九年级Unit 1 Know yourself （语法写作预习）（牛津译林版）-2024年八升九英语暑期无忧衔接

新课2九年级Unit 1 Know yourself （语法写作预习） 语法精讲：1.并列连词and、but、or和so 2.并列连词both...and...not only...but also...either...or...和neither...nor... 写作精讲：个人推荐信 语法精讲 并列连词and、but、or和so 词条 用法 and and用来连接两个词性相同的词、短语或句子，表示并列关系。 如果连接两个含有相同主语或谓语的句子，and后省去相同部分。 but but意为“但是，然而，却”，用来连接两个有转折关系的词、短语或句子。 如果连接两个含有相同主语或谓语的句子，but后可以省去相同部分。 or or意为“或者，还是”时，表示选择关系。 or连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与or后面的主语保持一致，即遵循“就近原则”。 so so意为“因此，所以”，表示因果关系或结果。 so不能与because同时出现在一个句子中。 Our English teacher is kind and helpful. 我们的英语老师既和蔼又乐于助人。 The boy is not very tall but he runs very fast. 这个男孩虽然个子不高, 但跑得很快。 Do you often go home on foot or by bicycle? 你经常步行回家还是骑自行车回家? She was ill, so she did not go to school. 她生病了, 所以没去上学。 注意: 并列连词可以用来表示并列关系、转折关系、选择关系或因果关系等。 并列连词and表示“和, 又”, 表达并列关系。如: Mike likes playing football and singing songs. 迈克喜欢踢足球和唱歌。 并列连词but表示“但是”, 表达转折关系, 所连接的成分意思往往相反或相对。如: My uncle bought me a watch, but I did not like it. 叔叔给我买了一块手表, 可是我不喜欢。 并列连词or表示“或者”, 表达选择关系。如: Which do you like better, juice or coffee? 果汁和咖啡, 你更喜欢哪一个? 注意: 在否定句中并列成分用or连接, 而不用and。如: I cannot speak Japanese or French. 我不会说日语和法语。 并列连词so表示“因此, 所以”, 表达因果关系, 常用来连接两个简单句。如: It began to rain, so we went home. 开始下雨了, 所以我们就回家了。 注意: 并列连词so和从属连词because (因为)不能一起使用。如: The dog was hungry, so we gave it something to eat. (√) Because the dog was hungry, s0 we gave it something to eat. (×) 用and，but，or或so填空。 1. He is a doctor__________she is a teacher. 2. He speaks loudly,__________we can hear him. 3. Do you want a bath at once,__________shall I have mine first? 4. That dog can stand__________can't jump. 5. The shops were closed,__________I didn't get any milk. 6.I like sweet drinks__________he likes sweet drinks too. 7.Cathy likes cats__________she doesn't like dogs. 1． and 2． so 3． or 4． but 5． and 6．but 7.so 并列连词both...and...not only...but also...either...or...和neither...nor... 词条 用法 both…and… both…and…意为“两者都”，可以连接名词、代词、形容词、介词短语等。 both…and…连接名词、代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 not only…but also… not only…but also…意为“不但……而且……”，可以连接两个相同的对等成分。 either…or… either…or…意为“或者……或者……，不是……就是……”，可以连接名词、代词、形容词、动词和介词短语等。 neither…nor… neither…nor…意为“既不……也不……”，可以连接名词、代词、形容词、动词和介词短语等。 both...and...表示 “...和...两者都; 既...又...”。 如: Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 He can both swim and skate. 他既会游泳又会滑冰。 注意: 当both...and...连接的两个成分在句中作主语时, 谓语动词总是用复数形式。如: Both she and I are good at English. 她和我都擅长英语。 not only...but also...表示“不...而且; 不仅...还有”。如: Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the charity walk. 不但林先生而且他的儿子也参加了慈善行走活动。 They speak English not only in class but also at home. 他们不仅在课堂上说英语, 在家里也说。 在not only...but also...搭配中, 可以只用but。如: I not only heard it but (also) saw it. 我不仅听到了, 而且看到了。 注意: 当not only...but also连接两个名词作主语时, 其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致, 这就是我们通常说的“就近原则”。如: Not only the students but also Mr Li has lunch at school. 不仅学生们, 还有李老师都在学校吃午饭。 either...or...表示“要么...要么...; 或者...或者...; 不是...就是...”, 用于连接两个表示选择关系的名词或代词。如: When the girl is happy, she either sings or dance. 那个女孩高兴时, 不是唱就是跳。 注意: 当either...or...连接两个主语时, 也应遵循“就近原则”。如: Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里, 要么我去那里。 neither...nor...表示“既不...也不...”, 具有否定含义。如: It is neither hot nor cold in winter here. 这里冬天既不热也不冷。 注意: 当neither...nor...连接两个主语时, 也应遵循“就近原则”。如: Neither Dad nor Mum is at home today. 今天父母都不在家。 一、单项选择。 ( )1.My parents want me to get further study to be__________an engineer __________a scientist,__________I would like to be a famous surgeon. A. neither; nor; and B. either; or;but C. not only; but; so D. both; and; or ( )2. - I've decided to give up my job, Mum. - Are you serious? __________. A.Sounds great! B.What a pity! C.Guess what? D. You'd better think twice. ( )3．__________my friends__________I like playing computer games because we think it wastes time. A.Both;and B. Not only; but also C. Either;or D.Neither;nor ( )4．__________Anna__________her brother like listening to soft music. A.Both;and B.Neither;nor C.Either;or D. Not only; but also ( )5．-Will they have any problems speaking English？ -I don't think so. Now__________the young__________the old can speak some English. A. either;nor B. not only; but also C. neither; nor D.both;or 1～5．ABACD 二．、根据中文完成下列句子。 1．这个女孩既不喜欢唱歌也不喜欢跳舞，但她偏爱画画。 The girl enjoys____________________, but she prefers to draw pictures. 2． 要么你要么我将去超市买些水果。 __________you__________I will go to the supermarket to buy some fruit. 3． 我们都认为丽萨的性格适合成为一个艺术家。 We all think that______________________________. 4． 你认为我将来能做什么工作？ ____________________I can do in the future? 5． 史蒂芬·霍金不仅是一名伟大的科学家，而且是一位著名的作家。 Stephen Hawking was not only a great scientist__________________a famous writer. 1． neither singing nor dancing 2. Either; or 3. impatient and careless; is not suitable for 4. you have to think twice 5. not only; but also 一、 用并列连词and, but, so或or填空 1. Let’s help each other ________ learn from each other. 2. Work hard, ________ you’ll fall behind. 3. She is very busy, ________ she still spends some time taking care of sick animals. 4. Every day, I can smell the flowers ________ hear the birds sing. 5. It was too cold outside, ________ we stayed at home all the day. 6. You can watch TV at home ________ go for a walk with me. 7. I know him, ________ I can’t remember his name. 8. My glasses are broken, ________ I need a new pair. 二、用并列连词both...and...not only...but (also)..., either...or...