UNIT 4 Section Ⅲ　Using Language(word教参)-【状元桥·优质课堂】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第一册（人教版2019）

Section Ⅲ　Using Language 教材助读8 HOW DO I KNOW MY STUDENTS? As an educator<1>， people often ask me ①how I know what is going on in the minds of my students.Many students are quite shy and don't speak all that much.At the same time，in a classroom of more than forty students, ②it is hard to have many one-on-one conversations with each person.So，how can I really know what makes each student tick<2>？ ①how I know what is going on in the minds of my students是ask的宾语从句，这个宾语从句中又包含一个what引导的从句，作know的宾语。 ②it is hard to have…，it是形式主语，不定式 to have…是真正的主语。 My answer？I look at their body language. It is easy to recognise when students are interested in<3> a lesson.Most tend to<4> look up and make eye contact.When I make a joke<5>，they smile.When I talk about something difficult，they look confused.I know when students are really interested，however，because they lean forward and look at me.People have a tendency<6> to lean towards ③whatever they are interested in.So if a student ④has his head lowered<7> to look at his watch，it implies<8> he is bored and just counting the minutes for the class to end.If two friends are leaning their heads together，they are probably writing notes to each other.Of course, ⑤not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class.Some students look up，but there is an absence of eye contact.Their eyes barely<9> move，and they always have the same distant expression on their faces.It is ⑥as though they are asleep with their eyes open. ③whatever引导宾语从句。 ④has his head lowered是“have sth done”结构，表示“使某物被……”。 ⑤此处是一个部分否定句，相当于everyone who looks up is not paying attention in class。其中who looks up是who引导的定语从句，修饰everyone。 ⑥as though “好像，仿佛”，在此处引导表语从句。 with their eyes open是with复合结构，在句中作状语。 Some students are amused by something else.They spend all their time<10> looking anywhere but at me.Then again，some students' favourite activity is daydreaming.⑦With their chins<11> on their hands, they occupy<12> themselves by staring<13> out of the window or up at the ceiling<14>．They are certainly interested in something，but who knows what.The main thing is ⑧reminding distracted<15> students that they need to pay attention in class. ⑦with their chins on their hands是with复合结构，表示伴随情况，由“with＋宾语＋宾补(介词短语)”构成。 ⑧动名词短语reminding…在句中作表语；that引导宾语从句。 ⑨While it is easy to perceive<16> when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish<17> when students are troubled.Students who are angry，afraid，or experiencing anxiety<18> may ⑩have their arms crossed in front of their chests<19> and ⑩their legs closed or crossed, like they are guarding their bodies.Students who are sad or worried will nearly always wear a frown.They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are embarrassed<20> or ashamed<21>．Some students act this way merely<22> because they are afraid of being called on<23> by the teacher.However，if a student does not bother<24> to brush her hair and her eyes are red from weeping<25>，then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work<26>．It could be that she is having serious conflicts<27> with other students or at home.