语法精讲专题05 介词 - 2025届高考英语一轮复习语法精讲精练

语法精讲专题 05 介词（原卷版） 介词+解题指导+近五年高考真题精练 介词精讲 高考近五年考情 考点一 介词的含义和基本用法 考点二 介词短语 考点三 介词与其他词类的搭配 考点一　介词的用法 类别 介词 用法 表示时间 at, in，on ①at表示时间点；②in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配；③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上 in, after 两者后均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用 for, since， from ①“for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间；②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点 before, by before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内 表示方位 on，above，over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below；③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……” across，through，past，over，along，by，beside ①across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；②through指从人群或物体内部“穿过，贯穿”；③past表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④over表示从上方越过；⑤along表示“沿着”；⑥by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚，凭靠”的意思，beside指两者位置关系 at, in，on at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；in后接较大的地方；on一般指与面或线接触 in, on, to, off in表示在某一范围之内；on 表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”；to表示在某范围之外；off 表示“(时空上)离，距” He climbed over the wall. 他爬过了那堵墙。 In fact, half of the 6，000 to 7，000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the UNESCO. 据联合国教科文组织所说，事实上，目前全球范围内的六千至七千种语言中，有一半到下个世纪可能会消失。 考点二　常用介词短语 类别 搭配 与介词in搭配的短语 in a way在某种程度上；in no way没门；in the way挡住道路；in vain徒劳；in general 通常，大体上；in detail 详细地；in turn 轮流地；in return 作为回报 “in＋名词＋of”短语 in honour of 为纪念……；in charge of 负责，掌管；in terms of 依据，就……而言；in praise of 赞扬；in favour of 支持，赞同；in need of 需要 与介词at搭配的短语 at no time 决不；at a time 一次，每次；at one time 一度，曾经；at times 不时地，有时；at one’s request 应某人的要求；at a loss 不知所措 其他常考短语 on behalf of 代表；by chance/accident 偶然；after all 毕竟，别忘了；regardless of 不管，不顾；on the whole 总的来说；on the contrary 相反 考点三　“动词＋名词/代词＋介词”构成的短语 1.用于“动词＋sb/sth＋of＋sth”短语的常见动词 accuse　　控告　　　cheat　 　欺骗 cure 治愈 inform 通知 remind 使想起 rob 抢劫 warn 警告 rid 使摆脱 suspect 怀疑 persuade 说服 convince 使信服 2.用于“动词＋sb/sth＋for＋sth”短语的常见动词 blame 责备 criticize 批评 forgive 原谅 excuse 原谅 pardon 原谅 punish 惩罚 scold 责备 thank 感谢 praise 赞扬 respect 尊重 admire 钦佩；赞赏 3.用于“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing)sth”短语的常见动词 prevent 阻止 stop 阻止 keep 阻止 protect 保护 preserve 保护；保存 defend 保卫 ban 禁止 prohibit 阻止；禁止 shelter 保护 4.其他后跟介词的动词短语 result from由……造成，因……而产生 result in 导致，结果是 call at 访问(某地) call on 拜访(某人) call for 要求；需要 add to 增加 end up with 以……结束 fix one’s eyes on 注视 give in (to) 屈服；上交 get rid of 免除；摆脱 look down on/upon 轻视；看不起 make use of 利用 make fun of 取笑 run out of 用完 take pride in 因……而自豪 take on 呈现；承担 live up to 不辜负 put forward 提出 put up with 忍受 adapt to 适应 refer to 涉及；查阅；指的是 come across (偶然)遇见 pick up 捡起；用车接(某人)；接收；偶然习得 【解题指导】 1.分析句子成分 如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定填介词。然后再根据句意确定合适的介词。 【典例】　We should talk about the things the children’s understanding in a simple way. 答案　beyond　 解析：句意：我们应当用一种简单的方式谈论超出儿童理解能力的事物。beyond“超出，为……所不能及”，符合句意。 2.牢记固定搭配 (1)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用； (2)注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。 【典例】　In some cases，different approaches the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories. 答案　to　 解析：句意：在一些情形下，对同一个科学难题进行研究所采用的方法不同，就会得出互相矛盾的推测。approach to “……的方法”，是固定搭配。 3.注意一词多义 【典例】　You should fly your kite the wind，or it cannot fly high. 答案　against　 解析：句意：你应该逆着风放风筝，否则它飞不高。against“逆着，迎着”，符合语境。 单句语法填空（近五年高考真题） 1.（2024新课标I卷）The Glasshouse stands a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route… 2.（2024年新课标II卷）I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion(《牡丹亭》)is similar in some ways _______Romeo and Juliet. " 3.（2024全国甲卷）This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved all people of the nation to enjoy - as a national park. 4. (2024九省联考卷) He feels that neat handwriting is still an important skill, so he has his students write not only by hand but also __________ old fashioned fountain pens. 5. （2023年新课标I卷）There you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup, and the wrappers are pressed _______ hand rather than rolled. 6.（2023年新课标II卷）And who do they speak English ________? 7.（2023年全国甲卷）She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility ______ saving their environment. 