或neither...nor...填空 1. ________ Saturday ________ Sunday is OK. I will be free at the weekend. 2. ________ humans ________ animals can live without air. 3. ________ she ________ her twin sister impress the fans with their beautiful dance. 4. Since last month ________ the students ________ the teacher has devoted most of their time to the competition. 5. ________ the boy ________ the girl knows the way. They are lost. 6. You may choose ________ the bike ________ the toy. You can’t have them both, kid. 7. ________ he ________ his son enjoys fishing by the lake when it is sunny. It’s great fun for them. 8. ________ Jane ________ Jim are interested in music. They won’t miss this concert. 三、用括号内所给的并列连词合并句子 1. Do you want a jacket? Do you want a coat? (or) ______________________________________________________ 2. The classmates miss the sick girl. The teacher misses the sick girl. (both...and...) ______________________________________________________ 3. The beautiful view impresses the tourists from America. The local people impress the tourists from America. (not only...but also...) ______________________________________________________ 4. Everyone bought many presents. Everyone took many photos. (and) ______________________________________________________ 5. Jack doesn’t know Mr. Wang. Helen doesn’t know Mr. Wang either. (neither...nor...) ______________________________________________________ 6. His father may drive him to school. His mother may drive him to school. (either...or...) ______________________________________________________ 7. She wants to be thinner. She exercises more. (so) ______________________________________________________ 8. I want to go to the cinema. I have to finish my report first. (but) ______________________________________________________ 四、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 基蒂周末不是做饭, 就是洗碗。 Kitty ____________________________________ at the weekend. 2. “杂交水稻之父”袁隆平在国内外都很有名。 Yuan Longping, Father of Hybrid Rice, is famous ____________ at home ____________ abroad. 3. 你们不仅要三思而行, 还应接受别人好的建议。 You should ________________________________ . 4. 海伦. 凯勒既看不见也听不见, 但她以杰出的作品和慈善工作赢得了全世界的赞誉。 Helen Keller could __________________ , but she __________________ for her great works and her charity activities from all over the world. 5. 比利急躁粗心, 因此不适合做这项工作。 Billy is __________________ , ______________ he __________________ the job. 一、1. and 2. or 3. but 4. and 5. so 6. or 7. but 8. so 二、1. Either; or 2. Neither; nor 3. Both; and 4. not only; but (also) 5. Neither; nor 6. either; or 7. Not only; but (also) 8. Both; and 三、1. Do you want a jacket or a coat? 2. Both the classmates and the teacher miss the sick girl. 3. Not only the beautiful view but (also) the local people impress the tourists from America. 4. Everyone bought many presents and took many photos. 5. Neither Jack nor Helen knows Mr. Wang. 6. Either his father or his mother may drive him to school. 7. She wants to be thinner, so she exercises more. 8. I want to go to the cinema, but I have to finish my report first. 四、1. either makes/cooks meals or does the dishes 2. both; and 3. not only think twice but(also) accept others’ good advice 4. neither see nor hear; won high praise 5. impatient and careless; so; is not suitable for 写作精讲 话题分析 本单元的话题是“Know yourself”,从一个人的性格可以看出他的素养和能力。与此话题相关的写作常常是写推荐信,下面我们就来学习如何写推荐信吧! 常用表达 1.We are writing to recommend…as/for… 2.He/She has many strong qualities for/to do… 3.He/She always/often/never… 4.We think he/she is the most suitable/right person to be… 典型例题 学生会要表彰一批优秀学生,Tom想推荐他的同学John竞争“最乐于助人奖”(the Most Helpful Student Award)。请你以Tom的名义,用英语给学生会主席写一封80~100词的推荐信。推荐信中必须包括下列要点: 1.他有礼貌,勤奋,谦虚,乐于助人,常常帮助同学学习; 2.他经常为希望工程募集物品; 3.他擅长电脑,经常为帮扶俱乐部(the Helping Hands Club)从网上查找资料; 4.他从不介意做额外的工作,经常指导新同学如何使用图书馆,大家都很感激他。 Dear President of Students’ Union, 　　I would like  Yours faithfully, Tom 写法指导 遣词造句 1.我想推荐John获得“最乐于助人奖”。(recommend…for…)   2.他经常为帮扶俱乐部从网上查找资料。(search for information)   遣词造句 1.I would like to recommend John for the Most Helpful Student Award. 2.He often searches for information on the Internet for the Helping Hands Club. 连句成篇 Dear President of Students’ Union, I would like to recommend John for the Most Helpful Student Award. John is my classmate. He has many good qualities. He is polite, hard-working and very modest. He is always helpful. He often helps us with our study. He often helps raise things for Project Hope. He is good at computers and often searches for information on the Internet for the Helping Hands Club. He never minds doing extra work and often shows the new students how to use the school library. We are all grateful to him for his help. We all think he is the most suitable person for this award. We all hope you can agree with us. Yours faithfully, Tom 一 　　假如你是刘涛,请你用英语给你校陈老师写一封信,推荐你的同学李平为本年度“优秀团员奖”(the Best League Member)得主。词数:100左右。内容须包括以下几点: 1.李平在九年级五班学习,多科成绩优秀; 2.他喜欢运动,擅长绘画、拉小提琴; 3.他乐于助人,一天…… Dear Mr Chen, 　　I’d like to recommend Li Ping for this year’s Best League Member. 　　Li Ping is a student in Class 5, Grade 9.He always gets good grades. He likes sports very much. He often plays football after school. His friends like playing with him, too. Besides, he is good at drawing and playing the violin. 　　