⑪Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire<28> and assess what is going on. ⑨此处是while引导的让步状语从句，while意为“尽管”。it是形式主语，不定式to perceive是真正的主语。 ⑩have their arms crossed与(have)their legs closed or crossed都属于have sth done结构。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系。 ⑪whatever it is是whatever(无论什么，不管什么)引导的让步状语从句。 Ultimately<29>， my duty is ⑫helping every student to learn.Their body language lets me know ⑬when to adjust<30> class activities，when to intervene<31>， and when to talk to students individually, so they can all get the most out of school. Reacting<32> to body language is an important component<33> of being a teacher. ⑫动名词短语helping every student to learn作表语，这句话也可以写成：Ultimately，helping every student to learn is my duty. ⑬此处是三个并列的“疑问词＋不定式”结构，作know的宾语，连接方式是A，B，and C。 <1>educator/ˈedʒukeItə(r)/n.教师；教育工作者；教育家 ※educate v．教育；育人educated adj.受过教育的；有学问的 <2>tick/tIk/vt.给(试卷、问题等)打钩号 vi.(钟表)发出嘀嗒声 n．钩号 ※what makes sb tick使某人这样做的原因 <3>be interested in对……感兴趣 <4>tend to do sth易于做某事，往往会发生某事 <5>make a joke开玩笑 <6>tendency/ˈtendənsi/n.趋势；倾向 ※have a tendency to do sth倾向于做某事 <7>lower/ˈləʊə(r)/vt.把……放低；降低；减少 adj.下面的；下方的；较小的 ※low adj.低的；低矮的 <8>imply/ImˈplaI/vt.意味着；暗示 <9>barely/ˈbeəli/adv.几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 ※bare adj.裸体的；裸露的；(树木)光秃秃的；(土地)荒芜的 <10>spend time doing sth花费时间做某事 <11>chin/tʃIn/n.下巴 <12>occupy/ˈɒkjupaI/vt.占据；占用 <13>stare/steə(r)/vi.盯着看；凝视 n．凝视 <14>ceiling/ˈsiːlIŋ/n.天花板；上限 <15>distract/dIˈstrækt/vt.分散(注意力)；使分心 <16>perceive/pəˈsiːv/vt.察觉；看待；理解 <17>distinguish/dIˈstIŋgwIʃ/vi.& vt.区分；辨别 ※distinguished adj.杰出的；有名气的 <18>anxiety/æŋˈzaIəti/n.焦虑；担心；害怕 ※anxious adj.焦虑的 <19>chest/tʃest/n.胸部；胸膛 <20>embarrassed/Imˈbærəst/adj.难堪的；尴尬的 <21>ashamed/əˈʃeImd/ adj.羞愧；惭愧 ※shameful adj.令人羞愧的 <22>merely/ˈmIəli/adv.只是；仅仅；只不过 <23>call on(短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请 <24>bother/ˈbɒðə(r)/ vi.&vt.费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便 <25>weep/wiːp/vi.&vt.哭泣；流泪 <26>at work有某种影响；在工作 <27>conflict/ˈkɒnflIkt/n.矛盾；冲突 /kənˈflIkt/vi.冲突；抵触 <28>inquire/InˈkwaIə(r)/(＝enquire)vi.&vt.询问；打听 <29>ultimately/ˈʌltImətli/adv.最终；最后 <30>adjust/əˈdʒʌst/vt.调整；调节 vi.&vt.适应；(使)习惯 <31>intervene/ˌIntəˈviːn/vi.干预；介入 <32>react/rIˈækt/vi.(对……)起反应；回应；(对食物等)有不良反应 <33>component/kəmˈpəʊnənt/n.组成部分；零件 我如何了解我的学生？ 作为一名教师，人们经常问我，我怎么知道自己的学生在想什么。许多学生相当害羞，所以他们的话并不那么多。同时，在一个有40多名学生的教室里，很难与每个人进行多次一对一的谈话。那么，我是如何弄清楚每个学生为何会这样的呢？ 我的答案？我观察他们的肢体语言。 当学生对一堂课感兴趣时，很容易辨认出来。大多数人倾向于抬头和进行眼神交流。当我开玩笑时，他们会笑。当我谈论到难点时，他们看起来很困惑。不过，我知道学生们什么时候真正感兴趣，因为他们身体前倾看着我。人们往往会向他们感兴趣的东西倾斜身体。因此，如果一个学生低下头看表，这意味着他很无聊，只是在数着分钟等下课。如果两个朋友把头靠在一起，他们可能在互相写纸条。当然，不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。有些学生抬头看，但没有眼神交流。他们的眼睛几乎不动，脸上表情疏远呆滞，好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。 有些学生被别的东西逗乐了。他们把所有的时间都花在看我以外的地方。同样，一些学生最喜欢的是做白日梦。他们双手托着下巴，专注地盯着窗外或天花板。他们当然对某事感兴趣，但谁知道是什么呢。主要的事情是提醒分心的学生在课堂上要注意听讲。 尽管学生们何时(对课程)感兴趣，何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要分辨出学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。生气、害怕或者焦虑的学生会双臂交叉抱在胸前，他们的腿并拢或交叉，就像他们在保护自己的身体。难过或担心的学生几乎总是愁眉不展。他们也会用手捂住脸，好像很尴尬或羞愧。有些学生这样做仅仅是因为他们害怕被老师叫到。但是，要是学生都懒得梳头，并且两眼因哭泣而发红，那么我能够推断有更深层次的问题在影响着她。可能是她和其他同学或家人产生了严重的矛盾。不管是什么，我知道我需要调查和评估所发生的事情。 最后，我的职责是帮助每个学生学习。