阅读理解之主旨大意题解题技巧 课件-2024届高三下学期英语一复习专项

阅读理解之 主旨大意题解题方法 教育部2023高考大纲： 阅读理解部分“要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨和要义； （2）理解文中具体信息； （3）根据上下文推断生词的词义； （4）作出简单判断和推理； （5）理解文章的基本结构； （6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。 阅读一篇文章时，通常要快速浏览全文，了解其大意，明确其主旨。因此，主旨大意题是常考题。 解题指导 主旨大意题包括： ①主要内容型(main idea, mainly about) ②写作目的型(purpose) ③文章标题型(title) 段落大意 VS 文章大意 一、主要内容型(main idea, mainly about) 题干多为如下形式： ①What’s the main idea/point of the passage? ②The passage is mainly about________. ③The passage is mainly concerned about ________. ④Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? ⑤Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? ⑥In this passage the author discusses primarily(主要地、根本上) ______. ⑦The subject（主题） discussed in this text is________. ⑧The general/main idea of the passage is about________. Main idea型： 选择项多为陈述句， 要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。 常见以下几种题干形式： ①What’s the purpose of the passage/paragraph 2? ②The passage is meant to ________. ③The purpose of the article/paragraph 1 is to__. ④In this passage/paragraph 2, the writer tries to tell us that________. ⑤The passage/paragraph 3 tells us that________. ⑥The author’s main purpose in writing the passage/ paragraph 1 is to ________. 二、Main purpose型 Main purpose型： 选择项多为动宾结构，要求考生找到某句话、某段话或者某篇文章主要的写作目的。 命题形式： ①The best title of the passage is________. ②Which of the following is the best title of the passage? ③The best title for the passage is_______. ④The most appropriate/suitable title of the passage is________. 三、title型 title型： 标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。 文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。 它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 解题技巧 弄清文章/段落的大意， 关键是找到主题句。 文章主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳（议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳）。 各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。 ⑴主题句的位置： 如何寻找主题句 Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. （3）在短文中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展. ：无主题句。 即主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句，必须根据文中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑、综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 用浏览法(skimming)， 即快速阅读可能是主题句的句子（文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等），搜索主题线索和主题信息。 ⑵找主题句的方法： ⑶判定主题句的小技巧： ①段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时， 该句很可能是主题句。 ②首段出现疑问句时， 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 ③作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 ④表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。 干扰项 ①可能属文中某个具体事实或细节； ②可能属文中某些 (不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论； ③可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。 ⑷关于干扰项和正确答案 正确答案 是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。 一、先看题目， 再读文章 这种方法看似简单，却可以给考生节约很多宝 贵的时间。 该方法适用于所有体裁的阅读理解文章， 尤其 适用于应用文。因为阅读理解测试不仅考查受 试者的精读能力，还考查略读和跳读能力，而 应用文是最适合考查略读和跳读能力的体裁 （这是由文章的结构、写作逻辑决定的）。 实战演练 例：（2017全国I卷A篇） Pacific Science Center Guide ◆Visit Pacific Science Center's Store Don't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located (位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome. ◆Hungry? Our exhibits will feed your mind but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes. ◆Rental Information Lockers are available ... ◆Support Pacific Science Center Since 1962 Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion (热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and beings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and company events all over Washington  State. It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center. 23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text? A. To encourage donations. B. To advertise coming events. C. To introduce special exhibits. D. To tell about the Center's history. 