He is ready to help others. All the classmates like him. One day, he saw a girl crying on his way home. He asked the girl what happened. The girl said she lost her key. So Li Ping helped the girl look for her key. It took Li Ping about 30 minutes. “Oh, it’s time to have supper. Mum and Dad must be worried,” Li Ping thought. But he didn’t give up until they found the key on the road. 　　I think Li Ping is the most suitable person for the award. I hope you can agree with me. 　　Best wishes! Yours, Liu Tao 二 假设你叫李明，你们班级要选拔新班长，你想向班主任王老师推荐张航。请根据表格内容，写一封80词左右的推荐信给王老师。信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 姓名 张航 特长 精通电脑，擅长演讲 性格、品质 自信、勤奋、谦虚、有条理、乐于助人 个人事迹 经常花很多时间组织课外活动，从不介意为班级做额外的工作，总是尽最大努力帮助同学，深受同学们欢迎。 Dear Mr Wang, I’m writing to recommend Zhang Hang as our new monitor. Dear Mr. Wang, I’m writing to recommend Zhang Hang as our new monitor. I think he has some strong qualities for this position. Zhang Hang is confident. He is good at making speeches. He also does well in computers. He is hard-working, modest and organized. He often spends lots of time organizing after-school activities. He is very helpful too. He never minds doing extra work for our class. He always tries his best to help other students. He is very popular with us. I think Zhang Hang is the most suitable person to be our monitor. I hope you can consider my recommendation. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 一.完形填空 Matt loved science, and he wanted to be the Science Star of the week. Now he was presenting his experiment in Mrs. Perry’s class. “Let me show you 　1　 to keep an egg in the middle of the glass.” Matt dropped an egg into salt water. But it fell to the bottom.   “Look, Matt’s blushing(脸红)!” Coco shouted. Matt covered 　2　 red face with hands.  That evening he 　3　 The Book of Wonderful Science Experiments. When it came to the last page, he smiled. “This is the right experiment 　4　 me! It’s impossible to fail this time.”  The next day in front of his class, Matt spread small pieces of paper onto the desk and rubbed(摩擦) a spoon with cloth. “The spoon will lift up the paper.” He raised the spoon, but 　5　 happened. The paper lay still.  “Matt’s blushing again!” Emily pointed out. Matt was 　6　 and ran back to his seat with his red face.  “Becoming the Science Star seems so 　7　,” Matt thought. That night he couldn’t sleep. “I have to make it, but the only thing I could do right was blushing.”…Suddenly, a 　8　 came to his mind.  The following morning, Matt appeared before the class again, 　9　 his Mickey Mouse ears.  “Mouse ears on the head are your 　10　?” Someone laughed and Matt’s face burned.  “No, watch my 　11　! Blushing is my experiment,” Matt answered. Everyone quieted down.  Matt continued, “When you feel stressed, your blood vessels(血管) in the face open wide and fill the skin with blood, 　12　 you blush.” He showed a picture of blood vessels. “I’ve 　13　 many times to control blushing, but now I know it’s a normal part of being human. So the best thing to do is to 　14　 it.” The class cheered and Matt’s red face lit up the whole classroom.  “Matt is the Science Star of the week,” Mrs. Perry announced. Matt walked 　15　 back to his seat. What a perfect day!  1.A.how B.where C.why D.when 2.A.my B.your C.his D.her 3.A.handed in B.looked through C. waited for D.put away 4.A.for B.with C.against D.like 5.A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing 6.A.happy B.nervous C.calm D.bored 7.A.difficult B.common C.natural D.safe 8.A.question B.number C.plan D.mistake 9.A.passing B.throwing C.wearing D.repairing 10.A.play B.song C.painting D.experiment 11.A.hands B.face C.teeth D.back 12.A.whether B.so C.unless D.but 13.A.tried B.advised C.guessed D.cried 1.A.finish B.change C.hide D.accept 15.A.secretly B.strangely C.proudly D.worriedly [主旨大意] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Matt做实验成为“科学之星”的经过。 1.A　考查特殊疑问词辨析。根据下文中的“Matt dropped an egg into salt water.”可知,他要展示如何让鸡蛋停留在玻璃杯中间。故选A。 2.C　 3.B　考查动词短语辨析。根据空后的“When it came to the last page”可知,他浏览了这本书。故选B。 4.A　考查介词辨析。根据空前的“This is the right experiment”和空后的“It’s impossible to fail this time.” 可知,这对Matt来说是正好的实验。故选A。 5.D　考查不定代词辨析。根据空后的“The paper lay still.”可知,纸静止不动,什么也没发生。故选D。 6.B　考查形容词辨析。根据上文中的“Matt’s blushing again!”可知,Matt红着脸,很紧张。故选B。 7.A　考查形容词辨析。根据上文可知,Matt两次实验都失败了,他认为成为“科学之星”很难。故选A。 8.C　考查名词辨析。根据下文Matt做脸红的实验可知,此时Matt已经想到了第二天的实验计划。故选C。 9.C　考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“Mouse ears on the head are your 　30　?”可知,Matt戴着米老鼠耳朵。故选C。  10.D　考查名词辨析。根据下文中的“Blushing is my experiment”可知,此处有人笑问头上戴米老鼠耳朵是否就是Matt的实验。故选D。 11.B　考查名词辨析。根据空后的“Blushing is my experiment”可知,Matt是想让人看他的脸。故选B。 12.B　考查连词辨析。根据空前的“When you feel stressed, your blood vessels in the face open wide and fill the skin with blood”可知,压力大时,脸部的血管扩张,皮肤充血是脸红的原因。故选B。 13.A　考查动词辨析。根据空后的“many times to control blushing,but now I know it’s a normal part of being human”可知,Matt多次尝试控制脸红。故选A。 14.D　考查动词辨析。根据“but now I know it’s a normal part of being human”可知,脸红是人类正常的一部分,最好的办法就是接受它。故选D。 15.C　考查副词辨析。根据最后一段中的“Matt is the Science Star of the week”可知,成为“科学之星”,Matt很骄傲。故选C。 二.