13 选择性必修四 Unit 3不定式复习（语法精讲精练）-2023-2024学年高二英语下学期期末复习高效突破（人教版2019）

13 选择性必修四 Unit 3语法：语法精讲精练 不定式复习 一、不定式复习具体框架 不定式是英语动词的非谓语形式之一，形式上由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式既有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的部分特性，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动词不定式短语，有时态和语态的变化。 I. 动词不定式的时态和语态 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行 完成进行时 to have been doing 表示其动作发生在谓语动作之前并且一直在进行 I plan to attend a business meeting tomorrow. 明天我打算参加一个商务会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生) They are said to be studying psychology. 据说他们正在研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生) I’m very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事地闲坐着，我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前) No harm seems to have been done. 似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是逻辑上的动宾关系) She is known to have been dealing with the problems for many years. 大家知道她处理这类难题已经有很多年了。(deal发生在be known之前，且deal表示的动作一直在进行) 【名师点津】动词不定式的“被动”与“否定” (1)动词不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语是动词不定式动作的承受者。 It’s a great honour to be invited to Mary’s birthday party. 被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。 (2)动词不定式的否定式通常是将否定词not或never置于动词不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 这样的形式。 They took a vote and decided not to do it. 他们进行了表决，决定放弃。 How many times has your mother told you never to talk to strangers? 你母亲已告诉过你多少次了，绝不能和陌生人说话？ 【即学即练1】 单句语法填空 ①The world will be different, and we will have to ____________ (prepare) to adapt to the change. ②She pretended to ____________ (sleep) when her mother came in. ③He is said to ____________ (work) in this factory for more than twenty years. II. 动词不定式的句法功能 动词不定式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等，表示比较具体的意义。 1. 动词不定式作主语 (1)动词不定式作主语多表示将来特定的某一次动作。 To blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 责备那个工人弥补不了损失。 (2)动词不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，而把动词不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。 It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party. 带礼物去参加乔迁派对是一种传统。 (3)若要说明不定式动作的执行者，可以在不定式前面加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb。此类形容词有careful, cruel, foolish, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice, stupid, wise, wrong, generous等。 It is important for us to live a low­carbon life. 过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。 It is generous of him to contribute so much. 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。 【即学即练2】 单句语法填空 ①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)You can’t help wondering how hard it was for the people then ____________ (put) all those rocks into place. ②It is common ____________ (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in people’s homes. ③If you live in a cold climate, it will be important ____________ (know) your dog’s limits and how you can keep it safe and warm. 2. 动词不定式作表语 动词不定式作表语主要有三种情况：一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像“My job is to sweep the floor.”这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。 He seems to be ill. 他似乎生病了。 Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。 We are to meet at the station at three. 我们约定3点在车站见面。 【即学即练3】 单句语法填空 ①It is important to remember when you’re trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem ____________ (ignore) you; everyone is just doing the best that they can. ②He is a children’s book editor, whose job is ____________ (sort) through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in The Times. ③The goal of this activity is ____________ (meet) the needs of common people. 3. 动词不定式作宾语 (1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语： 决心学会想希望，设法拒绝愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; manage, refuse, care, pretend 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help We agreed to meet at the school gate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。 (2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe等，其后常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加动词不定式作真正的宾语。 We think it our duty to protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。 【即学即练4】 单句语法填空 ①I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____________ (stop) until we reached the next stop. ②I think it necessary ____________ (send) for an expert. ③But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ____________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 4. 动词不定式作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语表示将来的动作。 I wanted to come to your birthday party, but I had a project to finish then. 我想去参加你的生日聚会，但那时我有一个项目要完成。 (2)动词不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的动词不定式是不及物动词，或者动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，则不定式后需要加相应的介词。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支钢笔写字。 【名师点津】 如果被动词不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way等，不定式后的介词习惯上可以省略。 (3)动词不定式用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 He was the first one to think of the idea. 他是第一个想到这一点的人。 (4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用动词不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。 The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。 【名师点津】动词不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义；若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式表被动含义。 She has a sister to look after. 她有一个妹妹要照顾。(she是look after的执行者) 【即学即练5】 单句语法填空 ①The best way ____________ (set) yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. ②Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ____________ (stay) away. ③Volunteering gives you a chance ____________ (change) lives, including your own. 5. 动词不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语。