8.（2023年全国乙卷） From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong ________ royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads. 9. (2023浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing’s long history ___________ capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events. 10.（2023天津6月卷改编）China is a shining example for the global community to follow _______ terms of developing green industry to fight climate change. 11.（2023天津3月卷改编）Dragon Boat Festival is held in honor _______ Qu Yuan, a well-known poet in ancient China. 12.（2022全国甲卷）Now, Cao has started the second part of his dream to walk along the Belt and Road route. He flew 4, 700 kilometers ___________ Xi’an to Kashgar on seat 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months. 13.（2022北京卷）Helen was walking down the street late ________ the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags. 14.（2022新课标I卷）Giant pandas also serve ___________ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. 15.（2022全国乙卷）May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ___________ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 16.（2022年浙江卷6月语法填空）Lu Gandarias, who’s now thirteen, went blind suddenly ________ age seven. 17. (2021浙江1月卷) The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased __________2.1 in women and men. 18. (2021全国甲卷)The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built originally to protect the city __________ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 19. (2021全国乙卷)Ecotourism has its origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept __________ the late 1980s. 20. (2020天津卷) For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake __________ the shape of a monkey. 21. (2020江苏卷) Taking on this challenge will bring you in contact __________ someone who shares your interests. 22. (2020全国II卷)Bamboo plants are associated __________ health, abundance and a happy home. They are easy to care for and make great presents. 23. (2020浙江6月卷)Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived __________, through agriculture. 24. (2020新课标卷)Museums must compete __________people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children. 25. (2020天津卷) I never worried about my son while I was away because my mother kept an eye __________ him. 26. (2021浙江6月卷) In 1844 they bought it __________ $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842. 27. (2020北京卷) Many of these bags end up in the ocean where larger ones can trap sea creatures, such as turtles and dolphins. Over time, the bags fall apart __________countless tiny pieces, and fish can accidentally eat some of them. 28. (2020浙江1月卷)This aging of the population is driven __________ two factors. The first is declining birth rates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes older than before. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 语法精讲专题 05 介词（解析版） 介词+解题指导+近五年高考真题精练 介词精讲 高考近五年考情 考点一 介词的含义和基本用法 考点二 介词短语 考点三 介词与其他词类的搭配 考点一　介词的用法 类别 介词 用法 表示时间 at, in，on ①at表示时间点；②in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配；③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上 in, after 两者后均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用 for, since， from ①“for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间；②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点 before, by before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内 表示方位 on，above，over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below；③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……” across，through，past，over，along，by，beside ①across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；②through指从人群或物体内部“穿过，贯穿”；③past表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④over表示从上方越过；⑤along表示“沿着”；⑥by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚，凭靠”的意思，beside指两者位置关系 at, in，on at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；in后接较大的地方；on一般指与面或线接触 in, on, to, off in表示在某一范围之内；on 表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”；to表示在某范围之外；off 表示“(时空上)离，距” He climbed over the wall. 他爬过了那堵墙。 In fact, half of the 6，000 to 7，000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the UNESCO. 据联合国教科文组织所说，事实上，目前全球范围内的六千至七千种语言中，有一半到下个世纪可能会消失。 