阅读理解 A All aboard! Let’s take a ride on the world’s highest railway—the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(青藏铁路). Sit back and enjoy the journey. Get ready for the trip of a lifetime. We’re leaving Qinghai Station. The scenery along the way is some of the wildest in all of China. Keep your eyes open as we race through this beautiful land. You might see a rare Tibetan antelope(藏羚羊) from your window. Before we begin our journey, let’s learn about this amazing railway. It’s truly one of the great engineering wonders of the 21st century. When it was completed on July 1, 2006, the Tibet Railway set nine world records, including the world’s highest railway at 5,072 metres above sea level, the world’s highest tunnel(隧道) at 4,905 metres, and the longest tunnel ever built on permafrost(冻土). As we travel higher, the air gets thinner and thinner. Soon there will only be 50 to 60 percent of the oxygen which we are used to breathing. But don’t be afraid. Each rail car has two separate oxygen systems. One system spreads oxygen throughout the train at all times. And each passenger can also get a personal oxygen mask just like those used in planes. Here are a few more things to think about as our train leaves the station. The designers solved three main challenges when building this great railway. First, the high altitude(海拔) made the task difficult because there was no enough oxygen. Second, much of the railway runs across permafrost, a type of ground that keeps changing as the weather warms and cools. Finally, the railway goes through some of the most sensitive ecology(敏感的生态环境) in China. Great care was necessary to make sure of the smallest possible influence on nature. All three challenges were met, making our trip possible. All aboard! The train to Tibet is leaving in fifteen minutes. 1.Where are the passengers? A.On a bus. B.On a train. C.On a ship. D.On a plane. 2.How does the text show the railway is amazing in Paragraph 3? A.By telling a story. B.By using a designer’s words. C.By introducing its world records. D.By comparing the present with the past. 3.How many oxygen systems are there in each rail car? A.One. B.Two. C.Three. D.Four. 4.Which of the following increased the difficulty of building the railway? A.The changing ground. B.The polluted air. C.The dangerous animals. D.The hot weather. [主旨大意] 本文是一篇说明文。青藏铁路是21世纪伟大的工程奇迹之一。文章主要介绍了乘坐火车沿青藏铁路旅行的相关信息。 1.B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Let’s take a ride on the world’s highest railway”可知,乘客现在在火车上。故选B。 2.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“When it was completed on July 1, 2006, the Tibet Railway set nine world records”可知,第三段是通过介绍它的世界纪录来展示它的惊人之处的。故选C。 3.B　细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“Each rail car has two separate oxygen systems.”可知,每节车厢都有两个独立的氧气系统。故选B。 4.A　细节理解题。 根据倒数第二段中的“Second, much of the railway runs across permafrost, a type of ground that keeps changing as the weather warms and cools.”可知,变化的冻土增加了修铁路的难度。故选A。 B A few years ago, a friend sent me a restaurant gift card for Christmas, and I picked a pretty, sunny Sunday afternoon to use it. It felt good taking my two grown sons and daughter to a nice sit-down restaurant instead of the fast food places we usually ate at. The meal was delicious, and we all had a good time just being together. The gift card covered almost all of the checks(餐馆账单). I reached into my wallet to get enough cash to cover the rest, I saw two bills(钞票) in the front of it. The first would cover the rest of the check. The second would cover the check and give the waitress a nice tip. I reached down to pick out the first one. At that moment, my mind flashed back to 30 years ago. I was working as a busboy(餐厅勤杂工) in a restaurant much like the one we were in. It was long hours of hard work for low pay. I went home just barely(勉强) making enough to feed my young family. I also remembered how more than once I saw the waitresses counting their small tips while worrying about how they were going to pay the rent and buy their kids the things they needed. I remembered the pain in their eyes and saw the sadness in their faces at the end of the day. I blinked(眨眼睛) and was back in the present again, with my fingers touching the smaller bill in my wallet. I smiled, pushed it back down and picked out the larger bill. I folded it around the gift card and covered both of them with the check. As we all got up from the table, I handed them to the hardworking waitress. "You keep the change," I said with a smile and a happy heart. We are all one family in this world. We live together, rejoice(高兴)together and suffer together. Do your best to be kind. Do your best to be a good person and replace the suffering with joy. 1. What do we know from the first paragraph? A. The author's family had a hard life. B. The gif card was enough to pay the check. C. The author seldom ate together with his family D. The author values spending time with his children. 2. The author mentioned his working experience as a busboy to _____. A. describe struggles he faced in the past B. complain about his job at the restaurant C. explain why he chose the larger bill D. show how hard waiters work 3. What is the author's main purpose in writing this article? A. To tell people to be kind. B. To remind us not to forget our hard days. C. To stress the importance of tipping servers. D. To show that we should thank friends and family. 【分析】这篇短文讲述了作者去一个餐馆用餐的经历，这让他想起了自己多年前做服务员时发生的事情。通过叙述这些事情作者告诉我们要做一个好人，一个善良的人，用欢乐代替苦难。 1.【答案】D细节理解题。根据第一段“It felt good taking my two grown sons and daughter to a nice sit-down restaurant instead of the fast food places we usually ate at.”可知，作者经常和孩子们去快餐店吃饭，这次他们去了一个舒适的餐厅。由此可知，作者很重视花费时间和孩子们在一起，D选项符合文意，故选D。 2.【答案】C推理判断题。根据第一段“I saw two bills(钞票) in the front of it. The first would cover the rest of the check. The second would cover the check and give the waitress a nice tip.”