他们的肢体语言告诉我什么时候调整课堂活动，何时介入，何时与学生单独交谈，这样他们就能在学校里得到最大的收获。对肢体语言做出回应是做一个老师必不可少的环节。 Ⅰ.Read the text (P44), then choose the best answer. 1．How does a teacher know his students may have a problem? A．By talking to them individually. B．By telephoning their parents. C．By watching their behaviors. D．By analysing their facial expressions. 答案 C 2．What will students do if they are interested in a lesson? A．Look out of the window. B．Hide their faces in their hands. C．Lower to look at the books. D．Lean forward and look at the teacher. 答案 D 3．If a student has serious conflicts with other students, what should a teacher do? A．Remind him/her to forget the conflicts. B．Inquire and assess what is going on. C．Adjust class activities. D．Punish all of them for the conflicts. 答案 B 4．What can we infer about the author? A．He is very careful. B．He is very strict. C．He is very generous. D．He is very warm-hearted. 答案 A Ⅱ.课文语法填空 HOW DO I KNOW MY STUDENTS? As an 1. educator (educate), people often ask me how I know what is going on in the minds of my students.My answer is that I look at their body language.It is easy for me 2.　to recognise　(recognise) when students are interested in a lesson.People have a 3. tendency (tend) to lean towards whatever they are interested in.So if a student has his head 4. lowered (lower) to look at his watch, it implies that he is bored and just counting the minutes for the class to end.Sometimes some students are 5. amused (amuse) by something else.So the main thing is reminding distracted students 6. that they need to pay attention in class. Though 7. it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students 8. are troubled (trouble)．Ultimately, my duty is helping every student to learn.Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities, when to intervene, and when to talk to students 9. individually (individual)．Reacting to body language is 10. an important component of being a teacher. (教材P43)in other words　换句话说，也就是说 in a/one word　总之；简言之 keep one's word 遵守诺言 break one's word 失信；不守诺言 have a word with 与……谈一谈 have words with 与……争吵 beyond words 无法用言语表达 word comes/came that 有消息说…… [点津] in other words(换句话说)是一种解释性说法，类似的表达还有： that is to say＝that is也就是说 or rather更确切/准确地说 namely即，也就是 He has achieved his aim.In other words, his ambition has come true.他已经实现了他的目标。也就是说，他的梦想实现了。 [习作练笔]——补全句子 (1)总之，我的生活将会更富裕、更多彩。 In a/one word , my life will be much richer and more colorful. (2)一旦你做出了承诺，你就应该遵守诺言，否则没人会信任你。 Once you have made a promise, you should keep your word , or no one will trust you. (3)他多次食言，我再也不能相信他了。 He has broken his word so many times that I cannot trust him any more. (教材P44)People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. 人们在对某个事物感兴趣时，往往会身体前倾。 tendency　n．趋势；倾向 ①have a tendency to (do sth)　倾向于(做某事) ②tend　vi.趋向，倾向；照顾vt.照料，照管 tend to do sth 经常做某事；有做某事的倾向 tend to/towards sth 趋向；倾向于…… tend (to) sb 照料；照看；护理某人 The sort of music I listen to varies, but I tend to/towards our folk music.我听的音乐种类各不相同，但我倾向于我们的民乐。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)The gap between the rich and the poor has a tendency (tend) to become wider and wider. (2)I tend to/towards your opinion to a certain extent. (3)On social media sites, people tend to post (post) only good updates that will make them appear happy and friendly. [习作练笔]——补全句子 (4)青少年通过电脑或手机读书而不是去图书馆读书的趋势正在增长。 