Unit 4 Space Exploration 动词不定式作定语和状语 课件-2023-2024学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第三册

data signature Conclusion Unit 4 Space Exploration Discovering Useful Structures -动词不定式作定语和状语 Lead-in How many “to” in the text? Do you know their meanings and functions? To live abroad is not easy. She planned to visit her parents next week. The question is how to get there. The first person to come is Mr. Brown. He went to France to learn French. His father encouraged him to find a new job. 主语 宾补 状语 观察下面句子并分析划线部分在句中所作的成分。 宾语 表语 定语 Find more examples from the unit. ...and scientists work hard to find answers… They make vehicles to carry brave people into space to find out the secrets of the universe. For example, America's NASA space agency launched Voyager 1 on 5 September 1977 to study deep space... These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed, but the desire to explore the universe never died. China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003… (as adverbial) (as attributive) (as adverbial) (as adverbial) (as attributive) (as attributive) ... followed by the vehicle Jade Rabbit being sent to the moon to study its surface, ... China launched the Tiangong 2 space lab into space and Tianzhou 1 to dock with it. This signalled one step further in China's plan to establish a space station in the future. ... of the far side of the moon to make measurements and observations… ... and China all have plans to further study and explore planets like Mars and Jupiter. (as adverbial) (as adverbial) (as attributive) (as adverbial) (as attributive) 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种, 没有人称和数的变化, 在句中不能独立作谓语。 动词不定式既有名词、形容词和副词的某些语法功能, 又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用, 在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。 一、动词不定式 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般式 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 进行式 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时, 不定式的动作正在进行 完成式 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 完成进行式 to have been doing 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行 基本结构: “ to + 动词原形”, to是不定式标志, 无意义, 有时不定式符号to可省略。 否定形式: not to + 动词原形 动词不定式的结构 Let’s learn Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions and meanings. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. Some scientists were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 8 判断以下不定式作什么成分 1....people have always wanted to learn more about space，and scientists work hard to find answers. 2.They make vehicles to carry brave people into space to find out the secrets of the universe. 3.However，some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space. 4.For example，America’s NASA space agency launched Voyager 1 on 5 September 1977 to study deep space... 目的状语 后置定语 目的状语 目的状语 =We must find a person who can do the homework. We must find a person to do the homework. 动词不定式作定语, 一般放在被修饰的名词、代词的后面, 多表示将来的动作, 可转化为定语从句。 二、动词不定式作定语 意义 不定式及其短语作定语，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。 11 构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系 We must find a person to do the homework. There are lots of interesting things to see. I have no time to go there. They got the order to leave the city. 动词不定式作定语, 不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系、动状关系或同位关系。 主谓关系(主动) 动宾关系(被动) 同位关系 动状关系 1) He told me he had a composition to write. 他告诉我他有一篇作文要写。 2) I want to get something to drink. 我想喝点东西。 注意：由上述例句得知，此时的不定式必须是及物动词。如果是不及物动词，其后就带一个结构或含义上所需要的介词。 Will you please bring me a chair to sit in? 请给我拿把椅子来坐好吗？ 1.不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系。 2.不定式与被修饰的名词或不定代词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1) He was the last one to arrive. 他是最后一个到达的人。 2) Is there anyone to take care of the child? 有人照顾这个孩子吗？ 注意：例句中的不定式动作的逻辑主语分别是one和anyone此时的不定式在意义上相当于一个定语从句。 Among the men to take part in the work(＝Among the men who are to take part in the work), he is probably the most active. 在参加这项工作的人当中，他可能是最活跃的。 动词不定式作定语的情况 1. 当名词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the next, the last, the right, the best修饰, 常用动词不定式作定语。该名词为不定式的执行者时, 用动词不定式主动形式, 名词为不定式的承受者时, 用to be done(被动形式)。 You are the only person to be late. This is the third question to be discussed. In the past, women had no chance to go to school. The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 2. 当被修饰词是抽象名词时, 常用动词不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有： ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, promise, attempt, way等。 1. 当被the first, the last, the only等词以及形容词最高级修饰时常用不定式作后置定语。 The next train to arrive was from Shenzhen. 2. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式作后置定语。 I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 3. 一些抽象名词后常用不定式作后置定语： dream, desire, chance, hope, promise, idea, fact, way... 4.不定式作定语，修饰the first，the last，the third等，中心词为不定式的执行者时用to do(主动式)，中心词为不定式承受者时用to be done(被动式)。 The newspaper reporter was the last to walk out of the cave. 那位报社记者是最后一个走出山洞的。 This is the third question to be discussed. 这是要讨论的第三个问题。 