表示“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，动词不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能置于句首。 To/In order to increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programmes. 为了提高社区服务水平，一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。 (2)作结果状语。动词不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，有时前面加only，以加强语气。常用于下列结构中： only to do ...　表示意想不到的结果 enough to do ... 足够做…… too ... to do ... 太……而不能…… so/such ... as to ... 如此……以至于…… Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学的年龄了。 (3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时，后可接动词不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因。常见的这类形容词有：sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。 Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed. 玛吉回到家躺在自己的床上，觉得非常高兴。 I’m delighted to hear that you are keen on Chinese traditional culture. 我很高兴听到你喜欢中国传统文化。 【即学即练6】 单句语法填空 ①(2021·浙江卷)Mary’s sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over ____________ (plant) flowers in the front yard. ②They are easy ____________ (care) for and make great presents. ③____________ (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. ④Mary rushed home immediately she heard the news, only ____________ (find) that her husband was gone. ⑤You will never know how happy I was ____________ (see) her yesterday. 6. 动词不定式作宾语补足语 (1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。 Our father will not allow us to play in the street. 我们的父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。 (2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示动作的全过程。一感 (feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三使(let, have, make)、五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)、半帮助 (help)。动词不定式作help的宾语补足语时，既可带to，也可不带to。 Nobody saw him come in. 没人看见他进来。(主动语态) 当以上动词(短语)所在的句子改为被动句时，动词不定式符号to必须保留。 The thief was observed to enter the bank. 有人看见小偷进了银行。(被动语态) 【即学即练7】 单句语法填空 ①What caused him ____________ (change) his mind? ②He didn’t allow the students ____________ (go) there. ③The teacher got some students ____________ (stay) in the classroom after school. ④He was made ____________ (work) day and night. 二、单句语法填空： 1. Chungking Express, one of Wong Kar Wai’s personal’ favourites, is the movie that you cannot afford _________ (miss). 2. After I had received my pen pal’s letter referring to the spectacular scenery, I was desperate (go) there to have a look. 3. In the nineteenth century, a new type of travelers stepped onto the Silk Road: archaeologists and geographers, enthusiastic explorers who were eager (look) for adventure. 4. For English teachers (play) a more effective role in teaching, every effort must be made to raise students’ cross-cultural awareness. 5. Due (come) into effect from April 1, the law explains water conservation on the river basin, ecological protection and restoration, conservation and intensive use of water resources, flood control and pollution prevention among other measures. 6. When she spotted such abandoned goods, she put a pair of eyeball-shaped stickers on them before publishing notes on her social media accounts, and guiding others (pick) them up from the streets. 7. The study focused on a group of people who sang in a professional choir and discovered that the amount of proteins in the blood that function as antibodies (抗体) was obviously higher after singing, so people involved in music could be less likely (get) sick. 8. Such a blood pressure is normal for a person of your age, so it’s not necessary (press) yourself to take medicine. 9. The company told us the reason for the change is “to maintain our standards of privacy and _________ (strength) our protections around user data.” 10. Based on past experiences, it takes four to five years after economic recovery for unemployment ________ (return) to pre-crisis levels. 11. Nowadays, the 24 Solar Terms could not only be applied to farming, but also guide Chinese in everyday life. They remind people (adapt) to the changes in the seasons through suitable foods and cultural ceremonies. 12. When a player is not on the court, he is expected (help) the game in other ways, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper. 13. Over 100 students had been persuaded (stop) using social media for seven days, most of whom were excited and nervous. 14. To (broad) our horizons means opening up our minds and experiencing new things. 15. We call on the people of all countries (work) together to build a community with a shared future for mankind, to build an open, inclusive, clean, and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security, and common prosperity. 16. Da Vinci is believed (employ) oil paints already long before this technique reached its height with Rembrandt. 17. As a stopping point on the famous ancient Silk Road, Loulan is believed (cover) over step by step by sandstorms. 18. Up to 1,000 extradition cases are expected (deal) with by the end of the year, more than double the number last year, and four times the number in 2006 according to figures from the City of Westminster magistrates court, which handles all extradition hearings. 19. The disease which was reported (emerge) from Mozambique has spread along shipping routes around the coast of Africa. 20. Why are you still working on this project? It’s 4 o’clock in the afternoon and you’re supposed ________ (finish) it by noon. 21. Zhang Sanfeng, a 13th-century Taoist, was said (invent) tai chi after drawing inspiration from a fight between a snake and a bird. 22. Flightless birds, which lack the ability to fly, rely instead on their ability to run or swim, and they are thought ________ (evolve) from flying ancestors. 23. The ox has a significant place in Chinese culture. Centuries ago, most people earned their living through farming and the ox was used (help) farm and carry heavy goods. 