考点二　常用介词短语 类别 搭配 与介词in搭配的短语 in a way在某种程度上；in no way没门；in the way挡住道路；in vain徒劳；in general 通常，大体上；in detail 详细地；in turn 轮流地；in return 作为回报 “in＋名词＋of”短语 in honour of 为纪念……；in charge of 负责，掌管；in terms of 依据，就……而言；in praise of 赞扬；in favour of 支持，赞同；in need of 需要 与介词at搭配的短语 at no time 决不；at a time 一次，每次；at one time 一度，曾经；at times 不时地，有时；at one’s request 应某人的要求；at a loss 不知所措 其他常考短语 on behalf of 代表；by chance/accident 偶然；after all 毕竟，别忘了；regardless of 不管，不顾；on the whole 总的来说；on the contrary 相反 考点三　“动词＋名词/代词＋介词”构成的短语 1.用于“动词＋sb/sth＋of＋sth”短语的常见动词 accuse　　控告　　　cheat　 　欺骗 cure 治愈 inform 通知 remind 使想起 rob 抢劫 warn 警告 rid 使摆脱 suspect 怀疑 persuade 说服 convince 使信服 2.用于“动词＋sb/sth＋for＋sth”短语的常见动词 blame 责备 criticize 批评 forgive 原谅 excuse 原谅 pardon 原谅 punish 惩罚 scold 责备 thank 感谢 praise 赞扬 respect 尊重 admire 钦佩；赞赏 3.用于“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing)sth”短语的常见动词 prevent 阻止 stop 阻止 keep 阻止 protect 保护 preserve 保护；保存 defend 保卫 ban 禁止 prohibit 阻止；禁止 shelter 保护 4.其他后跟介词的动词短语 result from由……造成，因……而产生 result in 导致，结果是 call at 访问(某地) call on 拜访(某人) call for 要求；需要 add to 增加 end up with 以……结束 fix one’s eyes on 注视 give in (to) 屈服；上交 get rid of 免除；摆脱 look down on/upon 轻视；看不起 make use of 利用 make fun of 取笑 run out of 用完 take pride in 因……而自豪 take on 呈现；承担 live up to 不辜负 put forward 提出 put up with 忍受 adapt to 适应 refer to 涉及；查阅；指的是 come across (偶然)遇见 pick up 捡起；用车接(某人)；接收；偶然习得 【解题指导】 1.分析句子成分 如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定填介词。然后再根据句意确定合适的介词。 【典例】　We should talk about the things the children’s understanding in a simple way. 答案　beyond　 解析：句意：我们应当用一种简单的方式谈论超出儿童理解能力的事物。beyond“超出，为……所不能及”，符合句意。 2.牢记固定搭配 (1)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用； (2)注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。 【典例】　In some cases，different approaches the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories. 答案　to　 解析：句意：在一些情形下，对同一个科学难题进行研究所采用的方法不同，就会得出互相矛盾的推测。approach to “……的方法”，是固定搭配。 3.注意一词多义 【典例】　You should fly your kite the wind，or it cannot fly high. 答案　against　 解析：句意：你应该逆着风放风筝，否则它飞不高。against“逆着，迎着”，符合语境。 单句语法填空（近五年高考真题） 1.（2024新课标I卷）The Glasshouse stands a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route… 答案as 解析：考查介词。句意：Mark Woodruff补充说：“这是当代设计的最高成就，在丝绸之路的尽头，中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场，这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”根据句意可知，空处指的是“作为”，应用介词as。故填as。 2.（2024年新课标II卷）I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion(《牡丹亭》)is similar in some ways _______Romeo and Juliet. " 答案to 解析：考查介词。句意：我碰巧知道汤的戏剧《牡丹亭》在某些方面与罗密欧与朱丽叶相似。" 短语be similar to...和......相似。 3.（2024全国甲卷）This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved all people of the nation to enjoy - as a national park. 答案for 【解析】考查介词。介词for表目的，表示“为了所有国家的人都能享受”。故填for。 4. (2024九省联考卷) He feels that neat handwriting is still an important skill, so he has his students write not only by hand but also __________ old fashioned fountain pens. 答案with 解析：考查介词。句意：他觉得整洁的书写仍然是一项重要的技能，所以他不仅让学生手写，还让他们用老式的钢笔写字。根据空格后的名词old fashioned fountain pens可知，空格处应填介词，表示“使用”应用介词with。故填with。 5. （2023年新课标I卷）There you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup, and the wrappers are pressed _______ hand rather than rolled. 答案by 解析：考查介词。固定搭配，by hand“用手”。句意：在那里，你会发现是不一样准备的——多饺子，少汤，包装是用手压的而不是卷的。 6.（2023年新课标II卷）And who do they speak English ________? 答案with 解析：考查介词。句意：他们和谁说英语？分析句子结构可知，根据句意此处强调双向交流，应用固定搭配：speak with sb.意为“与某人交谈”。故填with。 7.（2023年全国甲卷）She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility ______ saving their environment. 答案for 解析：考查介词。句意：她警告社会面临的环境危险，并教导人们必须承担起保护环境的责任。take responsibility for对……负责。故填for。 8.（2023年全国乙卷） From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong ________ royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads. 答案to 解析：考查介词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，它拥有3000多年的辉煌历史，甚至从它的布局来看，这座城市一直保持着精心建造的环城道路系统。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知，空处和上文保持一致，表示“从……到……”，用介词to。故填to。 9. (2023浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing’s long history ___________ capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events. 答案as 解析：考查介词。句意：感谢北京作为中国首都的悠久的历史，同时每一条胡同都有自己的故事，甚至有一些还跟历史事件有关。根据句意可知，空格处译为“作为”，as是介词意为“作为”，符合句意。故填as。 10.（2023天津6月卷改编）China is a shining example for the global community to follow _______ terms of developing green industry to fight climate change. 