词需要和 实义动词 一起构成谓语。
(3) 连系动词 和 表语 一起构成谓语。
3、 宾语: 宾语是动作、行为的对象, 一般放在_________或_______后面。介词后面的名词、代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。
She has a very pleasant smile. 她笑得很灿烂。
I think (that) he is fit for his office. 我认为他适合这个职务。
Lend me your dictionary, please. 请借给我你的词典。
【归纳】 宾语常由 _____词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组和___________等充当。
【双宾语】直接宾语与间接宾语
有些动词可带有两个宾语,其中一个指物sth(直接宾语),另一个指人sb(间接宾语)。
结构:动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
He lends me a book. /He bought me a big house. /You teach me English.
注意:间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。
间接宾语前加“to”的有:
give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应)等。
间接宾语加“for”的有:
make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等
(1)I give him a book. 改成:
(2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。) 改成:
(3)He writes me a letter. 改成:
(4)He will buy me some books. 改成:
(5)She is making me a cake. 改成:
4、 宾语补足语:对宾语进行补充说明的成分。 宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
My parents ask me to study hard. 我父母要求我努力学习。
They painted their boat white. 他们把船漆成白色。
I will keep everything clean. 我会保持一切干净。
【归纳】 宾补一般由 ______词、________词、动词不定式、副词、分词和介词短语等充当。
5、 表语:用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般位于 系动词 之后。
His words sounded reasonable. 他的话听起来很合理的。
She is in good health. 她很健康。
My father is a professor. 我父亲是一位教授。
Be动词(am,is,are, was, were)
系动词 表保持(keep, stay, remain)
表改变(get,become,turn)
感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来))
【归纳】位于系动词之后,由_______词、代词、_______词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、________词短语、副词及表语从句充当。
6、 定语:用来修饰________或_________。可分为前置定语和后置定语。单个词作定语时,通常放在它
所修饰的名词之前。
如:The black bike is mine.(形容词)
What’s your name?(代词)
They make paper flowers.(名词)
注意:1.当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。 如:I tell him something interesting. He has something to do.
2. 短语或从句作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:The boys in the room are in Class Four.
【归纳】定语一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、_________、动名词、_____词、介词短语和从句等充当。
七、状语:修饰_______、_______、______或________。
状语用来说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的条件、让步、方向、程度等。
1. He did it carefully.
2. He is often late for class.
3. We saw that picture at the cinema.
4. They did everything they could to save the boy’s life.
5. He was angry because we were late.
6. If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go out.
【归纳】状语一般由______词、不定式、分词、_______词短语和从句等充当。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。
八、同位语:在名词或代词后面对该词做补充说明。
Jack, my cousin,will come to Beijing this summer holiday.
Ms Smith, the manager of the company, is the leader of this project.
We are glad to hear the news that you have been admitted to Peking University.
【归纳】同位语可以是名词、名词词组或句子。
【总结】
句子成分
含义
充当该成分的词类
例句
主语
表示句子说的是什么人或什么事
名、代、数、不定式、动名词、名词性短语、句子
Jane is good at playing the piano.
谓语
说明主语做什么、是什么或怎么样
动词或动词词组
We have finished reading this book.
宾语
表示动作行为的对象
同主语
Lend me your dictionary.
表语
与系动词连用一起构成谓语,说明主语的身份、性质或特征
名、代、形、数、不定式、动名词、分词、名词性短语、句子
My father is a teacher.
定语
用于修饰名词或代词
形、代、数、名、副、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、句子
The black bike is mine.
状语
修饰动词、副词或形容词,表示动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、结果等
副词、分词、介词短语、句子
He did it carefully.
补足语
和宾语存在逻辑上的主谓关系
形、名、不定式、动名词、介词短语等
I will keep everything clean.
同位语
对名词或代词作补充说明
名词、名词词组或句子
He himself will finish the work.
【课堂精练】
(一) 选出下列句中的宾语
① My brother doesn't do his homework.
A B C D
② People all over the world speak English.
A B C D
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
A B C D
④ How many new words do you learn ?
A B C D
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
A B C D
(二) 选出下列句中的表语
① The old man is feeling very tired.
A B C D
② Why is he worried about Jim?
A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
A B C D
④ Soon They all become interested in the subject.
A B C D
⑤ She is the first to learn about it.
A B C D
(三) 选出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.
A B C D
② What is your given name?
A B C D
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
A B C D
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
A B C D
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
A B C D
(四) 选出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
② He asks her to take the boy out of school.
A B C D
③ She find it difficult to do the work.
A B C D
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
A B C D
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
A B C D
(五) 选出下列句中的状语
① There is a big smile on her face.
A B C D
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
A B C D
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
A B C D
④ The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast.
A B C D
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
A B C D
(六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语( )
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Does he leave any message for me?
(七) 写出画线部分的句子成分。
1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.
2. Her garden is the best in our town.
3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old.
4. I like this book very much.
5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.
6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill.
7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.
8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.
9. They are in the classroom.
10. It sounds good.
11. We always go to school early.
第2章 简单句
【简单句的句子结构】
1. 主+谓 Times flies. The sun rises.
2. 主+谓+宾 I love you. He helps me.
3. 主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart. Mother make a new dress for me.
【注意】常跟双宾语的动词:bring, give, lend, offer, promise, send, show,teach, tell; buy, choose, find, get, make, order.
4. 主+谓+宾+宾补 You make me happy. He always makes us laugh.
5. 主+系+表 You are my sunshine. Tom looks ill.
【课堂精练】
分析下列句子成分和句子类型。
1. They arrived yesterday
2. Children often sing this song.
3. We keep our classroom clean and tidy.
4. She showed her friends to us.
5. The bike is new.
6. He looks her face carefully.
7. Tom is sleeping on the bed.
8. A dog ran after him.
9. Sunshine makes us warm.
10. I taught you English.
11. Alice sent him flowers.
12. A big smile is on her face.
13. Leaves are yellow in autumn.
14. The woman carrying a baby is my mother.
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