可知，作者在选择用小额的钞票付钱，还是用大额的支付。然后第二段他回想起自己做服务员的经历。再根据第三段“I smiled, pushed it back down and picked out the larger bill.”可知，作者最后选择了大额的钞票。因此作者讲述自己的这段经历是解释他选择大额钞票的原因。故选C。 3.【答案】A推理判断题。根据短文最后一段“Do your best to be kind. Do your best to be a good person and replace the suffering with joy.”可知，作者讲述这段经历是要告诉我们要做一个善良的人，用欢乐代替苦难。故选A。 C Everyone knows by now that plastic pollution is a huge problem for the environment. Beijing, for example, has dealt with this by banning(禁止) thin plastic bags, plastic tableware(餐具) and other plastic items in supermarkets, restaurants and hotels since May 1, according to CGTN. But an even better solution might be on the way. Researchers at a French company called Carbios have discovered a bacterial enzyme(细菌酶) that can break down plastic. The enzyme, which was first found in compost(堆肥) leaves, turns plastic into chemical "building blocks" that can then be used to create new products, according to the Guardian. The new enzyme was uncovered in research that was published last month in the journal Nature. Researchers studied over 100,000 microorganisms(微生物) to find one that could break down plastic quickly. The leaf compost enzyme was first discovered in 2012. Scientists changed its genes(基因), allowing it to break down 90 percent of one ton of plastic in less than 10 hours. "It had been completely forgotten, but it turned out to be the best." said Professor Alain Marty, chief science officer at Carbios. The enzyme especially breaks down PET, a type of plastic that is most commonly used to produce plastic bottles and food packaging(包装). It is the fifth most common type of plastic that we use. Carbios said it is working together with companies like Pepsi and Nestle - major consumers of plastic themselves - to develop their research and start using the enzyme on an industrial scale(范围), according to Forbes. 1. What do we know about the enzyme? A. It is a type of bacteria. B. It can break down plastic quickly. C. It is the fifth most common type of bacteria. D. It can break down PVC. 2. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Where the scientists found the new enzyme. B. How the scientists changed the enzyme's genes. C. How the scientists found the new enzyme. D. When the scientists found the new enzyme. 3. What does Alain Marty mean in Paragraph 4? A. It was too late to find the new enzyme. B. The new enzyme was forgotten by experts. C. They forgot to change the enzyme's genes. D. Better late than never. 4. The best title of the article is _____ A. How to protect our environment. B. A natural way to recycle plastic. C. Why Beijing has banned plastic items in many public places. D. How Carbios discovered a bacterial enzyme. 这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了塑料污染是一个巨大的环境问题，针对塑料污染，Carbios公司的研究人员发现了一种可以分解塑料的细菌酶，并且该公司正与百事和雀巢等公司合作，共同开展研究，开始在工业规模上使用这种酶。 1.【答案】B细节理解题。根据“a bacterial enzyme that can break down plastic”及“could break down plastic quickly”可知，细菌酶可以快速分解塑料。故选B。 2.【答案】C段落大意题。分析第三段内容可知，本段主要介绍科学家们是如何发现这种新酶的。故选C。 3.【答案】D推理判断题。分析“It had been completely forgotten, but it turned out to be the best.”可知，它曾被彻底遗忘，但后来却成了最好的。所以这句话是想表达“迟做比不做好”，故选D。 4.【答案】B最佳标题题。本文主要讲述了一种可以分解塑料的细菌酶，该细菌酶可以快速分解塑料，选项B“回收塑料的自然方法”符合主题，故选B。 ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ ( 第 2 页 共 20 页 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 新课2九年级Unit 1 Know yourself （语法写作预习） 语法精讲：1.并列连词and、but、or和so 2.并列连词both...and...not only...but also...either...or...和neither...nor... 写作精讲：个人推荐信 语法精讲 并列连词and、but、or和so 词条 用法 and and用来连接两个词性相同的词、短语或句子，表示并列关系。 如果连接两个含有相同主语或谓语的句子，and后省去相同部分。 but but意为“但是，然而，却”，用来连接两个有转折关系的词、短语或句子。 如果连接两个含有相同主语或谓语的句子，but后可以省去相同部分。 or or意为“或者，还是”时，表示选择关系。 or连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与or后面的主语保持一致，即遵循“就近原则”。 so so意为“因此，所以”，表示因果关系或结果。 so不能与because同时出现在一个句子中。 Our English teacher is kind and helpful. 我们的英语老师既和蔼又乐于助人。 The boy is not very tall but he runs very fast. 这个男孩虽然个子不高, 但跑得很快。 Do you often go home on foot or by bicycle? 你经常步行回家还是骑自行车回家? She was ill, so she did not go to school. 她生病了, 所以没去上学。 注意: 并列连词可以用来表示并列关系、转折关系、选择关系或因果关系等。 并列连词and表示“和, 又”, 表达并列关系。如: Mike likes playing football and singing songs. 迈克喜欢踢足球和唱歌。 并列连词but表示“但是”, 表达转折关系, 所连接的成分意思往往相反或相对。如: My uncle bought me a watch, but I did not like it. 叔叔给我买了一块手表, 可是我不喜欢。 并列连词or表示“或者”, 表达选择关系。如: Which do you like better, juice or coffee? 果汁和咖啡, 你更喜欢哪一个? 注意: 在否定句中并列成分用or连接, 而不用and。如: I cannot speak Japanese or French. 我不会说日语和法语。 并列连词so表示“因此, 所以”, 表达因果关系, 常用来连接两个简单句。如: It began to rain, so we went home. 开始下雨了, 所以我们就回家了。 注意: 并列连词so和从属连词because (因为)不能一起使用。如: The dog was hungry, so we gave it something to eat. (√) Because the dog was hungry, s0 we gave it something to eat. (×) 用and，but，or或so填空。 1. He is a doctor__________she is a teacher. 2. He speaks loudly,__________we can hear him. 3. Do you want a bath at once,__________shall I have mine first? 4. That dog can stand__________can't jump. 5. The shops were closed,__________I didn't get any milk. 6.I like sweet drinks__________he likes sweet drinks too. 7.Cathy likes cats__________she doesn't like dogs. 并列连词both...and...not only...but also...either...or...和neither...nor... 词条 用法 both…and… both…and…意为“两者都”，可以连接名词、代词、形容词、介词短语等。 both…and…连接名词、代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 not only…but also… not only…but also…意为“不但……而且……”，可以连接两个相同的对等成分。 either…or… either…or…意为“或者……或者……，不是……就是……”，可以连接名词、代词、形容词、动词和介词短语等。 