12 选择性必修四 Unit 3-Unit 4 重点词汇及短语拓展-2023-2024学年高二英语下学期期末复习高效突破（人教版2019）

12 选择性必修四 Unit 3-Unit 4 重点词汇及短语拓展 I. Unit 3-Unit 4重点词汇及拓展 1. __________ vt.扩展；使伸长；延长→__________ adj.广阔的；大规模的；广泛的→__________ n. 扩大；延伸 2. __________ vt.商定；达成(协议)　vi.谈判；磋商；协商→__________ n. 谈判；协商；商谈 3. __________ vi.& vt.(使)撤回；撤离→__________ (过去式)→__________ (过去分词) 4. __________ n. 政治、政治观点→__________ adj. 政治的 5. __________ n. 混合、结合体；混合物→__________ v. 混合、结合 6. __________ n. 新闻报道；覆盖范围→__________ v. 报道；覆盖 n. 封面；雨披 7. __________ v. 鼓掌；称赞、赞赏→__________ n. 掌声、鼓掌 8. __________ n. 迁移、迁徙→__________ v. 迁移、迁徙 9. __________ v. 谋杀、凶杀 n. 谋杀、凶杀→__________ n. 杀人犯 10. __________ n. 仁慈；宽恕；恩惠→__________ adj.仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的→__________ adj.残忍的；无慈悲心的 11. __________ n. [usually pl.]个人财产；拥有；控制→__________ vt.控制；使掌握；具有；迷住；拥有 12. __________ n. 反对者；对手；竞争者→__________ vt.反对；抵制→__________ adj.反对的；截然不同的 13. __________ n. 沙土；灰尘　vi.& vt. 擦灰→__________ adj.布满灰尘的 14. __________ n. 橡皮；黑板擦；橡胶→__________ vt.& vi. 擦；摩擦；揉；搓 15. __________ n. 化学家；药剂师；药房→__________ n. 化学→__________ adj.化学的 16. __________ n. 住房；住宅→__________ n. 房子 17. __________ n. 优惠待遇；特权→__________ adj.享有特权的；特许的 18. __________ vt.& vi.(使脸上)起皱纹；皱起　n. 皱纹→__________ adj.有皱纹的 19. __________ adj.成熟的；时机成熟的→__________ vt.& vi.(使)成熟 20. __________ adj.有残疾的；丧失能力的→__________ n. 缺陷；障碍→__________ vt.使(某人)残废；使……无能 21. __________ vt.值得；应得；应受→__________ adj.值得的；应得的 22. __________ n. 咨询；咨询会→__________ vt.咨询；请教→__________ n. 顾问 23. __________ n. 稳定(性)；稳固(性)→__________ adj.稳定的；牢固的→__________ adj.不稳定的 II. Unit 3-Unit 4重点短语和句型 一、重点短语 1. in a league of one’s own　_________________ 2. in hand ____________________ 3. set sail ____________________ 4. withdraw from ____________________ 5. form the foundation of __________________ 6. under the command of ____________________ 7. hunt for ____________________ 8. without mercy ____________________ 9. be home to ____________________ 10. take action ____________________ 11. amounts of __________ __________ 12. have more options for ____________________ 13. spill over ... into ____________________ 14. a chorus of ____________________ 15. not to mention ____________________ 16. adapt to ____________________ 17. be relevant to ... __________ __________ 18. to be honest ____________________ 19. participate in ____________________ 20. be dying to do sth ____________________ 21. be greeted by ____________________ 22. have no concept of ____________________ 23. the other day ____________________ 24. hear about　____________________ 25. take ... for granted ____________________ 26. as well ____________________ 27. make a big difference ____________________ 28. relay to ____________________ 29. be proud of ____________________ 30. pray that ____________________ 31. work on ____________________ 32. in need of ____________________ 33. take good care of ____________________ 二、重点句型 1. 句型公式：动词不定式短语作主语 教材原句：To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilisations. 翻译：__________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 (1)动词不定式(短语)作主语，通常位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。 (2)为了保持句子结构的协调性，动词不定式作主语时，大部分情况下用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语——动词不定式(短语)置于句末。 (3)动词不定式前面可以加疑问词，构成“疑问词＋动词不定式”的形式。 e.g.①To say little and perform much is the characteristic of great minds. 少说多做是大智者的特性。 ②To enter the key university is everyone’s dream. 进入重点大学是每个人的梦想。 ③To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①To be angry with a weak man __________ (be) a proof that you are not very strong yourself. ②On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to __________ (get) there. (2)单句写作 ③如何与别人友好相处是你应该学会的第二件事。 __________________________________________________. 2. 句型公式：what引导的名词性从句 教材原句：In ancient times, silk from China found its way overland to India, the Middle East, and Rome, along what became known as the Silk Road. 翻译：在古代，中国丝绸经由一条陆路运到印度、中东和罗马，这条路就是有名的“丝绸之路”。 【分析点拨】 (1)意义 (2)功能：可用作主语、宾语或表语 (3)在结构上相当于“the＋名词＋定语从句” e.g.①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)One look and he knew what they were up to. 看一眼他就知道他们在干什么。 ②In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年，哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。 ③What I told you about it is very important to all of you. 对于这件事，我告诉你们的对于你们所有人是非常重要的。 【多维运用】 (1)写出下列句中黑体词的含义 ①What I am going to tell you is about the book donated from our school to your Chinese class. __________ ②I will tell him what you look/are like so that you can find each other easily. __________ (2)句式升级 ③A tall building arose in a place which was a wasteland. →A tall building arose in ____________________. (what引导的从句) 3. 句型公式：which引导非限制性定语从句) 教材原句：Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。 as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别： 1. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。 2. as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。 3. as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。 4. as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 5. as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case (这是常有的事)，as was expected (不出所料)，as often happens (正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all (众所周知)，as has been said before (如上所述)，as is mentioned above (正如上面所提到的)等。 注：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。 e.g.①(2021·全国乙卷)For example, we are taking advantage of various online courses for further study, which allow us to learn knowledge wherever we are at any time, making it easier to earn a degree. 例如，我们正在利用各种在线课程进行深度学习，这些课程使我们能够随时随地学习知识，从而更容易获得学位。 ②Chinese dumpling is a traditional Chinese food, which is essential during holidays in northern China. 饺子是中国的传统食物，在北方的节日中不可或缺。 ③Chinese Opera is the traditional form of Chinese theatre, which combines dialogue, music, vocal performance, dance, and so on. 中国戏曲是中国戏剧的传统形式，它集对白、音乐、声乐、舞蹈等多种形式于一体。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空： ①David, __________ you know, is a photographer. ②He married her, __________ was unexpected. ③Li Ming was late, __________ (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry.  (2)单句写作 ④I may have to work late, ______________________________.  我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。 4. 句型公式：although引导让步状语从句 教材原句：Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 英语中用于引导让步状语从句的连词不多，主要有although, though, even though, even if等。 用although / though引导：although与though虽然拼写不同，但意思相同，都表示“虽然”，常可互换。while也可引导让步状语从句，那就是，它除了表示“当……时候”外，还可表示“尽管”“虽然”，此时引导的是让步状语从句。 e.g.①(2021·浙江卷)Although the job was very tiring, I was very happy in my heart for I got something from my work. 虽然工作很累，但我心里很高兴，因为我从工作中得到了一些东西。 ②He didn’t pass the driving test although he went to the driving school every week. 尽管他每周都去驾校，还是没有通过驾驶考试。 ③Although she didn’t say anything I sensed (that) she didn’t like the idea.  她虽然什么也没说但我已意识到她不喜欢这个主意。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空： ①____________________ they are twins, they look entirely different. ②__________ you saw him pick up the money, you can’t be sure he stole it. (2)单句写作 ③尽管她父亲在公司里，但她那份工作却是靠自己得到的。 ____________________, she got the job on her own. 5. 句型公式：动名词短语作主语 教材原句：Understanding more about the sea will also help us manage its resources better. 翻译：________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 (1)动名词(短语)作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 (2)动名词(短语)作主语和不定式作主语一样，也可以用it作形式主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。常见的能用于这种结构的形容词和名词有：good, no good, no use, useless, senseless等。注意：important, essential, necessary等形容词不能用于上述结构。 (3)当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(这时，名词或代词的所有格作动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。 e.g.①(2021·全国乙卷)Besides, making a schedule is a must, for good time management will contribute to our efficiency. 此外，制订一个时间表是必须的，因为良好的时间管理将有助于我们的效率。 ②Climbing up the mountain will make you exhausted. 爬上这座山会使你筋疲力尽。 ③Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①It is no use __________ (tell) him not to worry. ②__________ (they) coming to help was a great encouragement to us. (2)完成句子 ③______________________________ will do you a lot of good. 早晨大声朗读英文会给你带来许多好处。 6. 句型公式：only to do ......做结果状语 教材原句：They hurried to the water, only to find a baby seal there. 翻译：________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 only to do作结果状语，多用来表示出人意料、结局令人沮丧的结果。表示一个随后发生的动作，通常是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果。动词多是终结性的词。(thus) doing 做结果状语，常表示自然而然的结果后者必然的结果。 e.g.①I eagerly unpacked the package, only to find a broken book in it. 我急切地打开包裹，结果只在里面找到一本破书。 ②The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left. 新闻记者们慌张的到达机场，结构却被告知电影明星们已经离开了。 ③The train was caught in heavy snow, thus causing the delay. 火车遭遇了暴风雪，因此导致了耽误。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①More highways have been built in China, __________ (make) it much easier for people to travel form one place to another. ②George returned after the war, only __________ (tell) that his wife had left him. ③A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, __________ (kill) all four people on board. (2)完成句子 ④南方下了大雨，在几个省区造成严重洪灾。 It rained heavily in the south, ________________________________________. 7. 句型公式：so ... that ...引导结果状语从句 教材原句：The son loved his parents so much that he promised not to swim. 翻译：________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 (1)so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。其句型基本结构： so＋ (2)such ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。其句型基本结构： such＋ e.g.①For one thing, the overall development over the past decades has been so striking that they feel eager to familiarise themselves with what is going on in China. For another, China enjoys a long history and rich culture. 其一，过去几十年的整体发展是如此惊人，以至于他们渴望了解中国正在发生的事情。其二，中国历史悠久，而且文化丰富。 ②He seemed such a nice man that we all believe him. ＝He seemed so nice a man that we all believe him. 他看上去是那么好的人，我们都相信他。 ③They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else. 他们彼此相见，高兴得连别的什么事都忘了。 【名师点津】 (1)当名词前面有many, much, few, little等表示数量多少的限定词时，应该用so，而不能用such。 (2)当“so＋形容词/副词”及“such ...”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①There are __________ many flowers that I don’t know which I will pick. (2)一句多译/句型转换 ②他是一个如此聪明的男孩，以至于我们都喜欢他。 →________________________________________.(so ... that ...) →________________________________________.(such ... that ...) ③He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others. →________________________________________.(倒装句) 8. 句型公式：形容词(短语)作状语 教材原句：Finally, the father was pushed to the shore alive, but this old couple never saw their son again. 翻译：__________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 形容词(短语)作状语时，通常说明主语的情况，即表示主语的状态、性质、特征等，有时它和宾语的关系密切，且可位于句首、句末和句子中间，通常和句子的其它部分用逗号分开，但单个形容词可以连在一起。(1)形容词(短语)作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。(2)形容词(短语)作状语时，它和句中谓语动词在意义上的联系不密切，只状是对谓语补充说明。 e.g.①Besides, rich in tourism resources, China attracts millions of people from every corner of the world. 此外，中国拥有丰富的旅游资源，吸引了来自世界各地的数百万人。 ②The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry. 那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。 ③Contrary to all advice, they started to climb the mountain during a storm. 他们不听一切劝告，冒着风暴出发登山。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①__________ (anxiety) for a quick decision, our leader called for a vote. (2)单句写作 ②我低声背诵课文，小心翼翼地不流露自己的坏心情。 I recited the text in a low voice ______________________________. ③月亮刚刚升起，挂在山上，十足的金黄色。 The moon ______________________________. 9. 句型公式：It takes sb some time to do sth 教材原句：It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds. 翻译：__________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 It take sb some time to do sth用法如下： （1）翻译：做某事花费某人一些时间。 （2）这是个固定的句型。即：做某事花费某人一些时间。 （3）it是形式主语；其真正主语是动词不定式“to do sth”。 e.g.①It took them about half an hour to work out the difficult maths problem. 他们花了大约半个小时的时间才解出这道数学难题。 ②It takes me quite a long time to understand the meaning of the painting. 我花了相当长的时间才理解那幅画的意义。 ③It might take some time to understand and appreciate it, but once you do it really just clicks. 虽然理解这一转变可能会花些时间，但一旦你经过这一阶段，你就会适应并享受它。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①It takes 15 minutes __________ (convert) the plane into a car by removing the wings and the tail.  ②It __________ (take) great courage to face your child and tell them the truth. (2)完成句子 ④平均需要10周的时间才能完成一幢房子的销售。 ________________________________________ to be completed. 10. 句型公式：be doing ... when ... 教材原句：The other day I was showing the boys a chemistry experiment when, before I knew it, the mixture was bubbling out of the test tube spilling everywhere! 翻译：________________________________________________________________________________！ 【分析点拨】 be doing ... when ... 意为“正在做……，就在这时……”。when在句中作并列连词，相当于and then, and at that time。when作并列连词的句型还有： (1)be about to do/be on the point of doing ... when ... 正要做……的时候(突然)…… (2)had (just) done when 刚做完……的时候(突然)…… e.g.①I was lying awake on my bed when suddenly Sarah came inside and started screaming. 我正醒着躺在床上，这时萨拉突然跑进来，开始大喊大叫。 ②I was lying face­down on my bed upstairs when I heard my mum come through the front door. 我正趴在楼上的床上，突然听到妈妈从前门进来。 ③I was doing my homework when my mother came back.  我正在做作业，这时我妈妈回来了。 【多维运用】 (1)完成句子 ①We ____________________ he suddenly took his jacket and ran away. 我们正聊着呢，突然他就拿着夹克跑开了。 ②He ____________________ he bumped into a large cow and fell down. 他还没有走多远就撞上了一头大奶牛并摔倒了。 (2)同义句转换 ③He was on the point of giving up the question when suddenly he found the answer. →____________________________________________________________. 11. 句型公式：from where引导定语从句 教材原句：Another teacher and I walked for two and a half hours to get there—first, up a mountain from where we had fantastic views, and then down a shaded path to the valley below. 翻译：我和另一位老师步行了两个半小时才到达那里。首先，我们爬上一座山，在山上我们看到了美妙的景色，然后沿着一条树荫遮蔽的小路走到下面的山谷。 【分析点拨】 (1)from where引导定语从句，相当于and from here/there。 (2)from which中的which指的是一个地点名词；from where中的where指的是一个地点状语。 e.g.①She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town. 她登上山顶，从那里她可以一览全镇的风光。 ②Soon after getting off his horse, the captain appeared at the second­floor windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. 下马不久，上尉就出现在二楼的窗口中了。他在那里除了树木什么也没看到。 ③He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.  他躲在一棵树上，从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。 【多维运用】 (1)选词填空(from where/from which) ①It was a friendship __________ a romance was nurtured. (2)完成句子 ②Alice stood at the window, __________________________________________________. 艾丽丝站在窗边，从那里她可以看到同学们正在踢足球。 12. 句型公式：感官动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 教材原句：Later, I noticed a can standing upside down on the grill over the fire. 翻译：________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 e.g.①On the way driving back from the grocery store, I noticed a homeless man holding a sign by the side of the road. 在从杂货店开车回来的路上，我注意到一个无家可归的人在路边举着一个牌子。 ②Sometimes she would listen to him playing the saxophone. 有时她会听他吹奏萨克斯管。 ③One could hear all kinds of things being discussed there. 你可以听到那里在谈论的问题五花八门，无所不有。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①I could feel the wind __________ (blow) on my face. ②A cook will be immediately fired if he is found __________ (smoke) in the kitchen. (2)完成句子 ③他看见她在花园里干活。 He saw her ____________________. 13. 句型公式：现在分词短语作状语 教材原句：Lately, all of us have seen Chinese people on TV in far­off places in the world, helping other countries to develop. 翻译：____________________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 e.g.①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Youth is of great help to me, offering me inspiration as well as encouragement in time. 《青春》对我帮助很大，及时给我提供灵感和鼓舞。 ②Tom was walking along the beach, enjoying the sound of the waves. 汤姆沿着海岸散步，欣赏着海浪的声音。 ③There is mud and water everywhere, making it difficult to travel from place to place. 到处都是泥和水，使得从一个地方到另一个地方旅行很困难。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①He returned home very late every night, __________ (make) his wife very angry. ②The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, __________ more patients to be treated. (2)完成句子 ③在心脏病发作后，迈克尔 · 杰克逊被宣布死亡，这标志着这位世界上最受欢迎的艺人的悲惨结局。 After suffering a heart attack, Michael Jackson was pronounced dead, ____________________ to the world’s most popular entertainer. 14. 句型公式：while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然” 教材原句：And, while the country is quite beautiful and has much natural wealth, many of the people are quite poor and live without things we take for granted, such as electricity, running water, cars and good transport systems, and supermarkets. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 此句中while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然”；while的用法如下： (1)while可用作并列连词，表示对比、转折，意为“然而；却”。 (2)while可用作从属连词。 ①引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候”，句中的动词要用延续性动词。 ②引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”，从句常置于主句之前。 ③引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”，相当于as long as。 (3)while可用作名词，常与a连用，意为“一会儿；一段时间”。 e.g.①While this area as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. 尽管从整体上来说这个地区的气温在迅速上升，但是，温室附近的气温已经下降了。 ②While the blues was popular, as a musical form it lacked variety and was too sad and slow to dance to. 尽管蓝调音乐非常受欢迎，但作为一种音乐形式，它缺少变化，而且太伤感，节奏太慢，不适合跳舞时伴奏。 ③While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved. 虽然我承认存在一些问题，但我不同意这些问题无法解决。 【多维运用】 (1)写出下列句中黑体词的含义 ①While I find her a little annoying, I often help her out. __________ ②The boy made some good friends while studying in France. __________ ③As an old saying goes, while there’s life there’s hope. __________ (2)单句写作 ④我姐姐在努力工作，而我哥哥经常无所事事。 __________________________________________________. 15. 句型公式：not only ... but (also) ... “不但……而且……” 教材原句：Now, not only are Tanzanians helped by the hospital, but people in neighbouring countries are helped as well. 翻译：____________________________________________________________。 【分析点拨】 (1)not only ... but (also) ... 表示“不但……而且……”，连接平行结构，如名词、代词、动词(短语)、非谓语动词、介词短语、句子等。 (2)not only ... but (also) ... 连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与but (also)后的成分在人称和数上保持一致。 (3)not only ... but (also) ... 连接两个并列分句，且not only位于句首时，not only后的分句需部分倒装，but (also) 后的分句不用倒装。 e.g.①Not only is he a keen gardener, but he is also a fish collector. 他不仅热衷于园艺，还是个鱼类收藏家。 ②Not only should we keep a healthy diet, but we should also balance our studies and relaxation. 我们不仅要保持健康的饮食，也应该平衡我们的学习和休息。 ③Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.  不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①Not only a little girl but also adults __________ (have) a growing appetite for junk food nowadays. ②Not only __________ (do) she make a promise, but she also kept it. (2)句型转换 ③He speaks not only English and French but also Spanish. →____________________ speak English and French but also Spanish.(改为not only位于句首的倒装句) III.知识点精讲：考点精析 1. set sail起航；开航 However, merchants and explorers from the East set sail from east to west many years before Columbus first did. 然而，在哥伦布首次起航之前许多年，东方的商人和探险家就已经开始自东向西航行。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①We set sail for France at high tide. 我们在涨潮时起航前往法国。 ②After the College Entrance Examination, we will bid farewell to each other and set sail for an unknown future.  高考结束后，我们将告别彼此并启航驶向未知的未来。 ③The surest way is to set sail in one direction and not stop until you’re home again.  最为确定的方法是向一个方向航行，而且不要停止知道你回到家为止。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)set sail for　 起航前往 (2)set up 建立；安装好；设置；引发；产生 set out 出发；动身；启航；开始工作(后接to do sth) set off 动身；出发；引起；爆炸 set about 开始；着手(后接doing sth) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①They set out __________ (discover) a cure for cancer. ②On arriving there, they set about __________ (do) the experiment. 【完成句子】 ③In 1891, at the age of 17, ____________________ Alexandria, Egypt. 1891年，也就是17岁那一年，他起航前往埃及的亚历山大。 2. extend vt.扩展；使伸长；延长 A trading route across the sea was also extended along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, centred around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). 以锡兰(今斯里兰卡)为中心的一条横跨海洋的贸易路线沿印度洋海岸延伸。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①The chapter extends to a hundred pages. 这一章节长达100页。 ②The food industry was given a green light to extend the use of these chemicals.  食品业获准扩大这些化学品的应用范围。 ③The benefits of a growth mindset of interest may also extend to those seeking employment.  兴趣增长型思维的好处也可能延伸到那些寻求就业的人身上。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 extend into 扩大或延长到…… extend over (使)持续；延续 extend to (使)达到；伸展到 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①The ancient Romans extended their empire __________ Asia. ②The examinations extend __________ two weeks. 【完成句子】 ③There is a proposal ______________________________. 有人提议把这条路延伸到下一个村庄。 3. negotiate vt.商定；达成(协议)　vi.谈判；磋商；协商 Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. 在这里，来自中国和许多其他地方的商人汇聚在一起，洽谈贸易协议，这也增进了对彼此文化的认识。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①The two sides are negotiating about it. 双方就此事正在交涉。 ②Western governments have this week urged him to negotiate and avoid force.  西方国家政府本周已敦促他进行谈判并且避免使用武力。 ③We are ready for discussions with any legal parties, but we’ll never negotiate with criminals.  我们已经准备好和那些合法党派进行洽谈了，但我们是永远不会和那些罪犯谈判的。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 negotiate about/for sth 就某事进行交涉 negotiate sb/sth into sth/doing sth 通过谈判使……进入/做某事 negotiate with sb 与某人进行交涉(以达成协议) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He succeeded in negotiating his country __________ the WTO. ② They have decided to negotiate __________ the boss about their wage claims. 【单句写作】 ③这两个国家正在为和平解决进行谈判。 __________________________________________________. 4. league n. 等级；水平；联合会；联赛 These fleets were a sight to behold and were in a league of their own at that time. 这些船队在当时蔚为壮观，独领风骚。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①As a woodworker, Bill wishes he were in the same league as Carl, who is a master carpenter. 作为一名木工，比尔希望他能和卡尔水平相当，成为像他一样的木匠大师。 ②When I arrived, the team was bottom of the league and the whole place was on a real downer.  当我到达时，这个队伍在联赛中垫底，整个气氛令人感到沮丧。 ③Over the past year, the company has joined the big league.  去年一年中，公司已跻身一流之列。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 in a league of one’s own 独领风骚 in a different league 另一类型的人(物) in league with 和……联合；和……勾结 in the same league 同一档次(等级) out of sb’s league 不是某一类人；超出某人能力范围 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①They are not __________ the same league. ②He is a bit out __________ your league. ③He is privately in league __________ some bandits. 【单句写作】 ④在运动会上，他跑在同学们的前面，独领风骚。 ______________________________________________________________________. 5. withdraw vi.& vt.(withdrew, withdrawn)(使)撤回；撤离 Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries. 尽管1433年后中国停止了进一步的探索，但在随后的几个世纪里，这些陆地和海洋路线仍是与其他文化之间的活跃通道。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①They have withdrawn to a safer area. 他们已经撤退到更为安全的地带。 ②The smart money says that he’s likely to withdraw from the leadership campaign.  据知情者说，他很可能退出领导人竞选。 ③Research shows that many depressed people tend to withdraw into themselves.  研究表明，许多抑郁的人倾向于沉默寡言。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 withdraw sb/sth from sth 把……从……撤回 withdraw to sth 退入；撤退到 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①She quickly withdrew her hand __________ the hot iron. ②We have been __________ (withdraw) from the danger area. 【完成句子】 ③The Internet addicts ________________________________________ rather than communicating with a real person. 网瘾者倾向于退缩到他们自己幻想的世界，而不是与真实的人交流。 6. in hand在手头；可供使用 Hundreds of years on, and with the latest technology in hand, the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. 数百年过去了，由于拥有了最新技术，在贸易的必要性和增进关系的愿望的驱动下，中国将跨海越洋，迈向未来。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①I always keep a dictionary (ready) at hand. 我经常把词典放在手边。 ②The business in hand was approaching some kind of climax.  这件正在处理中的事情正接近某种关键时刻。 ③In hand, we were hiking, watching the sea, reading, dancing, travelling, sharing and bearing!  拉着手，我们一起登山、看海、阅读、跳舞、远行，一起分享，一同承担！ ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 at hand 在手边；在近处；即将到来 by hand 手工 on hand 在手边(随时可用) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①My shoes were made __________ hand. ②The examinations are near __________ hand. 【单句写作】 ③我手里还有一些钱。 ________________________________________. 7. profession n. 职业；行业 Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without expecting anything in return. 