There is a growing tendency for teenagers to read books by computers or phones rather than go to library to read books. (5)我写信是为了向在医院里照顾我母亲的护士们表示真诚的感谢。 I'm writing to express my sincere thanks to the nurses who tended my mother in the hospital . (教材P44)Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class. 当然了，不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。 句型公式：部分否定 该句为部分否定。not everyone…/everyone…not等表示部分否定，其意思是“并非每个人都……”。 ①all, both, each, every, everyone, everybody, everything, always, whole, entirely等具有总括意义的词语与否定词连用，构成部分否定； ②当表示完全否定意义时，英语中常用no, none, nobody, nothing, no one, neither等词与谓语动词的肯定式连用。 ①Every boy is not interested in sports. ＝Not every boy is interested in sports. 并非每个男孩都喜欢运动。 ②As far as I know, not both of them smoke. ＝As far as I know, both of them don't smoke. 据我所知，他俩不都抽烟。 [习作练笔]——一句多译/补全句子 (1)我们并非所有人都喜欢骑自行车上班。 ① Not all of us are fond of cycling to work. ②All of us are not fond of cycling to work. (2)并非每一位学生都能理解他的意思。 Not every student can understand him. (3)没有一位学生能理解他的意思。 None of the students can understand him. (4)我们全都不被允许去那里。 None of us was allowed to go there. (教材P44)With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. 他们双手托着下巴，专注地盯着窗外或天花板。 stare　vi.盯着看；凝视　n．凝视 stare at　凝视；盯着看 stare sb up and down 上下打量某人 stare sb in the face 盯着某人的脸看 stare into the sky/distance 凝视天空/远方 [辨析] stare at, gaze at, glare at, glance at stare at “盯着看，凝视”，指出于好奇、惊讶等原因长时间睁大眼睛直接注视，常含粗鲁无礼之意 gaze at “凝视”，语义较stare轻，指出于好奇或惊讶而深情地长时间看 glare at “怒目而视”，出于气愤或敌意 glance at “一瞥”，匆忙中迅速看上一眼 (2021·6月浙江)What my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. 我的孩子们放学后想做的是拿起一个(电子)屏幕——任何屏幕——盯着它看几个小时。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)I stared blankly at the paper in front of me. [习作练笔]——补全句子 (2)在将近一年的时间里，我一直在挣扎，一直盯着我面前的这堵墙。 For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me . (3)那位老先生只是站在那里怒视着那个扒手。 The old gentleman just stood there glaring at the pickpocket. (4)那孩子上下打量着这个陌生人。 The child stared the stranger up and down . (教材P44)While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled. 尽管学生们何时(对课程)感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要分辨出学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。 distinguish　vi.&vt.区分；辨别 ①distinguish between A and B区分A和B distinguish…from…把……与……区分开来 distinguish oneself (as…)(作为……)出名 ②distinguishedadj.卓越的；尊贵的 be distinguished for因……而出名 be distinguished as作为……而出名 Reading good books can not only enrich our minds but also teach us to distinguish between right and wrong.阅读好书既能充实我们的思想又能教我们分辨是非。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)It's my pleasure to introduce Chinese painting to our distinguished (distinguish) guests. (2)Equally impressive is Li Bai's free expression of strong feelings, which breathes vitality(生命力) into the lifeless objects he describes, and which distinguishes him from other landscape poets. [习作练笔]——补全句子 (3)(人物描写)作为一个冷静且勇敢的姑娘，她很出众。 She distinguishes herself as a cool and brave girl. (教材P44)Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their…愤怒、害怕或焦虑的学生可能会双臂交叉抱在胸前…… anxiety　n．焦虑；担心；害怕 ①with anxiety＝anxiously焦虑地 ②anxiousadj.