3. 当修饰的词为something, nothing, anything等不定代词时, 常用动词不定式作定语。 Do you have anything to say? There is nothing to worry about. I want to get something to drink. 1. 作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等, 不定式后面须有相应的介词。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.  Here is some paper for you to write on.  特别提醒 1. Could you give us something (eat)? We are very hungry. 解析：不定式作定语置于被修饰的词后面，与所修饰的词之间为动宾关系，表示将来的动作。 语法填空。 考点追击 to eat 给我们点东西吃好吗?我们很饿。 21 2. In my family, my mother is always the first one (get) up. 解析：中心词被序数词the first修饰，且get与中心词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，用不定式作定语。 to get 22 动词不定式在句中作状语, 主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等, 表示目的、原因、结果等。 在句中, 不定式可作目的状语、结果状语、原因状语等。 三、动词不定式作状语 意义 动词不定式在句中作状语, 主要用来修饰动词和形容词, 也可用来修饰副词。 在句中, 不定式可作目的状语、结果状语、原因状语、方式状语等。 24 to do 作状语 1.表示目的, 其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。 为了画好地图，你需要一支特殊的钢笔。 A. To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed. B. To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. 为了不上课迟到，我们最好快点。 We had better hurry up______________________________ . 总结1：不定式的否定式均是在to前加not。 in order/so as not to be late for class 意为 “为了”, 可位于句首或句末, 置于句首时常表示强调。为加强语气, 不定式前也可加in order或so as, 但so as to不能用于句首。 To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard. He promised to make all efforts in order to/so as to help us. 1. 动词不定式作目的状语 to do 作状语 2.表示结果, 通常用于一些 结构中。 1. 他还没有聪明到做那件事的程度。 He is not so intelligent __________ that. 2. 这名宇航员如此勤奋，结果他取得了巨大成就。 （such） The astronaut is ________________________________great achievements. 3. 你有足够的钱买电脑吗？（enough) Do you have ___________________ a computer? as to do such a hard-working person as to make enough money to buy 常与only, enough或too连用, 用于“too...to”；“enough to ...”；“only to do” (表示意料之外的结果); “so/such…as to” 结构句中。 (1) too ... to + do “太…而不能做…” (2) adj/adv + enough to do “足以去做…” (3) only to + do (find/discover/realize) (4) so + adj/adv + as to do 或such + n + as to do “如此…以至于…”。 2. 动词不定式作结果状语 to do 作状语 3.表示原因, 通常用于一些 结构中。 1. 听到你缺乏耐心我很失望。 I’m ______________________you lack the patience. 2. 我非常高兴地得知你在比赛中获得了一等奖。 I am more than _________________ that you have won the first prize in the contest. disappointed to hear delighted to hear 总结1 ：常用于“主语(人)＋系动词＋形容词/过去分词＋to do”结构中。常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有：sorry，surprised，astonished，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。 She is proud to have won the first place. He is glad to be invited to the meeting. We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition. (1) 常用于“sb. + be + adj. + to do”结构中, 形容词作表语时, 后可接不定式作原因状语, 用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。此类形容词多是sorry, glad, excited, disappointed, shocked等表示喜怒哀乐的形容词。 3. 动词不定式作原因状语 to do 作状语 1. The experiment ____________carry out. 这个实验很难进行。 2. I ______________________，so I will be fit for the position. 我很容易相处，因此，我适合这个职位。 总结2：常用于“主语(物/人)＋系动词＋性质形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，动词不定式和句子主语之间存在动宾关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。 3.表示原因, 通常用于一些 结构中。 is difficult to am easy to get along with The morning air is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day. (2) 常用于“sth. + be + adj. + to do”结构中, 这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, comfortable, good, important, impossible, dangerous等, 表示主语的特征或性质, 不定式和句子主语之间存在动宾关系, 但常用主动形式表示被动意义。 【注意】 too+adj.+to do sth. 结构除表示否定意义外，还可以表示结果有肯定意思。这时too后面常常跟表示心情、态度或倾向性方面的形容词，主要有anxious， eager， easy， glad， happy， pleased， ready， willing等，此时too的意思是“十分;非常;很”等。如： They were too anxious to leave. （=very anxious to leave） 他们急于要离开。 He is too glad to go there. （=very glad to go there） 他非常高兴去那儿。 1. (be) a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best. 解析：句意：要想获胜，你必面要倾其所有，全力以赴。不定式位于句首作目的状语。 语法填空。 考点追击 To be 给我们点东西吃好吗?我们很饿。 34 2. I arrived at the shop only (find) I’d left all my money at home. 解析：不定式表示意料之外的结果，和only连用。 to find 我到商店却发现钱全落在家里了。 35 4. 动词不定式作方式状语 He opened his mouth as if to say something. She lifts his hand as if to lead him somewhere. 主要用于 as if to do sth 结构。 Exercise 1.The space shuttle(航天飞机) was created as a reusable launch vehicle _________astronauts and other equipment into space and back again. The shuttle looks like an ordinary plane but it has a cargo bay(货仓) that is large enough _________ a satellite. 2.Space probes(航天探测器) are often sent to places that are too far away or too dangerous for a human ________ foot in. For example, in 1977, the Voyager I space probe was sent _______ pictures of the planets Saturn and Jupiter. to carry to hold to set to take hold build provide set carry select fall take launch live 37 Exercise 3.The International Space Station was too big _________ on Earth and _________ into space, so different countries worked together and built about 100 modules(分离舱). Afterwards, these modules were joined together in space _________ living quarters, laboratories, and other equipment for astronauts _________ for months. to build to launch to provide to live hold build provide set carry select fall take launch live 38 THANKS $$