亨利·诺尔曼·白求恩将他的生命和职业生涯都用来帮助人们，而不求任何回报。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family. 史蒂夫的职业是软件工程师，他酷爱钢琴，是家中唯一的音乐家。 ②He is one of the greatest players of recent times and is a credit to his profession.  他是近年来最棒的选手之一，是为他的职业增光的人。 ③His linguistic ability served him well in his chosen profession.  他的语言能力对他所选择的职业大有帮助。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)professional adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的 n. 专业人员；职业运动员 (2)professor n. 教授 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①Given your busy schedule, I’d be very appreciative if you could offer me some __________ (profession) advice. 【完成句子】 ②____________________, work hard to be the best! 无论你选择什么职业，努力做到最好吧！ 8. mixture n. 混合；结合体；混合物 Reaching out across the sea is often a mixture of danger and boredom. 远渡重洋往往既危险，又无聊。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①The style conveys a distinct mixture of sadness, pain, nostalgia, happiness and love. 这种风格明显地融合了悲伤、痛苦、怀旧、幸福感和爱。 ②If prepared many hours ahead, the mixture may separate out.  如果提前很多小时配制，这种混合物就可能会分离。 ③The mixture described below will approximate it, but is not exactly the same.  下面所描述的混合物会与之近似，但不完全一样。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)a mixture of sth and sth　某物和某物的结合 (2)mix vi.& vt. (使)混合；(使)掺和；(使)融合 mix with 与……混合；融合 mix A with B＝mix A and B (together) 　把A与B混合起来/融合在一起 mix up 混淆；弄混；弄乱 (3)mixed adj. 混合的；混杂的 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He was so nervous that he got the speech pages all __________ (mix) up. ②I don’t like to mix business __________ pleasure. 【单句写作】 ③我带着一种既有趣，又难以置信的心情听着他的冒险经历。 ____________________________________________________________. 9. mercy n. 仁慈；宽恕；恩惠 Although this was banned in 1982, some countries are still “murdering” these intelligent creatures without mercy. 尽管早在1982年就已禁止，但有的国家仍在无情地“谋杀”这些聪明的生物。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①Having lost the engine’s power, the boat was now at the mercy of the wind. 发动机坏了，这艘船现在任由大风摆布。 ②My husband don’t tell me what to do, God have mercy on him.  我该干什么，我丈夫也没有给我下过命令，愿上帝保佑他。 ③If I offer it four times a week, they will wipe out their Chinese chef without mercy.  享用四次，她们会毫不客气地把中国大厨扫地出门。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)show mercy to sb　怜悯某人 have mercy on 对……表示怜悯 at the mercy of 任凭……的摆布；在……的支配中 without mercy 残忍地；毫不留情地 (2)merciful adj. 仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He is generous and __________ (mercy) to those who are weaker than himself. ②So pitifully did she plead that the Baron grew calm and decided to have mercy __________ her. 【单句写作】 ③这条船任凭急流摆布。 ________________________________________. 10. possession n. 个人财产；拥有；控制 The sea is home to life, not human beings’ possessions. 海洋是生命的家园，而不是人类的私产。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①We didn’t take possession of the car until a few days after the auction. 拍卖会过后几天，我们才真正拥有了那辆车。 ②All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.  所有使用联运服务的乘客在登机前必须持有有效机票。 ③How had this compromising picture come into the possession of the press?  这张有损名声的照片是怎么到了媒体手里的？ ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)be in possession of sth　拥有/占有某物 be in the possession of sb/be in one’s possession 为某人所有；归某人所有 have possession of 拥有 come into possession of 占有某物 get/take possession of 占领；夺取 (2)possess vt. 拥有；具有；控制(不用于进行时) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He had come __________ possession of a large fortune. ②Does the young man standing there have possession __________ the company? 【句型转换】 ③He is in possession of the house. →__________________________________________________.(物作主语) 11. arrest n. 逮捕；拘留；中止　vt.逮捕；拘留；阻止 A $5 million reward has been announced for information leading to the arrest of those responsible for the murder. 一项500万美元的悬赏已经公布，以获得逮捕那些对这起谋杀事件负责的人的信息。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①An unusual painting arrested his attention. 一幅异乎寻常的画引起了他的注意。 ②It is reported that the driver of the truck, considered to be fully responsible for the accident, has been under arrest.  据报道，卡车司机已被逮捕，他被认为应对该事故负全部责任。 ③You may get arrested when you go to Logan Airport with this suitcase.  你这样可能会被捕，在罗根机场拿着这个箱子。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)be under arrest 被逮捕 make an arrest 进行逮捕 (2)arrest sb for sth 因……逮捕某人 get arrested (人)被逮捕 arrest one’s attention 引起某人的注意 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①She was arrested __________ drug­related offences. ②You shouldn’t do things like that. You could get __________ (arrest)! 【完成句子】 ③The bright colours of the flowers ____________________. 花的艳丽色彩引起了那个女孩的注意。 12.　uniform n. 校服；制服　adj.一致的；统一的 Unlike students in our country, these boys do not wear cotton uniforms. 与我们国家的学生不同，这些男孩不穿棉制校服。 ★情境探究 e.g.①School uniforms are traditional in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them. 在英国穿校服是个传统，但是有些学校正开始摆脱它们。 ②The cost of your uniform will be deducted from your wages.  制服费将从你的工资中扣除。 ③Temperature becomes uniform by heat conduction until finally a permanent state is reached.  通过热传导，温度变得一致，直到最终达到一个恒定状态。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 in uniform 穿制服 school uniform 校服 uniform speed 匀速；等速 uniform customs 统一惯例 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①Before the ceremony, all the students will gather together __________ school uniform. 【完成句子】 ②It is suggested that ____________________ save much energy. 据建议，匀速驾驶节省很多能量。 13. not to mention 更不用说；且不说 There’s no electricity, running water or even textbooks, not to mention laptops, tablets, or other modern devices! 这里没有电，没有自来水，甚至没有教科书，更不用说笔记本电脑、平板电脑或其他现代化设备了！ ★情境探究 e.g.①The environment is clean and elegant, not to mention its high­quality dishes as well as its top service. 这里环境很干净、很优雅，更不用说它高质量的饭菜和顶级的服务了。 ②He has two big houses in this country, not to mention his villa in France.  他在这个国家有两座大房子，更别提他在法国的别墅了。 ③Lots of periodicals in foreign languages have been subscribed to, not to mention those in Chinese.  且不说中文期刊，外文期刊也订了不少。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)not to mention ... ＝not to speak of ... ＝to say nothing of ... 更不用说…… (2)let alone ... [＝much less ...(常用于否定句中)] 更不用说…… ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①I love apple pies, not __________ (mention) apples. 【同义句转换】 ②I love apple pies, __________ apples. ③I love apple pies, __________ apples. ④I love apple pies, __________ apples. 14. shade vt.给……遮挡(光线)；加灯罩；把……涂暗　n. 阴凉处；灯罩；阴影部分 Another teacher and I walked for two and a half hours to get there—first, up a mountain from where we had fantastic views, and then down a shaded path to the valley below. 我和另一位老师步行了两个半小时才到达那里。首先，我们爬上一座山，在山上我们看到了美妙的景色，然后沿着一条树荫遮蔽的小路走到下面的山谷。 ★情境探究 e.g.①Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice. 在维尼说“是的”之前，总统匆忙接着说下去，语气里有些许的歉意。 ②Men set up folding tables and lawn chairs in the shade of giant pine trees.  男人们在大松树的树荫下搭了折叠桌和草坪椅。 ③Driving into the sun, we had to shade our eyes.  面向太阳开车，我们只好遮挡着眼睛。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)shade sb/sth from/against sth　为……遮挡；遮住 (2)a shade of 少许；微微 in the shade 在阴凉处 (3)shaded adj. 林荫遮蔽的 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①The great tree shades passers­by __________ the heat of the sun. ②We would have a walk in the __________ (shade) street while we lived in the downtown. 【完成句子】 ③____________________ in his voice as to the result of the election. 对于选举的结果，我可以从他的语气中感觉到些许的悔意。 15. ripe adj.成熟的；时机成熟的 He then placed the hot stones in an empty oil drum with kau kau (sweet potato), ripe corn, and greens. 接着，他把热石头放入一个空油桶，里面有栲栲(甘薯)、熟玉米和青菜。 ★情境探究 e.g.①You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humour. 你可以把谈话引向有趣的话题，而这些话题正好可以让其他人添加一点幽默进来。 ②For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.  为此，选择成熟的香蕉进行冷冻，因为它们更甜。 ③When crops ripe in autumn, fields turn entirely golden. People celebrates the good harvest happily.  秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变成一片金黄。人们兴高采烈地庆祝丰收。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)(be) ripe for 时机成熟；准备就绪 ripe time 成熟的时机 (2)ripen v. (使)成熟 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①We are waiting for the first crops to __________ (ripe). ②The time is ripe __________ the heritage buildings to be opened up. 【完成句子】 ③____________________ for China to make a breakthrough in high­tech field. 中国在高科技领域取得突破的时机已经成熟。 16. privilege n. 优惠待遇；特权 It was such a privilege to have spent a day with Tombe’s family. 与汤贝一家共度了一日，真是一种荣幸。 ★情境探究 e.g.①It’s such a privilege to be a part of these kids’ lives. 能够成为这些孩子生活中的一部分是一种荣幸。 ②It’s such a privilege, spending an entire term diving into a single body of work.  整个学期都沉浸在一项工作中，真是一种特权。 ③As a member of the nobility, his life had been one of wealth and privilege.  身为贵族中的一员，他过着有钱有势的生活。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)have the privilege of doing/to do sth　有……的特权或荣幸 It’s a/one’s privilege to do sth　做……是/是某人的特权或荣幸 (2)privilege vt. 给予……特权，有特权 feel privileged to do sth　荣幸地做某事 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①I’ll feel __________ (privilege) to be your guide during the visit. ②I have the privilege of __________ (be) here, sharing my moment with our fellow friends from the Great Britain. 【完成句子】 ③________________________________________ the Chinese Speech Contest for foreigners at my school on 1 November 2022. (形式主语it) 我非常荣幸邀请您参加2022年11月1日在我校举行的外国人汉语演讲比赛。 17. lately adv.近来；最近；不久前 Lately, all of us have seen Chinese people on TV in far­off places in the world, helping other countries to develop. 最近，大家都在电视上看到中国人在世界各个遥远的地方帮助其他国家发展。 ★情境探究 e.g.①With the mercy of my father, I’ve been on good terms with him lately. 在父亲的宽恕下，最近我和他关系融洽。 ②Lately he hasn’t done a thing and it’s getting on my nerves.  最近他什么都没做，这让我大为恼火。 ③I guess I haven’t spent much time exercising lately.  我想我最近没怎么花时间运动。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)later adj. 后期的 adv. 后来；随后 (2)latest adj. 最新的；最近的 (3)latter adj. 较后的；后半的；(两者中)后者的 the former ..., the latter ... 前者……，后者…… ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①She feels guilty about spending less time __________ (late) with her two kids. 【完成句子】 ②If I had to make a decision, I would choose the former ____________________. 如果我不得不做决定，我会选择前者而不是后者。 ③____________________ confirmed me in his honesty. 最新的证据让我坚信他是诚实的。 18. tune n. 曲调；曲子　vt.调音；调节；调频道 But then I began to hear about the work she was doing in Tanzania, a country that has many health problems, and now I am singing a different tune. 可是后来，我开始听说她在坦桑尼亚所做的工作。这个国家有很多健康问题，现在我转变了态度。 ★情境探究 e.g.①It is a hit programme on CCTV­3, where a lot of classic Chinese poems are chanted in beautiful tunes. 它是中央电视台综艺频道的一档成功节目，在节目中，很多古典汉语诗歌用优美的曲调来吟诵。 ②Wait until it happens to him—he’ll soon change his tune.  等着瞧吧，到他遇上这事时，他很快就会改变调子了。 ③Can you perform music that’s out of tune with the mood you might be in on a given night?  你能在某个特定的夜晚演奏出与你的情绪不相称的音乐吗？ ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 out of tune 走调；不协调；(对某事)没有兴趣 in tune 一致；合调子 in tune with (与……)一致；(与……)协调 out of tune with (与……)不一致；(与……)不协调 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①It was just an ordinary voice, but he sang __________ tune. ②Today, his change of direction seems more in tune __________ the times. 【完成句子】 ③After a short time, a violin goes __________, and sounds awful. 过了一会儿，小提琴就会走调儿，而且声音难听。 19. contract vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约)　n. 合同；契约 Many dangerous diseases which are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in Tanzania. 许多在中国很罕见的危险疾病在坦桑尼亚仍有众多患者。 ★情境探究 e.g.①Under the contract, he will have to resign if the sales go down. 依据本合同，如果销售下滑他将不得不辞职。 ②One of the best things my company has done is to contract with a language service that offers translations over the phone.  我的公司做过的最好的事情之一，就是与一家提供电话翻译的语言服务公司签订了合同。 ③She has contracted a severe fever since ten days ago. 自从十天前，她就感染上了严重的热病。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 contract with 承包；与……订有合约 under the contract 依据本合同 (be) under contract to 已经与……签订合同 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①__________ the contract, all goods should be finished in two days. ②You can contract __________ us to deliver your cargo. 【完成句子】 ③I am glad to know that you ____________________ a big company. 我很高兴得知你已经与一家大公司签约。 20. grant vt.同意；准许　n. 