neither…nor… neither…nor…意为“既不……也不……”，可以连接名词、代词、形容词、动词和介词短语等。 both...and...表示 “...和...两者都; 既...又...”。 如: Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 He can both swim and skate. 他既会游泳又会滑冰。 注意: 当both...and...连接的两个成分在句中作主语时, 谓语动词总是用复数形式。如: Both she and I are good at English. 她和我都擅长英语。 not only...but also...表示“不...而且; 不仅...还有”。如: Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the charity walk. 不但林先生而且他的儿子也参加了慈善行走活动。 They speak English not only in class but also at home. 他们不仅在课堂上说英语, 在家里也说。 在not only...but also...搭配中, 可以只用but。如: I not only heard it but (also) saw it. 我不仅听到了, 而且看到了。 注意: 当not only...but also连接两个名词作主语时, 其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致, 这就是我们通常说的“就近原则”。如: Not only the students but also Mr Li has lunch at school. 不仅学生们, 还有李老师都在学校吃午饭。 either...or...表示“要么...要么...; 或者...或者...; 不是...就是...”, 用于连接两个表示选择关系的名词或代词。如: When the girl is happy, she either sings or dance. 那个女孩高兴时, 不是唱就是跳。 注意: 当either...or...连接两个主语时, 也应遵循“就近原则”。如: Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里, 要么我去那里。 neither...nor...表示“既不...也不...”, 具有否定含义。如: It is neither hot nor cold in winter here. 这里冬天既不热也不冷。 注意: 当neither...nor...连接两个主语时, 也应遵循“就近原则”。如: Neither Dad nor Mum is at home today. 今天父母都不在家。 一、单项选择。 ( )1.My parents want me to get further study to be__________an engineer __________a scientist,__________I would like to be a famous surgeon. A. neither; nor; and B. either; or;but C. not only; but; so D. both; and; or ( )2. - I've decided to give up my job, Mum. - Are you serious? __________. A.Sounds great! B.What a pity! C.Guess what? D. You'd better think twice. ( )3．__________my friends__________I like playing computer games because we think it wastes time. A.Both;and B. Not only; but also C. Either;or D.Neither;nor ( )4．__________Anna__________her brother like listening to soft music. A.Both;and B.Neither;nor C.Either;or D. Not only; but also ( )5．-Will they have any problems speaking English？ -I don't think so. Now__________the young__________the old can speak some English. A. either;nor B. not only; but also C. neither; nor D.both;or 二．、根据中文完成下列句子。 1．这个女孩既不喜欢唱歌也不喜欢跳舞，但她偏爱画画。 The girl enjoys____________________, but she prefers to draw pictures. 2． 要么你要么我将去超市买些水果。 __________you__________I will go to the supermarket to buy some fruit. 3． 我们都认为丽萨的性格适合成为一个艺术家。 We all think that______________________________. 4． 你认为我将来能做什么工作？ ____________________I can do in the future? 5． 史蒂芬·霍金不仅是一名伟大的科学家，而且是一位著名的作家。 Stephen Hawking was not only a great scientist__________________a famous writer. 一、 用并列连词and, but, so或or填空 1. Let’s help each other ________ learn from each other. 2. Work hard, ________ you’ll fall behind. 3. She is very busy, ________ she still spends some time taking care of sick animals. 4. Every day, I can smell the flowers ________ hear the birds sing. 5. It was too cold outside, ________ we stayed at home all the day. 6. You can watch TV at home ________ go for a walk with me. 7. I know him, ________ I can’t remember his name. 8. My glasses are broken, ________ I need a new pair. 二、用并列连词both...and...not only...but (also)..., either...or...或neither...nor...填空 1. ________ Saturday ________ Sunday is OK. I will be free at the weekend. 2. ________ humans ________ animals can live without air. 3. ________ she ________ her twin sister impress the fans with their beautiful dance. 4. Since last month ________ the students ________ the teacher has devoted most of their time to the competition. 5. ________ the boy ________ the girl knows the way. They are lost. 6. You may choose ________ the bike ________ the toy. You can’t have them both, kid. 7. ________ he ________ his son enjoys fishing by the lake when it is sunny. It’s great fun for them. 8. ________ Jane ________ Jim are interested in music. They won’t miss this concert. 三、用括号内所给的并列连词合并句子 1. Do you want a jacket? Do you want a coat? (or) ______________________________________________________ 2. The classmates miss the sick girl. The teacher misses the sick girl. (both...and...) ______________________________________________________ 3. The beautiful view impresses the tourists from America. The local people impress the tourists from America. (not only...but also...) ______________________________________________________ 4. Everyone bought many presents. Everyone took many photos. (and) ______________________________________________________ 5. Jack doesn’t know Mr. Wang. Helen doesn’t know Mr. Wang either. (neither...nor...) ______________________________________________________ 6. His father may drive him to school. His mother may drive him to school. (either...or...) ______________________________________________________ 7. She wants to be thinner. She exercises more. (so) ______________________________________________________ 8. I want to go to the cinema. I have to finish my report first. (but) ______________________________________________________ 四、根据汉语意思完成句子 1. 基蒂周末不是做饭, 就是洗碗。 Kitty ____________________________________ at the weekend. 2. “杂交水稻之父”袁隆平在国内外都很有名。 Yuan Longping, Father of Hybrid Rice, is famous ____________ at home ____________ abroad. 3. 你们不仅要三思而行, 还应接受别人好的建议。 You should ________________________________ . 4. 海伦. 凯勒既看不见也听不见, 但她以杰出的作品和慈善工作赢得了全世界的赞誉。 Helen Keller could __________________ , but she __________________ for her great works and her charity activities from all over the world. 5. 比利急躁粗心, 因此不适合做这项工作。 Billy is __________________ , ______________ he __________________ the job. 