本文是应用文。文章是太平洋科学中心的参观指南。 答案A。【解析】通过最后一部分的小标题和段中“It's an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.”可知在寻求支持和捐赠。 1、通过浏览题目不难发现，题目为purpose型。 2、再阅读文章可知，该题只需要阅读小标题及个别信息就可以找到答案。也就是通过先看题目，再读文章，利用跳读的方法，只需读几十词（而不是全文220余词）就可以快速且正确作答。 二、顺序寻找答案线索，特殊情况除外 通常一篇阅读理解的数个题目的答案线索在文中是按先后顺序出现的，特殊情况除外。 例如，主旨大意题、标题归纳题、文章出处题、写作目的题等题目是建立在文章全部内容之上的，通常放在最后或最前面，解答这些题目的明显依据视文章具体情况而定。 因此，答题时要避免做每一道题都盲目地从头到尾找线索，而应在上一道题的答案线索下面找本道题的答案线索。这样在做题过程中可以节约不少时间。 例：（2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷B篇） Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly"（but quite eatable）vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, "if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world." If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished（有瑕疵的）produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat," Curtin says. 24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food. 25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation. 26. What does Curtin's company do? A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C. It helps local farmers grow fruits D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 27. What does Curtin suggest people do? A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption. C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often. 本文是一篇日常生活类阅读，主要向读者介绍了现在的食物浪费是非常普遍和严重的现象，食物浪费会造成很多问题，因此倡议大家不要浪费。 做这类题材阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项填写出正确答案。 4~7.【答案】B、B、D、A 第4、6、7题是推理判断题；第5题是细节理解题。 四道题的答案线索依次出现在第一、三、四、五段。 【解析】 4B.推理判断题。根据第一段Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much.I could have made six salads with what I threw out.（然后朋友们打电话来，邀请我和他们共进晚餐。我把鸡肉放在冰箱里。但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多。我扔掉了本来可以做六份沙拉的芝麻菜。）可知，作者在第一段提到芝麻菜的例子是想告诉读者我们有时会在无意中浪费食物，故选B。 5B. 细节理解题。根据第三段Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.（生产无人食用的食物会浪费水、燃料和其他用于种植的资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。）可知，食物浪费的结果就是会造成环境问题，故选B。 6D.推理判断题。根据第四段Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington.D.C.，which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.（Curtin是华盛顿特区中央厨房的首席执行官，它可以回收食物并将其转化为健康的膳食。）可知，Curtin的公司可以将不需要的食物重新做成健康膳食，故选D。 7A.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat." Curtin says.（"每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周购物时不购买超过必要数量的食物，还是要求餐厅不要提供你不会吃的配菜。"Curtin说。）可知，Curtin建议人们不要多买食物，就购买自己所需要的量就好，故选A。 三、 仔细阅读题干， 排除干扰项 通常阅读理解的选项均与文章中的信息相关： 正确选项是对原文部分内容的同义重复或者总结引申； 干扰项有的会在原文中全部或部分出现， 有的是对文章部分信息断章取义的结果， 有的则是对原文信息的错误联想。很多同学不仔细阅读题干， 仅凭某一选项在文章中出现过就选为答案的做法往往使自己中了命题人的圈套， 是非常不可取的。 例：（2017全国II卷B篇） I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers. ...... 24. Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first? A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studio powers didn't like his agent. C. He wasn't famous enough. D. The director recommended someone else. 本文是记叙文。 文章讲述了作者和一位名演员Paul Newman之间的友谊。 选文是文章第一段的内容。答案是C。 正确选项是对原文it wanted somebody as well known as Paul的同义替换，符合题干的要求。 干扰项A、B、D分别是对原文Paul Newman，their agents or the studio powers及George Roy Hill, the director的错误联想。 选项特点 1.正确选项的特点 (1)通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词。 (2)能概括文章或段落的主要内容。 2.干扰项的特点 (1)以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄,只阐述了文章的一部分内容(也就是文章的局部信息)或文章主题的一个侧面。 (2)断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。 (3)主题扩大。归纳、概括的范围过大,超过文章实际所讨论的内容。 (4)似是而非。关键词好像在文章中提到了,但认真分析之后会发现它与文章的内容毫无联系。 (5)张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。 遵循 四字原则: 准 全 新 用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想 要注意文章的内涵和外延, 把作者的观点准确地 表达出来. 要排除掉那些片面的选项, 选取包含文章的主要 内容及作者观点的选项, 范围不宜过大或过小. 所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力, 能激发读 者的阅读兴趣. 精 Summarize! 两大特性：概括性和针对性 总之，要想做好阅读理解题，扎实的语言功底是基础，正确的解题方法是关键。 此外，还需要通过认真做高质量的试题积累实战经验。 Thank you $$