拨款 And, while the country is quite beautiful and has much natural wealth, many of the people are quite poor and live without things we take for granted, such as electricity, running water, cars and good transport systems, and supermarkets. 此外，尽管这个国家风景美丽、物产丰饶，但许多人仍然十分贫穷；我们认为理所当然的东西，在他们的生活中都没有，比如电、自来水、汽车和便捷的交通系统，以及超市。 ★情境探究 e.g.①It will be my pleasure to be their guide and grant them an unforgettable and worthwhile trip. 我很荣幸担任他们的向导，并给予他们一次难忘而又值得的旅行。 ②Single parents tend to grant more independence to their children than other parents do.  单亲父母往往比其他父母给予孩子们更多的自主性。 ③They’d got a special grant to encourage research.  他们已得到了一笔用来支持研究的特别补助金。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)grant sb sth 准予/给予某人某物 (2)take sth for granted 视某事为理所当然 take it for granted that 理所当然地认为 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①I took it for granted __________ he would help us. ②Nowadays kids always wanted expensive gifts and took __________ for granted. 【完成句子】 ③He promised to ____________________ to apply for the post. 他许诺给予我们一个新的申请这个职务的机会。 21. consultation n. 咨询；咨询会 My mother also does a circuit of the rural villages to provide medical treatment, help those with disabilities, and provide consultation and training for local doctors. 我妈妈还到偏远的农村巡诊，提供医疗服务，帮助残疾人，并为当地医生提供咨询和培训。 ★情境探究 e.g.①A national network of medical treatment coordination has also been formed to provide technical support through online consultation. 全国医疗救治协作网络已经建立，可通过远程会诊方式提供技术支持。 ②The doctors held a consultation to decide whether an operation was necessary.  医生举行会诊，决定是否需要动手术。 ③There will be no local consultation before the new system is introduced next April.  明年4月新制度出台之前，当地不会进行商讨。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)in consultation with 经与……磋商 (2)consult vt.& vi. 协商；咨询；请教 consult with sb 与……商量/协商 (3)consultant n. 顾问；咨询师 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①A personal diet plan is devised after a __________ (consult) with a nutritionist. ②His work as a __________ (consult) consisted in advising foreign companies on the siting of new factories. 【完成句子】 ③In case of any difficulty, ______________________________. 如果碰到困难，你应当和当地群众商量。 IV、练习提升 (I)阅读理解 A The Mysterious World of Deep-Sea Creatures The deep sea remains one of the least explored and understood environments on our planet. Lying below the sunlit upper layers of the ocean, the deep sea is a region of permanent darkness, freezing temperatures, and massive pressure. Yet, life thrives (茁壮成长) here in some of the most astonishing ways. * The Black Dragonfish * Residing at depths of up to 2,000 meters, the black dragonfish is a predator with a thin and long body and sharp teeth. What makes it unique is its ability to produce its own light, a phenomenon known as bioluminescence. This helps it attract prey (猎物) and communicate with potential mates. * The Giant Squid * Long a stuff of legends and tales, the giant squid, which occasionally attacks whales, can reach lengths of up to 43 feet. Its massive eyes, the size of dinner plates, allow it to detect weak light in the deep dark waters. Encounters with this enormous creature are rare, and much of its life remains unknown. * Tube Worms at Hydrothermal Vents * In the depths of the ocean, hydrothermal vents (热液喷口) shoot superheated water packed with minerals. Around these vents, communities of tube worms thrive, reaching lengths of up to 2 meters. They possess no mouth or digestive system; instead, bacteria inside them process the minerals from the vents to produce energy. Modern technology has enabled humans to explore deeper into the ocean than ever before. Using remotely operated vehicles and deep-sea submersibles (潜水器), scientists can now study these creatures in their natural habitats, uncovering secrets that could hold the key to understanding life’s adaptability. 1. What ability is unique to the black dragonfish? A. Generating light for itself. B. Attracting and capturing prey. C. Discovering light in the deep water. D. Communicating with other creatures. 2. Which creature relies on internal bacteria for energy? A. The black dragonfish. B. The tube worm. C. The giant squid. D. The whale. 3. Where is this text probably taken from? A. An academic article. B. An experimental report. C. A travel guide. D. A natural science magazine. B When we encounter a troublesome problem, we often gather a group to brainstorm. However, substantial evidence has shown that when we generate ideas together, we fail to maximize collective intelligence. To unearth the hidden potential in teams, we’re better off shifting to a process called “brainwriting”. You start by asking group members to write down what is going on in their brains separately. Next, you pool them and share them among the group without telling the authors. Then, each member evaluates them on his or her own, only after which do the team members come together to select and improve the most promising options. By developing and assessing ideas individually before choosing and expanding on them, the team can surface and advance possibilities that might not get attention otherwise. An example of great brainwriting was in 2010 when 33 miners were trapped underground in Chile. Given the urgency of the situation, the rescue team didn’t hold brainstorming sessions. Rather, they established a global brainwriting system to generate individual ideas. A 24-year-old engineer came up with a tiny plastic telephone. This specialized tool ended up becoming the only means of communicating with the miners, making it possible to save them. Research by organizational behavior scholar Anita Woolley and her colleagues helps to explain why this method works. They find that the key to collective intelligence is balanced participation. In brainstorming meetings, it’s too easy for participation to become one-sided in favor of the loudest voices. The brainwriting process ensures that all ideas are brought to the table and all voices are brought into conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room. It’s to make the room smarter. Collective intelligence begins with individual creativity, but it doesn’t end there. Individuals produce a greater volume and variety of novel ideas when they work alone. That means they not only come up with more brilliant ideas than groups but also more terrible ideas. Therefore, it takes collective judgment to find the signal in the noise and bring out the best ideas. 4. What is special about brainwriting compared with brainstorming? A. It highlights independent work. B. It encourages group cooperation. C. It prioritizes quality over quantity. D. It prefers writing to oral exchanges. 5. Why does the author mention the Chile mining accident in paragraph 3? A. To introduce a tool developed during brainwriting. B. To praise a young man with brainwriting technique. C. To illustrate a successful application of brainwriting. D. To explain the role of brainwriting in communication. 6. How does brainwriting promote collective intelligence according to paragraph 4? A. By blocking the loudest voices. B. By allowing equal involvement. C. By improving individual wisdom. D. By generating more creative ideas. 7. Which step of brainwriting does the author stress in the last paragraph? A. Individual writing. B. Group sharing. C. Personal evaluation. D. Joint discussion. (II)完形填空 It was June a few years ago right around the Summer Solstice (夏至). The first fireflies (萤火虫) had appeared, 1 on and off in the woods around my house. What a(n) 2 it was to see them again! How amazing the natural life was! Their small light made me smile, and I couldn’t help but feel 3 to nature. As the daylight 4 , I saw some children trying to catch the fireflies in the dark. A girl went inside and came back with a clear glass bottle. After several 5 attempts, she went to run after another one instead. 6 , she was very happy. Eventually, she caught two fireflies and put them into the bottle. All the other children including me were very 7 . We gathered around, desiring to watch the fireflies’ light inside the bottle. Soon the girl’s mom walked to us and told us it was time to set the fireflies 8 . One of the children disagreed. But the girl’s mom explained that the fireflies would die if left in the 9 . Then she said something that still stays in my mind now, “Let them go so they can share their 10 with the rest of the world!” Finally, we knew the meaning of life. I 11 in our childhood, we used to sing the song, “This little light of mine, I’m going to let it shine!” But as adults we find it 12 to do so. We often forget to share. Don’t 13 your “light”. Don’t keep it in a “bottle”. Share your “light”, no matter how 14 it may be. Let love light up your heart and then give it to the whole world. Learn from the lightening fireflies and let the “light” within you 15 the darkness away. 1. A. flashing B. burning C. showing D. getting 2. A. fear B. delight C. shame D. honour 3. A. surprised B. optimistic C. grateful D. anxious 4. A. broke out B. got around C. faded away D. came up 5. A. unsuccessful B. inactive C. smooth D. simple 6. A. Luckily B. Therefore C. Initially D. Anyway 7. A. curious B. afraid C. calm D. doubtful 8. A. still B. close C. alone D. loose 9. A. sky B. bottle C. woods D. house 10. A. power B. sound C. light D. energy 11. A. supported B. remembered C. regretted D. considered 12. A. necessary B. good C. useless D. hard 13. A. pass B. hide C. absorb D. share 14. A. weak B. fast C. long D. colorful 15. A. take B. give C. drive D. put 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 12 选择性必修四 Unit 3-Unit 4 重点词汇及短语拓展 I. Unit 3-Unit 4重点词汇及拓展 1. extend vt.扩展；使伸长；延长→extensive adj.广阔的；大规模的；广泛的→extension n. 扩大；延伸 2. negotiate vt.商定；达成(协议)　vi.谈判；磋商；协商→negotiation n. 谈判；协商；商谈 3. withdraw vi.& vt.(使)撤回；撤离→withdrew (过去式)→withdrawn (过去分词) 4. politics n. 政治、政治观点→political adj. 政治的 5. mixture n. 混合、结合体；混合物→mix v. 混合、结合 6. coverage n. 新闻报道；覆盖范围→cover v. 报道；覆盖 n. 封面；雨披 7. applaud v. 鼓掌；称赞、赞赏→applause n. 掌声、鼓掌 8. migration n. 迁移、迁徙→migrate v. 迁移、迁徙 9. murder v. 谋杀、凶杀 n. 谋杀、凶杀→murderer n. 杀人犯 10. mercy n. 仁慈；宽恕；恩惠→merciful adj.仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的→merciless adj.残忍的；无慈悲心的 11. possession n. [usually pl.]个人财产；拥有；控制→possess vt.控制；使掌握；具有；迷住；拥有 12. opponent n. 反对者；对手；竞争者→oppose vt.反对；抵制→opposed adj.反对的；截然不同的 13. dust n. 沙土；灰尘　vi.& vt. 擦灰→dusty adj.布满灰尘的 14. rubber n. 橡皮；黑板擦；橡胶→rub vt.& vi. 擦；摩擦；揉；搓 15. chemist n. 化学家；药剂师；药房→chemistry n. 化学→chemical adj.化学的 16. housing n. 住房；住宅→house n. 房子 17. privilege n. 优惠待遇；特权→privileged adj.享有特权的；特许的 18. wrinkle vt.& vi.(使脸上)起皱纹；皱起　n. 皱纹→wrinkled adj.有皱纹的 19. ripe adj.成熟的；时机成熟的→ripen vt.& vi.(使)成熟 20. disabled adj.有残疾的；丧失能力的→disability n. 缺陷；障碍→disable vt.使(某人)残废；使……无能 21. deserve vt.值得；应得；应受→deserving adj.值得的；应得的 22. consultation n. 咨询；咨询会→consult vt.咨询；请教→consultant n. 顾问 23. stability n. 稳定(性)；稳固(性)→stable adj.稳定的；牢固的→unstable adj.不稳定的 II. Unit 3-Unit 4重点短语和句型 一、重点短语 1. in a league of one’s own　独领风骚 2. in hand 在手头；可供使用 3. set sail 起航；开航 4. withdraw from 退出；撤回 5. form the foundation of 构成……的基础 6. under the command of 在……的指挥下 7. hunt for 搜寻；寻找 8. without mercy 残忍地；毫不留情地 9. be home to 是……的产地/所在地 10. take action 采取行动 11. amounts of 大量的 12. have more options for 有更多选择 13. spill over ... into 溢出……到 14. a chorus of 齐声；异口同声 15. not to mention 更不用说；且不说 16. adapt to 适应 17. be relevant to ... 和……有关 18. to be honest 说实在的 19. participate in 参与；参加 20. be dying to do sth 渴望做某事 21. be greeted by 被……迎接；受……欢迎 22. have no concept of 没有……概念 23. the other day 不久前某一天 24. hear about　听说 25. take ... for granted 认为(……)是理所当然；对(……)不予重视 26. as well 也；又；还 27. make a big difference 意义重大；有很大影响 28. relay to 转达给……；转发给…… 29. be proud of 为……感到自豪；以……为骄傲 30. pray that 但愿 31. work on 从事；对……起作用 32. in need of 需要 33. take good care of 好好照顾 二、重点句型 1. 句型公式：动词不定式短语作主语 教材原句：To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilisations. 翻译：在早期文明中，人们对绘制世界大地图充满激情。 【分析点拨】 (1)动词不定式(短语)作主语，通常位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。 (2)为了保持句子结构的协调性，动词不定式作主语时，大部分情况下用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语——动词不定式(短语)置于句末。 (3)动词不定式前面可以加疑问词，构成“疑问词＋动词不定式”的形式。 e.g.①To say little and perform much is the characteristic of great minds. 少说多做是大智者的特性。 ②To enter the key university is everyone’s dream. 