写作精讲 话题分析 本单元的话题是“Know yourself”,从一个人的性格可以看出他的素养和能力。与此话题相关的写作常常是写推荐信,下面我们就来学习如何写推荐信吧! 常用表达 1.We are writing to recommend…as/for… 2.He/She has many strong qualities for/to do… 3.He/She always/often/never… 4.We think he/she is the most suitable/right person to be… 典型例题 学生会要表彰一批优秀学生,Tom想推荐他的同学John竞争“最乐于助人奖”(the Most Helpful Student Award)。请你以Tom的名义,用英语给学生会主席写一封80~100词的推荐信。推荐信中必须包括下列要点: 1.他有礼貌,勤奋,谦虚,乐于助人,常常帮助同学学习; 2.他经常为希望工程募集物品; 3.他擅长电脑,经常为帮扶俱乐部(the Helping Hands Club)从网上查找资料; 4.他从不介意做额外的工作,经常指导新同学如何使用图书馆,大家都很感激他。 Dear President of Students’ Union, 　　I would like  Yours faithfully, Tom 写法指导 遣词造句 1.我想推荐John获得“最乐于助人奖”。(recommend…for…)   2.他经常为帮扶俱乐部从网上查找资料。(search for information)   连句成篇 Dear President of Students’ Union, We all think he is the most suitable person for this award. We all hope you can agree with us. Yours faithfully, Tom 一 　　假如你是刘涛,请你用英语给你校陈老师写一封信,推荐你的同学李平为本年度“优秀团员奖”(the Best League Member)得主。词数:100左右。内容须包括以下几点: 1.李平在九年级五班学习,多科成绩优秀; 2.他喜欢运动,擅长绘画、拉小提琴; 3.他乐于助人,一天…… 二 假设你叫李明，你们班级要选拔新班长，你想向班主任王老师推荐张航。请根据表格内容，写一封80词左右的推荐信给王老师。信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 姓名 张航 特长 精通电脑，擅长演讲 性格、品质 自信、勤奋、谦虚、有条理、乐于助人 个人事迹 经常花很多时间组织课外活动，从不介意为班级做额外的工作，总是尽最大努力帮助同学，深受同学们欢迎。 Dear Mr Wang, I’m writing to recommend Zhang Hang as our new monitor. 一.完形填空 Matt loved science, and he wanted to be the Science Star of the week. Now he was presenting his experiment in Mrs. Perry’s class. “Let me show you 　1　 to keep an egg in the middle of the glass.” Matt dropped an egg into salt water. But it fell to the bottom.   “Look, Matt’s blushing(脸红)!” Coco shouted. Matt covered 　2　 red face with hands.  That evening he 　3　 The Book of Wonderful Science Experiments. When it came to the last page, he smiled. “This is the right experiment 　4　 me! It’s impossible to fail this time.”  The next day in front of his class, Matt spread small pieces of paper onto the desk and rubbed(摩擦) a spoon with cloth. “The spoon will lift up the paper.” He raised the spoon, but 　5　 happened. The paper lay still.  “Matt’s blushing again!” Emily pointed out. Matt was 　6　 and ran back to his seat with his red face.  “Becoming the Science Star seems so 　7　,” Matt thought. That night he couldn’t sleep. “I have to make it, but the only thing I could do right was blushing.”…Suddenly, a 　8　 came to his mind.  The following morning, Matt appeared before the class again, 　9　 his Mickey Mouse ears.  “Mouse ears on the head are your 　10　?” Someone laughed and Matt’s face burned.  “No, watch my 　11　! Blushing is my experiment,” Matt answered. Everyone quieted down.  Matt continued, “When you feel stressed, your blood vessels(血管) in the face open wide and fill the skin with blood, 　12　 you blush.” He showed a picture of blood vessels. “I’ve 　13　 many times to control blushing, but now I know it’s a normal part of being human. So the best thing to do is to 　14　 it.” The class cheered and Matt’s red face lit up the whole classroom.  “Matt is the Science Star of the week,” Mrs. Perry announced. Matt walked 　15　 back to his seat. What a perfect day!  1.A.how B.where C.why D.when 2.A.my B.your C.his D.her 3.A.handed in B.looked through C. waited for D.put away 4.A.for B.with C.against D.like 5.A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing 6.A.happy B.nervous C.calm D.bored 7.A.difficult B.common C.natural D.safe 8.A.question B.number C.plan D.mistake 9.A.passing B.throwing C.wearing D.repairing 10.A.play B.song C.painting D.experiment 11.A.hands B.face C.teeth D.back 12.A.whether B.so C.unless D.but 13.A.tried B.advised C.guessed D.cried 1.A.finish B.change C.hide D.accept 15.A.secretly B.strangely C.proudly D.worriedly 二.阅读理解 A All aboard! Let’s take a ride on the world’s highest railway—the Qinghai-Tibet Railway(青藏铁路). Sit back and enjoy the journey. Get ready for the trip of a lifetime. We’re leaving Qinghai Station. The scenery along the way is some of the wildest in all of China. Keep your eyes open as we race through this beautiful land. You might see a rare Tibetan antelope(藏羚羊) from your window. Before we begin our journey, let’s learn about this amazing railway. It’s truly one of the great engineering wonders of the 21st century. When it was completed on July 1, 2006, the Tibet Railway set nine world records, including the world’s highest railway at 5,072 metres above sea level, the world’s highest tunnel(隧道) at 4,905 metres, and the longest tunnel ever built on permafrost(冻土). As we travel higher, the air gets thinner and thinner. Soon there will only be 50 to 60 percent of the oxygen which we are used to breathing. But don’t be afraid. Each rail car has two separate oxygen systems. One system spreads oxygen throughout the train at all times. And each passenger can also get a personal oxygen mask just like those used in planes. Here are a few more things to think about as our train leaves the station. The designers solved three main challenges when building this great railway. First, the high altitude(海拔) made the task difficult because there was no enough oxygen. Second, much of the railway runs across permafrost, a type of ground that keeps changing as the weather warms and cools. Finally, the railway goes through some of the most sensitive ecology(敏感的生态环境) in China. Great care was necessary to make sure of the smallest possible influence on nature. All three challenges were met, making our trip possible. All aboard! The train to Tibet is leaving in fifteen minutes. 