忧虑的；不安的；渴望的；急切的 be anxious about为……担心/担忧 be anxious for渴望……/担心…… be anxious to do sth急于/渴望做某事 Children usually feel a lot of anxiety about/over the new environment on the first day of school. 孩子们通常在开学第一天对新环境感到非常焦虑。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1) Anxiously (anxious), she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn't fit. ＝She took the dress out of the package and tried it on with anxiety (anxious), only to find it didn't fit. [习作练笔]——句式升级/补全句子 (2)I'm so anxious about the coming exam that I can hardly fall asleep at night. → Anxious about the coming exam , I can hardly fall asleep at night.(形容词短语作状语) (3)父母建议在酒店房间睡觉，但他们的孩子渴望在旅途中露营。 The parents suggested sleeping in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip. 句型公式：have sth done让某事被做 ①have sth done　 使某事完成；遭遇某种(不幸的)事情；让/叫别人做某事 ②have sb do sth 让某人做某事 have sb doing sth 允许某人做某事(常用于否定句中)；使某人一直做某事(多用于肯定句中) ③have sth to do 有某事要做(主语自己做) have sth to be done 有某事要做(不是主语自己做) Take the following advice and you can have your problems settled. 遵循以下建议，你的问题就会得到解决。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (4)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken (take)． (5)It was cold, and she had the fire burning (burn) day and night. (6)I am going to see my son next week.Do you have anything to be taken (take) to your son? [习作练笔]——补全句子 (7)我很抱歉不能参加你的生日聚会，因为我有一件重要的事要处理。 I'm sorry for not being able to attend your birthday party, for I have an important thing to deal with . (教材P44)They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are embarrassed or ashamed. 他们也会用手掩面，好像很尴尬或羞愧。 embarrassed　adj.难堪的；尴尬的 ①be/feel embarrassed to do sth　做某事感到尴尬 be/feel embarrassed about/at 对……感到尴尬 ②embarrass　vt.使难堪；使尴尬 ③embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的 ④embarrassment n．难堪；窘迫 to one's embarrassment 让某人尴尬的是 Embarrassed and ashamed, she opened her mouth with eyes widening and face turning red.既尴尬又羞愧，她张开嘴巴，睁大眼睛，脸涨得通红。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)The embarrassed look on his face suggested he was in (an) embarrassing situation.(embarrass) (2)To his embarrassment (embarrass), he couldn't answer the simple question. [习作练笔]——补全句子 (3)我们不应该因为我们的体重而感到尴尬。 We shouldn't feel embarrassed about/at our weight. (4)既尴尬又愧疚，她低下头，泪水滑落脸颊。 　Embarrassed and guilty　, she lowered her head, tears rolling down her cheeks . ashamed　adj.羞愧；惭愧 ①be/feel ashamed of因……感到羞愧 be ashamed to do sth羞于/耻于做某事 feel/be ashamed for sb替某人感到羞愧 ②shamen.羞耻；憾事 vt.使丢脸，使羞愧 It's a shame that………真让人遗憾。 What a shame/pity！真可惜！ ③shamefuladj.可耻的；不道德的 Her head was hanging gently, and tears of shame were shining from the corners of her eyes. 她的头轻轻地垂着，眼角上闪着羞愧的泪光。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (5)Cynthia was not ashamed of what she did, even if she ended up doing something wrong. (6)She was ashamed to tell (tell) anyone that she had failed again. [习作练笔]——补全句子 (7)你们住得这么远，真可惜；否则我们就可以经常见面了。 It's a shame that you live at such a distance；otherwise we could see each other often. (8)我是如此羞愧，以至于我感觉心如刀绞，眼泪模糊了我的双眼。 So ashamed was I that I felt as if a knife were piercing my heart, tears clouding my eyes.