答案in 解析：考查介词短语。句意：中国是国际社会发展绿色产业应对气候变化的光辉榜样。in terms of就……而言；从……方面（说来）。根据语意，中国在发展绿色产业应对气候变化方面来说是光辉的榜样。故填in。 11.（2023天津3月卷改编）Dragon Boat Festival is held in honor _______ Qu Yuan, a well-known poet in ancient China. 答案of 解析：考查介词短语。句意：端午节是为了纪念中国古代著名诗人屈原而举行的。 in honor of为了纪念。由上文“Dragon Boat Festival is held”和下文“Qu Yuan, a well-known poet in ancient China.”可知，端午节是为了纪念中国古代著名诗人屈原，“为了纪念”为固定搭配in honor of，故填of。 12.（2022全国甲卷）Now, Cao has started the second part of his dream to walk along the Belt and Road route. He flew 4, 700 kilometers ___________ Xi’an to Kashgar on seat 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months. 答案from 解析：考查介词。句意：9月20日，他从4700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi’an to Kashgar 可知，此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”，应用介词from，固定搭配from…to…表示“从……到……”。故填from。 13.（2022北京卷）Helen was walking down the street late ________ the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags. 答案 in 解析：考查介词。句意：深夜，海伦抱着购物袋走在街上。in the evening意为“在晚上”，固定搭配。故in。 14.（2022新课标I卷）Giant pandas also serve ___________ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. 答案as 解析：考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。固定短语：serve as (充当)。故填as。 15.（2022全国乙卷）May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ___________ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 答案 by 解析：考查介词。句意：2019年11月47日，联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知，此处表达“被联合国在5月21日命名”。表示被动，使用固定结构“be+过去分词+by”。故填by。 16.（2022年浙江卷6月语法填空）Lu Gandarias, who’s now thirteen, went blind suddenly ________ age seven. 答案at 解析：考查介词。句意：Luc Gandarias今年13岁，7岁时突然失明。表示在多大年龄时，用介词at。故填at。 17. (2021浙江1月卷) The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased __________2.1 in women and men. 答案by 解析：考查介词。increase by是固定词组，表示“增加了……”，by表示数量的变化。 18. (2021全国甲卷)The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built originally to protect the city __________ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 答案in 解析：考查介词。句意：它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的，现在已经完全修复了。根据句意可知，表示“在某个朝代”应用介词in。 19. (2021全国乙卷)Ecotourism has its origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept __________ the late 1980s. 答案until 解析：考查介词。句意：直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受。根据句意可知，此处表示“直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受”，表示“直到……才……”使用固定句型“not……until……”。 20. (2020天津卷) For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake __________ the shape of a monkey. 答案in 解析：考查介词。in the shape of是固定词组，表示“以……的形状”。 21. (2020江苏卷) Taking on this challenge will bring you in contact __________ someone who shares your interests. 答案with 解析：考查介词。in contact with是固定词组，表示“与……保持联系”。 22. (2020全国II卷)Bamboo plants are associated __________ health, abundance and a happy home. They are easy to care for and make great presents. 答案with 解析：考查介词。be associated with是固定词组，表示“与……有联系”。 23. (2020浙江6月卷)Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived __________, through agriculture. 答案 in 解析：考查介词。公元前10000年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知，“they lived _____”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the world. live in+名词，意为“居住在某地”。 24. (2020新课标卷)Museums must compete __________people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children. 答案for 解析：考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for，意为: “为了……竞争”。 25. (2020天津卷) I never worried about my son while I was away because my mother kept an eye __________ him. 答案on 解析：考查介词。keep an eye on 是固定词组，表示“关照，注意”。 26. (2021浙江6月卷) In 1844 they bought it __________ $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842. 答案for 解析：考查介词。buy sth for money是固定搭配，表示“用……价钱买东西”。 27. (2020北京卷) Many of these bags end up in the ocean where larger ones can trap sea creatures, such as turtles and dolphins. Over time, the bags fall apart __________countless tiny pieces, and fish can accidentally eat some of them. 答案to/into 解析：考查介词。fall apart是固定词组，表示“坍塌，破碎”，后面to/into表示结果。 28. (2020浙江1月卷)This aging of the population is driven __________ two factors. The first is declining birth rates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes older than before. 答案by 解析：考查介词。此句为被动语态，介词by的宾语是动作的执行者。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$