1.Where are the passengers? A.On a bus. B.On a train. C.On a ship. D.On a plane. 2.How does the text show the railway is amazing in Paragraph 3? A.By telling a story. B.By using a designer’s words. C.By introducing its world records. D.By comparing the present with the past. 3.How many oxygen systems are there in each rail car? A.One. B.Two. C.Three. D.Four. 4.Which of the following increased the difficulty of building the railway? A.The changing ground. B.The polluted air. C.The dangerous animals. D.The hot weather. B A few years ago, a friend sent me a restaurant gift card for Christmas, and I picked a pretty, sunny Sunday afternoon to use it. It felt good taking my two grown sons and daughter to a nice sit-down restaurant instead of the fast food places we usually ate at. The meal was delicious, and we all had a good time just being together. The gift card covered almost all of the checks(餐馆账单). I reached into my wallet to get enough cash to cover the rest, I saw two bills(钞票) in the front of it. The first would cover the rest of the check. The second would cover the check and give the waitress a nice tip. I reached down to pick out the first one. At that moment, my mind flashed back to 30 years ago. I was working as a busboy(餐厅勤杂工) in a restaurant much like the one we were in. It was long hours of hard work for low pay. I went home just barely(勉强) making enough to feed my young family. I also remembered how more than once I saw the waitresses counting their small tips while worrying about how they were going to pay the rent and buy their kids the things they needed. I remembered the pain in their eyes and saw the sadness in their faces at the end of the day. I blinked(眨眼睛) and was back in the present again, with my fingers touching the smaller bill in my wallet. I smiled, pushed it back down and picked out the larger bill. I folded it around the gift card and covered both of them with the check. As we all got up from the table, I handed them to the hardworking waitress. "You keep the change," I said with a smile and a happy heart. We are all one family in this world. We live together, rejoice(高兴)together and suffer together. Do your best to be kind. Do your best to be a good person and replace the suffering with joy. 1. What do we know from the first paragraph? A. The author's family had a hard life. B. The gif card was enough to pay the check. C. The author seldom ate together with his family D. The author values spending time with his children. 2. The author mentioned his working experience as a busboy to _____. A. describe struggles he faced in the past B. complain about his job at the restaurant C. explain why he chose the larger bill D. show how hard waiters work 3. What is the author's main purpose in writing this article? A. To tell people to be kind. B. To remind us not to forget our hard days. C. To stress the importance of tipping servers. D. To show that we should thank friends and family. C Everyone knows by now that plastic pollution is a huge problem for the environment. Beijing, for example, has dealt with this by banning(禁止) thin plastic bags, plastic tableware(餐具) and other plastic items in supermarkets, restaurants and hotels since May 1, according to CGTN. But an even better solution might be on the way. Researchers at a French company called Carbios have discovered a bacterial enzyme(细菌酶) that can break down plastic. The enzyme, which was first found in compost(堆肥) leaves, turns plastic into chemical "building blocks" that can then be used to create new products, according to the Guardian. The new enzyme was uncovered in research that was published last month in the journal Nature. Researchers studied over 100,000 microorganisms(微生物) to find one that could break down plastic quickly. The leaf compost enzyme was first discovered in 2012. Scientists changed its genes(基因), allowing it to break down 90 percent of one ton of plastic in less than 10 hours. "It had been completely forgotten, but it turned out to be the best." said Professor Alain Marty, chief science officer at Carbios. The enzyme especially breaks down PET, a type of plastic that is most commonly used to produce plastic bottles and food packaging(包装). It is the fifth most common type of plastic that we use. Carbios said it is working together with companies like Pepsi and Nestle - major consumers of plastic themselves - to develop their research and start using the enzyme on an industrial scale(范围), according to Forbes. 1. What do we know about the enzyme? A. It is a type of bacteria. B. It can break down plastic quickly. C. It is the fifth most common type of bacteria. D. It can break down PVC. 2. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Where the scientists found the new enzyme. B. How the scientists changed the enzyme's genes. C. How the scientists found the new enzyme. D. When the scientists found the new enzyme. 3. What does Alain Marty mean in Paragraph 4? A. It was too late to find the new enzyme. B. The new enzyme was forgotten by experts. C. They forgot to change the enzyme's genes. D. Better late than never. 4. The best title of the article is _____ A. How to protect our environment. B. A natural way to recycle plastic. C. Why Beijing has banned plastic items in many public places. 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