进入重点大学是每个人的梦想。 ③To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①To be angry with a weak man is(be) a proof that you are not very strong yourself. ②On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get(get) there. (2)单句写作 ③如何与别人友好相处是你应该学会的第二件事。 How to get along well with others is the second thing you should learn. 2. 句型公式：what引导的名词性从句 教材原句：In ancient times, silk from China found its way overland to India, the Middle East, and Rome, along what became known as the Silk Road. 翻译：在古代，中国丝绸经由一条陆路运到印度、中东和罗马，这条路就是有名的“丝绸之路”。 【分析点拨】 (1)意义 (2)功能：可用作主语、宾语或表语 (3)在结构上相当于“the＋名词＋定语从句” e.g.①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)One look and he knew what they were up to. 看一眼他就知道他们在干什么。 ②In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年，哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。 ③What I told you about it is very important to all of you. 对于这件事，我告诉你们的对于你们所有人是非常重要的。 【多维运用】 (1)写出下列句中黑体词的含义 ①What I am going to tell you is about the book donated from our school to your Chinese class. ……的事情 ②I will tell him what you look/are like so that you can find each other easily. ……的样子 (2)句式升级 ③A tall building arose in a place which was a wasteland. →A tall building arose in what was a wasteland.(what引导的从句) 3. 句型公式：which引导非限制性定语从句) 教材原句：Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. 翻译：在这里，来自中国和许多其他地方的商人汇聚在一起，洽谈贸易协议，这也增进了对彼此文化的认识。 【分析点拨】 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。 as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别： 1. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。 2. as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。 3. as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。 4. as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 5. as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case (这是常有的事)，as was expected (不出所料)，as often happens (正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all (众所周知)，as has been said before (如上所述)，as is mentioned above (正如上面所提到的)等。 注：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。 e.g.①(2021·全国乙卷)For example, we are taking advantage of various online courses for further study, which allow us to learn knowledge wherever we are at any time, making it easier to earn a degree. 例如，我们正在利用各种在线课程进行深度学习，这些课程使我们能够随时随地学习知识，从而更容易获得学位。 ②Chinese dumpling is a traditional Chinese food, which is essential during holidays in northern China. 饺子是中国的传统食物，在北方的节日中不可或缺。 ③Chinese Opera is the traditional form of Chinese theatre, which combines dialogue, music, vocal performance, dance, and so on. 中国戏曲是中国戏剧的传统形式，它集对白、音乐、声乐、舞蹈等多种形式于一体。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空： ①David, as you know, is a photographer. ②He married her, which was unexpected. ③Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry.  (2)单句写作 ④I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone you.  我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。 4. 句型公式：although引导让步状语从句 教材原句：Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries. 翻译：尽管1433 年后中国停止了进一步的探索，但在随后的几个世纪里，这些陆地和海洋路线仍是与其他文化之间的活跃通道。 【分析点拨】 英语中用于引导让步状语从句的连词不多，主要有although, though, even though, even if等。 用although / though引导：although与though虽然拼写不同，但意思相同，都表示“虽然”，常可互换。while也可引导让步状语从句，那就是，它除了表示“当……时候”外，还可表示“尽管”“虽然”，此时引导的是让步状语从句。 e.g.①(2021·浙江卷)Although the job was very tiring, I was very happy in my heart for I got something from my work. 虽然工作很累，但我心里很高兴，因为我从工作中得到了一些东西。 ②He didn’t pass the driving test although he went to the driving school every week. 尽管他每周都去驾校，还是没有通过驾驶考试。 ③Although she didn’t say anything I sensed (that) she didn’t like the idea.  她虽然什么也没说但我已意识到她不喜欢这个主意。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空： ①Although / Though / While they are twins, they look entirely different. ②Even if / though you saw him pick up the money, you can’t be sure he stole it. (2)单句写作 ③尽管她父亲在公司里，但她那份工作却是靠自己得到的。 Although her father is in the firm, she got the job on her own. 5. 句型公式：动名词短语作主语 教材原句：Understanding more about the sea will also help us manage its resources better. 翻译：深入了解海洋也有助于我们更好地管理其资源。 【分析点拨】 (1)动名词(短语)作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 (2)动名词(短语)作主语和不定式作主语一样，也可以用it作形式主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。常见的能用于这种结构的形容词和名词有：good, no good, no use, useless, senseless等。注意：important, essential, necessary等形容词不能用于上述结构。 (3)当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(这时，名词或代词的所有格作动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。 e.g.①(2021·全国乙卷)Besides, making a schedule is a must, for good time management will contribute to our efficiency. 此外，制订一个时间表是必须的，因为良好的时间管理将有助于我们的效率。 ②Climbing up the mountain will make you exhausted. 爬上这座山会使你筋疲力尽。 ③Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①It is no use telling (tell) him not to worry. ②Their (they) coming to help was a great encouragement to us. (2)完成句子 ③Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good. 早晨大声朗读英文会给你带来许多好处。 6. 句型公式：only to do ......做结果状语 教材原句：They hurried to the water, only to find a baby seal there. 翻译：他们急忙跑到水边，却发现那里有一只小海豹。 【分析点拨】 only to do作结果状语，多用来表示出人意料、结局令人沮丧的结果。表示一个随后发生的动作，通常是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果。动词多是终结性的词。(thus) doing 做结果状语，常表示自然而然的结果后者必然的结果。 e.g.①I eagerly unpacked the package, only to find a broken book in it. 我急切地打开包裹，结果只在里面找到一本破书。 ②The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left. 新闻记者们慌张的到达机场，结构却被告知电影明星们已经离开了。 ③The train was caught in heavy snow, thus causing the delay. 火车遭遇了暴风雪，因此导致了耽误。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①More highways have been built in China, making (make) it much easier for people to travel form one place to another. ②George returned after the war, only to be told (tell) that his wife had left him. ③A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, killing (kill) all four people on board. (2)完成句子 ④南方下了大雨，在几个省区造成严重洪灾。 It rained heavily in the south, causing serious flooding in several provinces. 7. 句型公式：so ... that ...引导结果状语从句 教材原句：The son loved his parents so much that he promised not to swim. 翻译：儿子非常爱他的父母，他答应不去游泳。 【分析点拨】 (1)so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。其句型基本结构： so＋ (2)such ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。其句型基本结构： such＋ e.g.①For one thing, the overall development over the past decades has been so striking that they feel eager to familiarise themselves with what is going on in China. For another, China enjoys a long history and rich culture. 其一，过去几十年的整体发展是如此惊人，以至于他们渴望了解中国正在发生的事情。其二，中国历史悠久，而且文化丰富。 ②He seemed such a nice man that we all believe him. ＝He seemed so nice a man that we all believe him. 他看上去是那么好的人，我们都相信他。 ③They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else. 他们彼此相见，高兴得连别的什么事都忘了。 【名师点津】 (1)当名词前面有many, much, few, little等表示数量多少的限定词时，应该用so，而不能用such。 (2)当“so＋形容词/副词”及“such ...”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①There are so many flowers that I don’t know which I will pick. (2)一句多译/句型转换 ②他是一个如此聪明的男孩，以至于我们都喜欢他。 →He is so clever a boy that we all like him.(so ... that ...) →He is such a clever boy that we all like him.(such ... that ...) ③He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others. →So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others.(倒装句) 8. 句型公式：形容词(短语)作状语 教材原句：Finally, the father was pushed to the shore alive, but this old couple never saw their son again. 翻译：最后，父亲被活着推到岸边，但这对老夫妇再也没有见到他们的儿子。 【分析点拨】 形容词(短语)作状语时，通常说明主语的情况，即表示主语的状态、性质、特征等，有时它和宾语的关系密切，且可位于句首、句末和句子中间，通常和句子的其它部分用逗号分开，但单个形容词可以连在一起。(1)形容词(短语)作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。(2)形容词(短语)作状语时，它和句中谓语动词在意义上的联系不密切，只状是对谓语补充说明。 e.g.①Besides, rich in tourism resources, China attracts millions of people from every corner of the world. 此外，中国拥有丰富的旅游资源，吸引了来自世界各地的数百万人。 ②The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry. 那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。 ③Contrary to all advice, they started to climb the mountain during a storm. 他们不听一切劝告，冒着风暴出发登山。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①Anxious (anxiety) for a quick decision, our leader called for a vote. (2)单句写作 ②我低声背诵课文，小心翼翼地不流露自己的坏心情。 I recited the text in a low voice careful not to show my bad feelings. ③月亮刚刚升起，挂在山上，十足的金黄色。 The moon had just risen, very golden, over the hill. 9. 句型公式：It takes sb some time to do sth 教材原句：It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds. 翻译：沿着杂草丛生、尘土飞扬的小路，我几分钟就能走到学校。 【分析点拨】 It take sb some time to do sth用法如下： （1）翻译：做某事花费某人一些时间。 （2）这是个固定的句型。即：做某事花费某人一些时间。 （3）it是形式主语；其真正主语是动词不定式“to do sth”。 e.g.①It took them about half an hour to work out the difficult maths problem. 他们花了大约半个小时的时间才解出这道数学难题。 ②It takes me quite a long time to understand the meaning of the painting. 我花了相当长的时间才理解那幅画的意义。 ③It might take some time to understand and appreciate it, but once you do it really just clicks. 虽然理解这一转变可能会花些时间，但一旦你经过这一阶段，你就会适应并享受它。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①It takes 15 minutes to convert (convert) the plane into a car by removing the wings and the tail.  ②It takes (take) great courage to face your child and tell them the truth. (2)完成句子 ④平均需要10周的时间才能完成一幢房子的销售。 It takes an average of ten weeks for a house sale to be completed. 10. 句型公式：be doing ... when ... 教材原句：The other day I was showing the boys a chemistry experiment when, before I knew it, the mixture was bubbling out of the test tube spilling everywhere! 翻译：几天前，我正在给男孩们演示一个化学实验，在我反应过来前，混合物冒着泡从试管中涌出，溅得到处都是！ 【分析点拨】 be doing ... when ... 意为“正在做……，就在这时……”。when在句中作并列连词，相当于and then, and at that time。when作并列连词的句型还有： (1)be about to do/be on the point of doing ... when ... 正要做……的时候(突然)…… (2)had (just) done when 刚做完……的时候(突然)…… e.g.①I was lying awake on my bed when suddenly Sarah came inside and started screaming. 我正醒着躺在床上，这时萨拉突然跑进来，开始大喊大叫。 ②I was lying face­down on my bed upstairs when I heard my mum come through the front door. 我正趴在楼上的床上，突然听到妈妈从前门进来。 ③I was doing my homework when my mother came back.  我正在做作业，这时我妈妈回来了。 【多维运用】 (1)完成句子 ①We were talking when he suddenly took his jacket and ran away. 我们正聊着呢，突然他就拿着夹克跑开了。 ②He had not gone far when he bumped into a large cow and fell down. 他还没有走多远就撞上了一头大奶牛并摔倒了。 (2)同义句转换 ③He was on the point of giving up the question when suddenly he found the answer. →He was about to give up the question when suddenly he found the answer. 11. 句型公式：from where引导定语从句 教材原句：Another teacher and I walked for two and a half hours to get there—first, up a mountain from where we had fantastic views, and then down a shaded path to the valley below. 翻译：我和另一位老师步行了两个半小时才到达那里。首先，我们爬上一座山，在山上我们看到了美妙的景色，然后沿着一条树荫遮蔽的小路走到下面的山谷。 【分析点拨】 (1)from where引导定语从句，相当于and from here/there。 (2)from which中的which指的是一个地点名词；from where中的where指的是一个地点状语。 e.g.①She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town. 她登上山顶，从那里她可以一览全镇的风光。 ②Soon after getting off his horse, the captain appeared at the second­floor windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. 下马不久，上尉就出现在二楼的窗口中了。他在那里除了树木什么也没看到。 ③He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.  他躲在一棵树上，从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。 【多维运用】 (1)选词填空(from where/from which) ①It was a friendship from which a romance was nurtured. (2)完成句子 ②Alice stood at the window, from where she could watch her classmates playing football. 艾丽丝站在窗边，从那里她可以看到同学们正在踢足球。 12. 句型公式：感官动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 教材原句：Later, I noticed a can standing upside down on the grill over the fire. 翻译：后来，我注意到有一个罐子倒立在火炉上面的烤架上。 【分析点拨】 e.g.①On the way driving back from the grocery store, I noticed a homeless man holding a sign by the side of the road. 在从杂货店开车回来的路上，我注意到一个无家可归的人在路边举着一个牌子。 ②Sometimes she would listen to him playing the saxophone. 有时她会听他吹奏萨克斯管。 ③One could hear all kinds of things being discussed there. 你可以听到那里在谈论的问题五花八门，无所不有。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①I could feel the wind blowing (blow) on my face. ②A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking (smoke) in the kitchen. (2)完成句子 ③他看见她在花园里干活。 He saw her working in the garden. 13. 句型公式：现在分词短语作状语 教材原句：Lately, all of us have seen Chinese people on TV in far­off places in the world, helping other countries to develop. 翻译：最近，大家都在电视上看到中国人在世界各个遥远的地方帮助其他国家发展。 【分析点拨】 e.g.①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Youth is of great help to me, offering me inspiration as well as encouragement in time. 《青春》对我帮助很大，及时给我提供灵感和鼓舞。 ②Tom was walking along the beach, enjoying the sound of the waves. 汤姆沿着海岸散步，欣赏着海浪的声音。 ③There is mud and water everywhere, making it difficult to travel from place to place. 到处都是泥和水，使得从一个地方到另一个地方旅行很困难。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①He returned home very late every night, making (make) his wife very angry. ②The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated. (2)完成句子 ③在心脏病发作后，迈克尔 · 杰克逊被宣布死亡，这标志着这位世界上最受欢迎的艺人的悲惨结局。 After suffering a heart attack, Michael Jackson was pronounced dead, marking a tragic end to the world’s most popular entertainer. 14. 句型公式：while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然” 教材原句：And, while the country is quite beautiful and has much natural wealth, many of the people are quite poor and live without things we take for granted, such as electricity, running water, cars and good transport systems, and supermarkets. 翻译：此外，尽管这个国家风景美丽、物产丰饶，但许多人仍然十分贫穷；我们认为理所当然的东西，在他们的生活中都没有，比如电、自来水、汽车和便捷的交通系统，以及超市。 【分析点拨】 此句中while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然”；while的用法如下： (1)while可用作并列连词，表示对比、转折，意为“然而；却”。 (2)while可用作从属连词。 ①引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候”，句中的动词要用延续性动词。 ②引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”，从句常置于主句之前。 ③引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”，相当于as long as。 (3)while可用作名词，常与a连用，意为“一会儿；一段时间”。 e.g.①While this area as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. 尽管从整体上来说这个地区的气温在迅速上升，但是，温室附近的气温已经下降了。 ②While the blues was popular, as a musical form it lacked variety and was too sad and slow to dance to. 尽管蓝调音乐非常受欢迎，但作为一种音乐形式，它缺少变化，而且太伤感，节奏太慢，不适合跳舞时伴奏。 ③While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved. 虽然我承认存在一些问题，但我不同意这些问题无法解决。 【多维运用】 (1)写出下列句中黑体词的含义 ①While I find her a little annoying, I often help her out. 虽然 ②The boy made some good friends while studying in France. 在……期间 ③As an old saying goes, while there’s life there’s hope. 只要 (2)单句写作 ④我姐姐在努力工作，而我哥哥经常无所事事。 My sister is working hard while my brother often sits around. 15. 句型公式：not only ... but (also) ... “不但……而且……” 教材原句：Now, not only are Tanzanians helped by the hospital, but people in neighbouring countries are helped as well. 翻译：现在，有了医院，不仅坦桑尼亚人得到了帮助，而且周边国家的人们也因此受益。 【分析点拨】 (1)not only ... but (also) ... 表示“不但……而且……”，连接平行结构，如名词、代词、动词(短语)、非谓语动词、介词短语、句子等。 (2)not only ... but (also) ... 连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与but (also)后的成分在人称和数上保持一致。 (3)not only ... but (also) ... 连接两个并列分句，且not only位于句首时，not only后的分句需部分倒装，but (also) 后的分句不用倒装。 e.g.①Not only is he a keen gardener, but he is also a fish collector. 他不仅热衷于园艺，还是个鱼类收藏家。 ②Not only should we keep a healthy diet, but we should also balance our studies and relaxation. 我们不仅要保持健康的饮食，也应该平衡我们的学习和休息。 ③Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.  不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。 【多维运用】 (1)单句语法填空 ①Not only a little girl but also adults have(have) a growing appetite for junk food nowadays. ②Not only did(do) she make a promise, but she also kept it. (2)句型转换 ③He speaks not only English and French but also Spanish. →Not only does he speak English and French but also Spanish.(改为not only位于句首的倒装句) III.知识点精讲：考点精析 1. set sail起航；开航 However, merchants and explorers from the East set sail from east to west many years before Columbus first did. 然而，在哥伦布首次起航之前许多年，东方的商人和探险家就已经开始自东向西航行。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①We set sail for France at high tide. 我们在涨潮时起航前往法国。 ②After the College Entrance Examination, we will bid farewell to each other and set sail for an unknown future.  高考结束后，我们将告别彼此并启航驶向未知的未来。 ③The surest way is to set sail in one direction and not stop until you’re home again.  最为确定的方法是向一个方向航行，而且不要停止知道你回到家为止。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)set sail for　 起航前往 (2)set up 建立；安装好；设置；引发；产生 set out 出发；动身；启航；开始工作(后接to do sth) set off 动身；出发；引起；爆炸 set about 开始；着手(后接doing sth) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①They set out to discover(discover) a cure for cancer. ②On arriving there, they set about doing(do) the experiment. 【完成句子】 ③In 1891, at the age of 17, he set sail for Alexandria, Egypt. 1891年，也就是17岁那一年，他起航前往埃及的亚历山大。 2. extend vt.扩展；使伸长；延长 A trading route across the sea was also extended along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, centred around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). 以锡兰(今斯里兰卡)为中心的一条横跨海洋的贸易路线沿印度洋海岸延伸。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①The chapter extends to a hundred pages. 这一章节长达100页。 ②The food industry was given a green light to extend the use of these chemicals.  食品业获准扩大这些化学品的应用范围。 ③The benefits of a growth mindset of interest may also extend to those seeking employment.  兴趣增长型思维的好处也可能延伸到那些寻求就业的人身上。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 extend into 扩大或延长到…… extend over (使)持续；延续 extend to (使)达到；伸展到 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①The ancient Romans extended their empire into Asia. ②The examinations extend over two weeks. 【完成句子】 ③There is a proposal to extend the road to the next village. 有人提议把这条路延伸到下一个村庄。 3. negotiate vt.商定；达成(协议)　vi.谈判；磋商；协商 Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. 在这里，来自中国和许多其他地方的商人汇聚在一起，洽谈贸易协议，这也增进了对彼此文化的认识。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①The two sides are negotiating about it. 双方就此事正在交涉。 ②Western governments have this week urged him to negotiate and avoid force.  西方国家政府本周已敦促他进行谈判并且避免使用武力。 ③We are ready for discussions with any legal parties, but we’ll never negotiate with criminals.  我们已经准备好和那些合法党派进行洽谈了，但我们是永远不会和那些罪犯谈判的。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 negotiate about/for sth 就某事进行交涉 negotiate sb/sth into sth/doing sth 通过谈判使……进入/做某事 negotiate with sb 与某人进行交涉(以达成协议) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He succeeded in negotiating his country into the WTO. ② They have decided to negotiate with the boss about their wage claims. 【单句写作】 ③这两个国家正在为和平解决进行谈判。 The two countries are negotiating for/about a peaceful settlement. 4. league n. 等级；水平；联合会；联赛 These fleets were a sight to behold and were in a league of their own at that time. 这些船队在当时蔚为壮观，独领风骚。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①As a woodworker, Bill wishes he were in the same league as Carl, who is a master carpenter. 作为一名木工，比尔希望他能和卡尔水平相当，成为像他一样的木匠大师。 ②When I arrived, the team was bottom of the league and the whole place was on a real downer.  当我到达时，这个队伍在联赛中垫底，整个气氛令人感到沮丧。 ③Over the past year, the company has joined the big league.  去年一年中，公司已跻身一流之列。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 in a league of one’s own 独领风骚 in a different league 另一类型的人(物) in league with 和……联合；和……勾结 in the same league 同一档次(等级) out of sb’s league 不是某一类人；超出某人能力范围 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①They are not in the same league. ②He is a bit out of your league. ③He is privately in league with some bandits. 【单句写作】 ④在运动会上，他跑在同学们的前面，独领风骚。 He ran ahead of his classmates at the sports meeting, and was in a league of his own. 5. withdraw vi.& vt.(withdrew, withdrawn)(使)撤回；撤离 Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries. 尽管1433年后中国停止了进一步的探索，但在随后的几个世纪里，这些陆地和海洋路线仍是与其他文化之间的活跃通道。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①They have withdrawn to a safer area. 他们已经撤退到更为安全的地带。 ②The smart money says that he’s likely to withdraw from the leadership campaign.  据知情者说，他很可能退出领导人竞选。 ③Research shows that many depressed people tend to withdraw into themselves.  研究表明，许多抑郁的人倾向于沉默寡言。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 withdraw sb/sth from sth 把……从……撤回 withdraw to sth 退入；撤退到 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①She quickly withdrew her hand from the hot iron. ②We have been withdrawn (withdraw) from the danger area. 【完成句子】 ③The Internet addicts tend to withdraw to their own fantasy world rather than communicating with a real person. 网瘾者倾向于退缩到他们自己幻想的世界，而不是与真实的人交流。 6. in hand在手头；可供使用 Hundreds of years on, and with the latest technology in hand, the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. 数百年过去了，由于拥有了最新技术，在贸易的必要性和增进关系的愿望的驱动下，中国将跨海越洋，迈向未来。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①I always keep a dictionary (ready) at hand. 我经常把词典放在手边。 ②The business in hand was approaching some kind of climax.  这件正在处理中的事情正接近某种关键时刻。 ③In hand, we were hiking, watching the sea, reading, dancing, travelling, sharing and bearing!  拉着手，我们一起登山、看海、阅读、跳舞、远行，一起分享，一同承担！ ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 at hand 在手边；在近处；即将到来 by hand 手工 on hand 在手边(随时可用) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①My shoes were made by hand. ②The examinations are near at hand. 【单句写作】 ③我手里还有一些钱。 I still have some money in hand. 7. profession n. 职业；行业 Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without expecting anything in return. 亨利·诺尔曼·白求恩将他的生命和职业生涯都用来帮助人们，而不求任何回报。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family. 史蒂夫的职业是软件工程师，他酷爱钢琴，是家中唯一的音乐家。 ②He is one of the greatest players of recent times and is a credit to his profession.  他是近年来最棒的选手之一，是为他的职业增光的人。 ③His linguistic ability served him well in his chosen profession.  他的语言能力对他所选择的职业大有帮助。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)professional adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的 n. 专业人员；职业运动员 (2)professor n. 教授 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①Given your busy schedule, I’d be very appreciative if you could offer me some professional(profession) advice. 【完成句子】 ②Whatever profession you choose, work hard to be the best! 无论你选择什么职业，努力做到最好吧！ 8. mixture n. 混合；结合体；混合物 Reaching out across the sea is often a mixture of danger and boredom. 远渡重洋往往既危险，又无聊。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①The style conveys a distinct mixture of sadness, pain, nostalgia, happiness and love. 这种风格明显地融合了悲伤、痛苦、怀旧、幸福感和爱。 ②If prepared many hours ahead, the mixture may separate out.  如果提前很多小时配制，这种混合物就可能会分离。 ③The mixture described below will approximate it, but is not exactly the same.  下面所描述的混合物会与之近似，但不完全一样。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)a mixture of sth and sth　某物和某物的结合 (2)mix vi.& vt. (使)混合；(使)掺和；(使)融合 mix with 与……混合；融合 mix A with B＝mix A and B (together) 　把A与B混合起来/融合在一起 mix up 混淆；弄混；弄乱 (3)mixed adj. 混合的；混杂的 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He was so nervous that he got the speech pages all mixed(mix) up. ②I don’t like to mix business with/and pleasure. 【单句写作】 ③我带着一种既有趣，又难以置信的心情听着他的冒险经历。 I listened to his adventure with a mixture of amusement and disbelief. 9. mercy n. 仁慈；宽恕；恩惠 Although this was banned in 1982, some countries are still “murdering” these intelligent creatures without mercy. 尽管早在1982年就已禁止，但有的国家仍在无情地“谋杀”这些聪明的生物。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①Having lost the engine’s power, the boat was now at the mercy of the wind. 发动机坏了，这艘船现在任由大风摆布。 ②My husband don’t tell me what to do, God have mercy on him.  我该干什么，我丈夫也没有给我下过命令，愿上帝保佑他。 ③If I offer it four times a week, they will wipe out their Chinese chef without mercy.  享用四次，她们会毫不客气地把中国大厨扫地出门。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)show mercy to sb　怜悯某人 have mercy on 对……表示怜悯 at the mercy of 任凭……的摆布；在……的支配中 without mercy 残忍地；毫不留情地 (2)merciful adj. 仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He is generous and merciful(mercy) to those who are weaker than himself. ②So pitifully did she plead that the Baron grew calm and decided to have mercy on her. 【单句写作】 ③这条船任凭急流摆布。 The boat was at the mercy of the rapid river. 10. possession n. 个人财产；拥有；控制 The sea is home to life, not human beings’ possessions. 海洋是生命的家园，而不是人类的私产。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①We didn’t take possession of the car until a few days after the auction. 拍卖会过后几天，我们才真正拥有了那辆车。 ②All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.  所有使用联运服务的乘客在登机前必须持有有效机票。 ③How had this compromising picture come into the possession of the press?  这张有损名声的照片是怎么到了媒体手里的？ ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)be in possession of sth　拥有/占有某物 be in the possession of sb/be in one’s possession 为某人所有；归某人所有 have possession of 拥有 come into possession of 占有某物 get/take possession of 占领；夺取 (2)possess vt. 拥有；具有；控制(不用于进行时) ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①He had come into possession of a large fortune. ②Does the young man standing there have possession of the company? 