(倒装句) (教材P44)However, if a student does not bother to brush her hair and her eyes are red from weeping, then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work.然而，如果一个学生都懒得梳头，并且两眼因哭泣而发红，那么我能推断她遇到了更严重的问题。 bother　vi.& vt.费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便 ①bother sb with/about sth为某事打扰/麻烦某人 bother to do/doing sth费心做某事 It bothers sb that/to do sth使某人苦恼的是 ②put sb to any bother给某人添乱 I don't want to put him to any bother, so I try doing it by myself. 我不想给他添乱，所以，我试着自己来做这件事。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)I'm awfully sorry to bother you with/about so many questions on such an occasion. (2)He won't come, so why bother inviting/to invite (invite) him? [习作练笔]——补全句子 (3)(求助信)我需要你的宝贵建议，希望不会给你带来太大麻烦。 I do need your valuable suggestions, hoping it won't bother you much . (教材P44)It could be that she is having serious conflicts with other students or at home.可能是她正在和其他学生或家里人有很严重的矛盾。 conflict　n．矛盾；冲突　vi.冲突；抵触 ①in conflict with　和……有矛盾/不一致 come into conflict with 和……发生冲突，与……有分歧 ②conflict with 与……发生冲突 He often comes into conflict with his classmates, which makes his parents embarrassed. ＝He often conflicts with his classmates, making his parents embarrassed. 他经常和同学们发生冲突，这让他的父母很难堪。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts (conflict)． (2)The two countries have been in conflict with each other for decades. [习作练笔]——补全句子 (3)据我所知，你经常和你的父亲在未来职业这个问题上发生冲突，所以我写信给你一些建议。 As far as I know, you often come into conflict with/conflict with your father in the future career, so I am writing to offer you some tips. (教材P44)Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities…他们的肢体语言让我知道何时该调整课堂活动…… adjust　vt.调整；调节 vi.&vt.适应；(使)习惯 (联想：adapt) ①adjust (oneself) to (doing) sth(使自己)适应(做)某事 ②adjustment n．调整；适应 make an adjustment/adjustments (to sth) (对……)作出调整 ③adjustable adj.可调节的 When giving lectures, please adjust your language to the age of your audience.发表演讲时，请根据听众的年龄调整使用相应的语言。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)(2023·6月天津改编)Having tried several adjustments (adjust) to the design for two months, the engineer eventually succeeded in building a highly efficient system. (2)Gas cookers(燃气灶) are adjustable (adjust) in height to line up with your kitchen worktop. [习作练笔]——词汇升级/补全句子 (3)I have learned how to be independent in a boarding school, which is of great benefit to get used to the college life.(升级加黑词汇) adjust to (4)(2023·3月天津改编)当丽莎搬到一个新的城市时，她很难适应新的环境。 When Lisa moved to a new city, she had a hard time adjusting to her new surroundings. (教材P44)Reacting to body language is an important component of being a teacher.对肢体语言做出回应是作为一名教师必不可少的环节。 react　vi.(对……)起反应；回应；(对食物等)有不良反应 ①react to　对……做出反应 react against 反抗，反对…… react with 以……形式反应； 和……发生化学反应 ②reaction n．反应 ①(以文助写)Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you react to it.生活中10%是你将经历的事，90%是你应对它的过程。 ②He reacted strongly against the suggestion, which made us all surprised. 他强烈反对这个建议，这使我们很吃惊。 [融会练通]——单句语法填空 (1)Only when we react to emergencies in life calmly can we solve problems in a better way. (2)We all have to accept that as we get older our reactions (react) slow down. [习作练笔]——补全句子 (3)大多数时候，人们都回以灿烂的微笑。 Most of the time, people react with big, happy smiles . 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$