【句型转换】 ③He is in possession of the house. →The house is in the possession of him/The house is in his possession.(物作主语) 11. arrest n. 逮捕；拘留；中止　vt.逮捕；拘留；阻止 A $5 million reward has been announced for information leading to the arrest of those responsible for the murder. 一项500万美元的悬赏已经公布，以获得逮捕那些对这起谋杀事件负责的人的信息。 ★情境探究　 e.g.①An unusual painting arrested his attention. 一幅异乎寻常的画引起了他的注意。 ②It is reported that the driver of the truck, considered to be fully responsible for the accident, has been under arrest.  据报道，卡车司机已被逮捕，他被认为应对该事故负全部责任。 ③You may get arrested when you go to Logan Airport with this suitcase.  你这样可能会被捕，在罗根机场拿着这个箱子。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)be under arrest 被逮捕 make an arrest 进行逮捕 (2)arrest sb for sth 因……逮捕某人 get arrested (人)被逮捕 arrest one’s attention 引起某人的注意 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①She was arrested for drug­related offences. ②You shouldn’t do things like that. You could get arrested(arrest)! 【完成句子】 ③The bright colours of the flowers arrested the girl’s attention. 花的艳丽色彩引起了那个女孩的注意。 12.　uniform n. 校服；制服　adj.一致的；统一的 Unlike students in our country, these boys do not wear cotton uniforms. 与我们国家的学生不同，这些男孩不穿棉制校服。 ★情境探究 e.g.①School uniforms are traditional in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them. 在英国穿校服是个传统，但是有些学校正开始摆脱它们。 ②The cost of your uniform will be deducted from your wages.  制服费将从你的工资中扣除。 ③Temperature becomes uniform by heat conduction until finally a permanent state is reached.  通过热传导，温度变得一致，直到最终达到一个恒定状态。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 in uniform 穿制服 school uniform 校服 uniform speed 匀速；等速 uniform customs 统一惯例 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①Before the ceremony, all the students will gather together in school uniform. 【完成句子】 ②It is suggested that driving at a uniform speed save much energy. 据建议，匀速驾驶节省很多能量。 13. not to mention 更不用说；且不说 There’s no electricity, running water or even textbooks, not to mention laptops, tablets, or other modern devices! 这里没有电，没有自来水，甚至没有教科书，更不用说笔记本电脑、平板电脑或其他现代化设备了！ ★情境探究 e.g.①The environment is clean and elegant, not to mention its high­quality dishes as well as its top service. 这里环境很干净、很优雅，更不用说它高质量的饭菜和顶级的服务了。 ②He has two big houses in this country, not to mention his villa in France.  他在这个国家有两座大房子，更别提他在法国的别墅了。 ③Lots of periodicals in foreign languages have been subscribed to, not to mention those in Chinese.  且不说中文期刊，外文期刊也订了不少。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)not to mention ... ＝not to speak of ... ＝to say nothing of ... 更不用说…… (2)let alone ... [＝much less ...(常用于否定句中)] 更不用说…… ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①I love apple pies, not to mention(mention) apples. 【同义句转换】 ②I love apple pies, not to speak of apples. ③I love apple pies, to say nothing of apples. ④I love apple pies, let alone apples. 14. shade vt.给……遮挡(光线)；加灯罩；把……涂暗　n. 阴凉处；灯罩；阴影部分 Another teacher and I walked for two and a half hours to get there—first, up a mountain from where we had fantastic views, and then down a shaded path to the valley below. 我和另一位老师步行了两个半小时才到达那里。首先，我们爬上一座山，在山上我们看到了美妙的景色，然后沿着一条树荫遮蔽的小路走到下面的山谷。 ★情境探究 e.g.①Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice. 在维尼说“是的”之前，总统匆忙接着说下去，语气里有些许的歉意。 ②Men set up folding tables and lawn chairs in the shade of giant pine trees.  男人们在大松树的树荫下搭了折叠桌和草坪椅。 ③Driving into the sun, we had to shade our eyes.  面向太阳开车，我们只好遮挡着眼睛。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)shade sb/sth from/against sth　为……遮挡；遮住 (2)a shade of 少许；微微 in the shade 在阴凉处 (3)shaded adj. 林荫遮蔽的 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①The great tree shades passers­by from/against the heat of the sun. ②We would have a walk in the shaded(shade) street while we lived in the downtown. 【完成句子】 ③I can feel a shade of regret in his voice as to the result of the election. 对于选举的结果，我可以从他的语气中感觉到些许的悔意。 15. ripe adj.成熟的；时机成熟的 He then placed the hot stones in an empty oil drum with kau kau (sweet potato), ripe corn, and greens. 接着，他把热石头放入一个空油桶，里面有栲栲(甘薯)、熟玉米和青菜。 ★情境探究 e.g.①You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humour. 你可以把谈话引向有趣的话题，而这些话题正好可以让其他人添加一点幽默进来。 ②For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.  为此，选择成熟的香蕉进行冷冻，因为它们更甜。 ③When crops ripe in autumn, fields turn entirely golden. People celebrates the good harvest happily.  秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变成一片金黄。人们兴高采烈地庆祝丰收。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)(be) ripe for 时机成熟；准备就绪 ripe time 成熟的时机 (2)ripen v. (使)成熟 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①We are waiting for the first crops to ripen(ripe). ②The time is ripe for the heritage buildings to be opened up. 【完成句子】 ③It is the ripe time for China to make a breakthrough in high­tech field. 中国在高科技领域取得突破的时机已经成熟。 16. privilege n. 优惠待遇；特权 It was such a privilege to have spent a day with Tombe’s family. 与汤贝一家共度了一日，真是一种荣幸。 ★情境探究 e.g.①It’s such a privilege to be a part of these kids’ lives. 能够成为这些孩子生活中的一部分是一种荣幸。 ②It’s such a privilege, spending an entire term diving into a single body of work.  整个学期都沉浸在一项工作中，真是一种特权。 ③As a member of the nobility, his life had been one of wealth and privilege.  身为贵族中的一员，他过着有钱有势的生活。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)have the privilege of doing/to do sth　有……的特权或荣幸 It’s a/one’s privilege to do sth　做……是/是某人的特权或荣幸 (2)privilege vt. 给予……特权，有特权 feel privileged to do sth　荣幸地做某事 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①I’ll feel privileged(privilege) to be your guide during the visit. ②I have the privilege of being(be) here, sharing my moment with our fellow friends from the Great Britain. 【完成句子】 ③It is a great privilege for me to invite you to participate in the Chinese Speech Contest for foreigners at my school on 1 November 2022. (形式主语it) 我非常荣幸邀请您参加2022年11月1日在我校举行的外国人汉语演讲比赛。 17. lately adv.近来；最近；不久前 Lately, all of us have seen Chinese people on TV in far­off places in the world, helping other countries to develop. 最近，大家都在电视上看到中国人在世界各个遥远的地方帮助其他国家发展。 ★情境探究 e.g.①With the mercy of my father, I’ve been on good terms with him lately. 在父亲的宽恕下，最近我和他关系融洽。 ②Lately he hasn’t done a thing and it’s getting on my nerves.  最近他什么都没做，这让我大为恼火。 ③I guess I haven’t spent much time exercising lately.  我想我最近没怎么花时间运动。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)later adj. 后期的 adv. 后来；随后 (2)latest adj. 最新的；最近的 (3)latter adj. 较后的；后半的；(两者中)后者的 the former ..., the latter ... 前者……，后者…… ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①She feels guilty about spending less time lately(late) with her two kids. 【完成句子】 ②If I had to make a decision, I would choose the former rather than the latter. 如果我不得不做决定，我会选择前者而不是后者。 ③The latest evidence confirmed me in his honesty. 最新的证据让我坚信他是诚实的。 18. tune n. 曲调；曲子　vt.调音；调节；调频道 But then I began to hear about the work she was doing in Tanzania, a country that has many health problems, and now I am singing a different tune. 可是后来，我开始听说她在坦桑尼亚所做的工作。这个国家有很多健康问题，现在我转变了态度。 ★情境探究 e.g.①It is a hit programme on CCTV­3, where a lot of classic Chinese poems are chanted in beautiful tunes. 它是中央电视台综艺频道的一档成功节目，在节目中，很多古典汉语诗歌用优美的曲调来吟诵。 ②Wait until it happens to him—he’ll soon change his tune.  等着瞧吧，到他遇上这事时，他很快就会改变调子了。 ③Can you perform music that’s out of tune with the mood you might be in on a given night?  你能在某个特定的夜晚演奏出与你的情绪不相称的音乐吗？ ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 out of tune 走调；不协调；(对某事)没有兴趣 in tune 一致；合调子 in tune with (与……)一致；(与……)协调 out of tune with (与……)不一致；(与……)不协调 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①It was just an ordinary voice, but he sang in tune. ②Today, his change of direction seems more in tune with the times. 【完成句子】 ③After a short time, a violin goes out of tune, and sounds awful. 过了一会儿，小提琴就会走调儿，而且声音难听。 19. contract vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约)　n. 合同；契约 Many dangerous diseases which are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in Tanzania. 许多在中国很罕见的危险疾病在坦桑尼亚仍有众多患者。 ★情境探究 e.g.①Under the contract, he will have to resign if the sales go down. 依据本合同，如果销售下滑他将不得不辞职。 ②One of the best things my company has done is to contract with a language service that offers translations over the phone.  我的公司做过的最好的事情之一，就是与一家提供电话翻译的语言服务公司签订了合同。 ③She has contracted a severe fever since ten days ago. 自从十天前，她就感染上了严重的热病。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 contract with 承包；与……订有合约 under the contract 依据本合同 (be) under contract to 已经与……签订合同 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①Under the contract, all goods should be finished in two days. ②You can contract with us to deliver your cargo. 【完成句子】 ③I am glad to know that you are under contract to a big company. 我很高兴得知你已经与一家大公司签约。 20. grant vt.同意；准许　n. 拨款 And, while the country is quite beautiful and has much natural wealth, many of the people are quite poor and live without things we take for granted, such as electricity, running water, cars and good transport systems, and supermarkets. 此外，尽管这个国家风景美丽、物产丰饶，但许多人仍然十分贫穷；我们认为理所当然的东西，在他们的生活中都没有，比如电、自来水、汽车和便捷的交通系统，以及超市。 ★情境探究 e.g.①It will be my pleasure to be their guide and grant them an unforgettable and worthwhile trip. 我很荣幸担任他们的向导，并给予他们一次难忘而又值得的旅行。 ②Single parents tend to grant more independence to their children than other parents do.  单亲父母往往比其他父母给予孩子们更多的自主性。 ③They’d got a special grant to encourage research.  他们已得到了一笔用来支持研究的特别补助金。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)grant sb sth 准予/给予某人某物 (2)take sth for granted 视某事为理所当然 take it for granted that 理所当然地认为 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①I took it for granted that he would help us. ②Nowadays kids always wanted expensive gifts and took it for granted. 【完成句子】 ③He promised to grant us a new chance to apply for the post. 他许诺给予我们一个新的申请这个职务的机会。 21. consultation n. 咨询；咨询会 My mother also does a circuit of the rural villages to provide medical treatment, help those with disabilities, and provide consultation and training for local doctors. 我妈妈还到偏远的农村巡诊，提供医疗服务，帮助残疾人，并为当地医生提供咨询和培训。 ★情境探究 e.g.①A national network of medical treatment coordination has also been formed to provide technical support through online consultation. 全国医疗救治协作网络已经建立，可通过远程会诊方式提供技术支持。 ②The doctors held a consultation to decide whether an operation was necessary.  医生举行会诊，决定是否需要动手术。 ③There will be no local consultation before the new system is introduced next April.  明年4月新制度出台之前，当地不会进行商讨。 ★要点突破 【归纳拓展】 (1)in consultation with 经与……磋商 (2)consult vt.& vi. 协商；咨询；请教 consult with sb 与……商量/协商 (3)consultant n. 顾问；咨询师 ★学以致用 【单句语法填空】 ①A personal diet plan is devised after a consultation (consult) with a nutritionist. ②His work as a consultant (consult) consisted in advising foreign companies on the siting of new factories. 【完成句子】 ③In case of any difficulty, you must consult with the local masses. 如果碰到困难，你应当和当地群众商量。 IV、练习提升 (I)阅读理解 A The Mysterious World of Deep-Sea Creatures The deep sea remains one of the least explored and understood environments on our planet. Lying below the sunlit upper layers of the ocean, the deep sea is a region of permanent darkness, freezing temperatures, and massive pressure. Yet, life thrives (茁壮成长) here in some of the most astonishing ways. * The Black Dragonfish * Residing at depths of up to 2,000 meters, the black dragonfish is a predator with a thin and long body and sharp teeth. What makes it unique is its ability to produce its own light, a phenomenon known as bioluminescence. This helps it attract prey (猎物) and communicate with potential mates. * The Giant Squid * Long a stuff of legends and tales, the giant squid, which occasionally attacks whales, can reach lengths of up to 43 feet. Its massive eyes, the size of dinner plates, allow it to detect weak light in the deep dark waters. Encounters with this enormous creature are rare, and much of its life remains unknown. * Tube Worms at Hydrothermal Vents * In the depths of the ocean, hydrothermal vents (热液喷口) shoot superheated water packed with minerals. Around these vents, communities of tube worms thrive, reaching lengths of up to 2 meters. They possess no mouth or digestive system; instead, bacteria inside them process the minerals from the vents to produce energy. Modern technology has enabled humans to explore deeper into the ocean than ever before. Using remotely operated vehicles and deep-sea submersibles (潜水器), scientists can now study these creatures in their natural habitats, uncovering secrets that could hold the key to understanding life’s adaptability. 1. What ability is unique to the black dragonfish? A. Generating light for itself. B. Attracting and capturing prey. C. Discovering light in the deep water. D. Communicating with other creatures. 2. Which creature relies on internal bacteria for energy? A. The black dragonfish. B. The tube worm. C. The giant squid. D. The whale. 3. Where is this text probably taken from? A. An academic article. B. An experimental report. C. A travel guide. D. A natural science magazine. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了深海生物的神秘世界，包括黑龙鱼、巨型鱼和管虫等深海生物的特性和生存方式。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Residing at depths of up to 2,000 meters, the black dragonfish is a predator with a thin and long body and sharp teeth. What makes it unique is its ability to produce its own light, a phenomenon known as bioluminescence.”（生活在深达2000米的深海中，黑龙鱼是一种身材细长、牙齿锋利的捕食者。它独特的地方在于它能够产生自己的光，这种现象被称为生物发光。）可知，黑龙鱼独特的能力是能够产生自己的光。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In the depths of the ocean, hydrothermal vents (热液喷口) shoot superheated water packed with minerals. Around these vents, communities of tube worms thrive, reaching lengths of up to 2 meters. They possess no mouth or digestive system; instead, bacteria inside them process the minerals from the vents to produce energy.”（在海洋深处，热液喷口喷出富含矿物质的超热水。在这些喷口周围，管虫群体茁壮成长，长度可达2米。它们没有嘴巴或消化系统；相反，它们体内的细菌处理喷口中的矿物质以产生能量。）可知，管虫依赖体内的细菌来产生能量。故选B。 3. 推理判断题。短文主要介绍了深海生物的神秘世界，包括黑龙鱼、巨型鱼和管虫等深海生物的特性和生存方式。短文语言通俗易懂，适合大众阅读，符合自然科学杂志的特点。故选D。 B When we encounter a troublesome problem, we often gather a group to brainstorm. However, substantial evidence has shown that when we generate ideas together, we fail to maximize collective intelligence. To unearth the hidden potential in teams, we’re better off shifting to a process called “brainwriting”. You start by asking group members to write down what is going on in their brains separately. Next, you pool them and share them among the group without telling the authors. Then, each member evaluates them on his or her own, only after which do the team members come together to select and improve the most promising options. By developing and assessing ideas individually before choosing and expanding on them, the team can surface and advance possibilities that might not get attention otherwise. An example of great brainwriting was in 2010 when 33 miners were trapped underground in Chile. Given the urgency of the situation, the rescue team didn’t hold brainstorming sessions. Rather, they established a global brainwriting system to generate individual ideas. A 24-year-old engineer came up with a tiny plastic telephone. This specialized tool ended up becoming the only means of communicating with the miners, making it possible to save them. Research by organizational behavior scholar Anita Woolley and her colleagues helps to explain why this method works. They find that the key to collective intelligence is balanced participation. In brainstorming meetings, it’s too easy for participation to become one-sided in favor of the loudest voices. The brainwriting process ensures that all ideas are brought to the table and all voices are brought into conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room. It’s to make the room smarter. Collective intelligence begins with individual creativity, but it doesn’t end there. Individuals produce a greater volume and variety of novel ideas when they work alone. That means they not only come up with more brilliant ideas than groups but also more terrible ideas. Therefore, it takes collective judgment to find the signal in the noise and bring out the best ideas. 4. What is special about brainwriting compared with brainstorming? A. It highlights independent work. B. It encourages group cooperation. C. It prioritizes quality over quantity. D. It prefers writing to oral exchanges. 5. Why does the author mention the Chile mining accident in paragraph 3? A. To introduce a tool developed during brainwriting. B. To praise a young man with brainwriting technique. C. To illustrate a successful application of brainwriting. D. To explain the role of brainwriting in communication. 6. How does brainwriting promote collective intelligence according to paragraph 4? A. By blocking the loudest voices. B. By allowing equal involvement. C. By improving individual wisdom. D. By generating more creative ideas. 7. Which step of brainwriting does the author stress in the last paragraph? A. Individual writing. B. Group sharing. C. Personal evaluation. D. Joint discussion. 【答案】4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。大量证据表明，当我们运用头脑风暴共同产生想法时，我们无法最大限度地提高集体智慧。为了挖掘团队中隐藏的潜力，我们最好进行“书面头脑风暴法”。 4. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“You start by asking group members to write down what is going on in their brains separately. Next, you pool them and share them among the group without telling the authors. Then, each member evaluates them on his or her own, only after which do the team members come together to select and improve the most promising options. (你首先要求小组成员分别写下他们大脑中发生的事情。接下来，你将它们汇集在一起，并在不告诉作者的情况下在小组中共享。然后，每个成员自己对其进行评估，只有在评估之后，团队成员才会聚集在一起，选择并改进最有希望的选项。)”可知，与头脑风暴相比，书面头脑风暴法的特别之处在于它强调独立工作。故选A。 5. 推理判断题。根据第三段的首句“An example of great brainwriting was in 2010 when 33 miners were trapped underground in Chile. (2010年，智利有33名矿工被困井下，这就是一个伟大的脑力写作的例子。)”可推知，作者在本段提到智利的采矿事故是为了说明书面头脑风暴法的成功应用。故选C。 6. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The brainwriting process ensures that all ideas are brought to the table and all voices are brought into conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room. (书面头脑风暴法确保所有的想法都能被带到桌面上，所有的声音都能被带入对话。我们的目标不是成为房间里最聪明的人。)”可知，书面头脑风暴法要求每个人都参与，贡献自己的智慧。因此，通过允许平等参与促进集体智力。故选B。 7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Collective intelligence begins with individual creativity, but it doesn’t end there. Individuals produce a greater volume and variety of novel ideas when they work alone. That means they not only come up with more brilliant ideas than groups but also more terrible ideas. Therefore, it takes collective judgment to find the signal in the noise and bring out the best ideas. (集体智慧始于个人创造力，但它并没有就此结束。当个人独自工作时，他们会产生更多的新颖想法。这意味着他们不仅提出了比团体更聪明的想法，而且提出了更可怕的想法。因此，需要集体判断才能在噪声中找到信号并提出最佳想法。)”可知，集体智慧始于个人创造力，但是在个人产生想法后，要有集体判断才能得到最佳想法。因此本段强调了共同讨论的重要性。故选D。 (II)完形填空 It was June a few years ago right around the Summer Solstice (夏至). The first fireflies (萤火虫) had appeared, 1 on and off in the woods around my house. What a(n) 2 it was to see them again! How amazing the natural life was! Their small light made me smile, and I couldn’t help but feel 3 to nature. As the daylight 4 , I saw some children trying to catch the fireflies in the dark. A girl went inside and came back with a clear glass bottle. After several 5 attempts, she went to run after another one instead. 6 , she was very happy. Eventually, she caught two fireflies and put them into the bottle. All the other children including me were very 7 . We gathered around, desiring to watch the fireflies’ light inside the bottle. Soon the girl’s mom walked to us and told us it was time to set the fireflies 8 . One of the children disagreed. But the girl’s mom explained that the fireflies would die if left in the 9 . Then she said something that still stays in my mind now, “Let them go so they can share their 10 with the rest of the world!” Finally, we knew the meaning of life. I 11 in our childhood, we used to sing the song, “This little light of mine, I’m going to let it shine!” But as adults we find it 12 to do so. We often forget to share. Don’t 13 your “light”. Don’t keep it in a “bottle”. Share your “light”, no matter how 14 it may be. Let love light up your heart and then give it to the whole world. Learn from the lightening fireflies and let the “light” within you 15 the darkness away. 1. A. flashing B. burning C. showing D. getting 2. A. fear B. delight C. shame D. honour 3. A. surprised B. optimistic C. grateful D. anxious 4. A. broke out B. got around C. faded away D. came up 5. A. unsuccessful B. inactive C. smooth D. simple 6. A. Luckily B. Therefore C. Initially D. Anyway 7. A. curious B. afraid C. calm D. doubtful 8. A. still B. close C. alone D. loose 9. A. sky B. bottle C. woods D. house 10. A. power B. sound C. light D. energy 11. A. supported B. remembered C. regretted D. considered 12. A. necessary B. good C. useless D. hard 13. A. pass B. hide C. absorb D. share 14. A. weak B. fast C. long D. colorful 15. A. take B. give C. drive D. put 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. A 15. C 【解析】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文，文章通过介绍小女孩的的妈妈要孩子们把瓶子里的萤火虫放回大自然，让它们可以和世界分享光明这个故事，呼吁人们要像萤火虫那样，无论自己的光芒是多么微弱，也不能忘记分享自己的光芒。 1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：第一批萤火虫出现了，在我家周围的树林里时隐时现。A. flashing闪现，闪烁；B. burning燃烧；C. showing展示；D. getting得到。根据“The first fireflies(萤火虫)had appeared”可知，萤火虫会闪烁光芒。故选A项。 2. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：再次见到它们是多么高兴啊！A. fear恐惧；B. delight快乐；C. shame羞愧；D. honour荣誉。根据后文“How amazing the natural life was!”可知，作者见到萤火虫是高兴的。故选B项。 3. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们的小小光芒让我笑了，我忍不住对大自然心存感激。A. surprised惊讶的；B. optimistic积极的；C. grateful感激的；D. anxious焦虑的。根据“How amazing the natural life was! Their small light made me smile”可知，作者见到萤火虫很高兴，对大自然心存感激。故选C项。 4. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：随着白昼的消逝，我看到一些孩子在黑暗中试图抓住萤火虫。A. broke out爆发；B. got around四处行走；C. faded away逐渐消失；D. came up接近，靠近。根据“I saw some children trying to catch the fireflies in the dark.”及常识可知，当白昼消逝，夜晚来临，萤火虫才会出现。故选C项。 5. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在几次不成功的尝试后，她转而去追另一只。A. unsuccessful不成功的；B. inactive不活跃的；C. smooth光滑的；D. simple简单的。根据“she went to run after another one instead”可知，刚开始小女孩抓萤火虫没有成功。故选A项。 6. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：不管怎样，她很高兴。A. Luckily幸运地；B. Therefore因此；C. Initially起初；D. Anyway不管怎么说。根据“After several __5__ attempts, she went to run after another one instead.”及“she was very happy.”可知，虽然女孩刚开始没有抓到萤火虫，就直接去追另外一只，不管怎么说，女孩很开心。故选D项。 7. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：包括我在内的其他孩子都很好奇。A. curious好奇的；B. afraid害怕的；C. calm平静的；D. doubtful怀疑的。根据“We gathered around, desiring to watch the fireflies’ light inside the bottle.”可知，大家都很好奇，想要去看看萤火虫。故选A项。 8. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很快，女孩的妈妈向我们走来，告诉我们是时候释放萤火虫了。A. still静止的；B. close靠近的；C. alone独自的；D. loose松的，不受束缚的。根据“set the fireflies”及“One of the children disagreed.”可知，女孩的妈妈让大家释放萤火虫。set…loose意思为：释放。故选D项。 9. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是女孩的妈妈解释说，如果把萤火虫留在瓶子里，它们会死的。A. sky天空；B. bottle瓶子；C. woods森林；D. house房子。根据上文“Eventually, she caught two fireflies and put them into the bottle.”可知，萤火虫被放在瓶子里，所以妈妈说，如果萤火虫一直放在瓶子里，它们会死。故选B项。 10. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：让它们走吧，这样它们就能与世界上的其他人分享他们的光明！A. power能力；B. sound声音；C. light光；D. energy能量。根据“Let them go so they can share their __10__ with the rest of the world!”并结合常识可知，萤火虫会发光，所以妈妈希望让大家都能看到它的光芒。故选C项。 11. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我记得在我们的童年，我们曾经唱过这首歌，“我的小小光芒，我要让它发光！”A. supported支持；B. remembered记得；C. regretted后悔；D. considered考虑。根据“we used to sing the song”可知，作者记得自己的童年。故选B项。 12. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但作为成年人，我们发现很难做到这一点。A. necessary必要的；B. good好的；C. useless无用的；D. hard困难的。根据“we used to sing the song, “This little light of mine, I’m going to let it shine!””可知，在童年里，总会唱起歌，表示要让自己发光，但是长大后做到这一点却很难。故选D项。 13. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：不要隐藏你的“光芒”。A. pass通过；B. hide躲藏，隐藏；C. absorb吸收；D. share分享。根据“Don’t keep it in a “bottle”.”可知，作者让大家不要隐藏光芒。故选B项。 14. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：分享你的“光芒”，不管它有多微弱。A. weak弱的；B. fast快的；C. long长的；D. colorful多彩的。根据“Share your “light”, no matter how __14__ it may be.”可知，无论自己的光芒有多微弱，要与别人分享。故选A项。 15. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：向闪电的萤火虫学习，让你内心的“光芒”驱走黑暗。A. take带；B. give给；C. drive驾驶，驱赶；D. put放。根据“Learn from the lightening fireflies and let the “light” within you”及“the darkness away”可知，此处表示用自己的光芒驱走黑暗，drive away驱赶。故选C项。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$