24. She appeared (know) the result of the competition as she showed no surprise at all when I told her that she had won the first prize. 25. Still, practical problems remain (solve), such as ensuring the trips are safe as many taxis will be flown without pilots. 26. Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants ________ (contact) and what method works best for you both. 27. Human activities have influenced animals both directly and indirectly, putting them in extreme danger; as a result, they are nowhere (find). 28. Because of my caring nature, I’m more likely than anyone else in our school (assign) the task of looking after the elderly. 29. More details on Philip’s funeral arrangements are expected (confirm) by Buckingham Palace on Saturday, according to a royal source. 30. A red light is a warning to drivers and staff that another train is dangerously close and that adjustments need ________ (make) . 31. English studying can be a very rewarding thing — generally speaking, your hard work is most likely ________ (reward) with slow but steady progress. 32. Mechanical pencils are not only more convenient than your traditional Ticonderoga in the sense that they never need (sharpen); they also produce thinner, cleaner lines, which is extremely important for drawers and drafters. 33. Apart from the opening ceremony, a series of exciting activities are scheduled (hold) during the festival. In terms of tourism, resources of fine scenic spots, rural tourism, and shopping tourism are fully integrated. 34. In my daily life, I always want things (do) quickly. However, the results tend to turn out just the opposite of what I wish. 35. This experience hasn’t kept Ann from loving kite boarding. “Life is fragile (脆弱的), but it’s meant ________ (enjoy),” she says. 36. With a new farm bill (debate) in Congress, consumers (消费者) must take a stand with young farmers. 37. In the coming weeks, fans of the online game can expect new videos, character, and much more exciting content (reveal). 38. The tiny diamond-shaped structure covering the wings of the butterflies will cause some color wavelengths ________ (cancel) out. 39. Most computer users think it necessary for their software (update) regularly. 40. After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve's music was beautiful and professional. It needed ________ (share) in public. 41. “It seems like his brain is taking that part of the tissue that’s not being stimulated by sight and using it _________ (perceive) music,” Limb told CBS News. “It's sort of borrowing that part of the brain and rewiring it to help him hear music.” 42. The repair aims (remove) potential safety threats while preserving the unique characteristics of the section. 43. Anyone who’s visited the Terracotta Warriors will know that they are colorless, looking like they’ve just been unearthed from the ground. But you may be surprised (learn) that they’re not showing their “true colors” at all. 44. At the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she became the first female U. S. gymnast (win) four gold medals at a single Games. 45. The researchers found that local efforts (improve) water quality and stop overfishing did not increase the reefs’ chances of survival. 46. However, larger and more precise studies were needed (confirm) the benefits. 47. In the workshop of the Wang Yipin Brush Pen Store in Huzhou, 29-year-old Shi Wangli brushes goat fur in water with an ox horn comb (牛角梳子) (select) appropriate hairs to make a Chinese brush pen. 48. China has named 24,126 primary and middle schools across the country specialist football schools ________ (lead) youth football development, according to the Ministry of Education (MOE). 49. Scientists around the world are looking for all kinds of ways to protect and maybe even revive corals. One option is __________ (create) more marine protected areas-essentially national parks in the ocean. 50. The scientists appealed to nations __________ (use) energy more efficiently and cut their use of fossil fuels.  三、高考真题回顾： 1. (2023·全国I卷) To eat one, you have to decide whether __________ (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill ...... 2. (2023·全国I卷) Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them __________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of their contents. 3. (2023·全国甲卷) For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) —__________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 4. (2022·全国I卷) The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority __________ (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 5. (2022·新高考全国I卷) He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up __________ (see) them. 6. (2022·全国甲卷) A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step __________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 7. (2022·全国乙卷) ___________ (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media...... 8. (2021·全国II卷) I decided to do something __________ (educate) people about this problem. 9. (2021·全国甲卷) It is possible __________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.  10. (2019·全国I卷) Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid－1980s, and are expensive ___________ (perform) consistently over a large area. 11. (2019·全国III卷) On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take __________ (get) there. 12. (2019·浙江卷) But some students didn’t want __________ (wear) the uniform. 13. (2019·江苏卷) __________ (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 14. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) Once his message was delivered, he allowed me __________ (stay) and watch. 15. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don’t have to run fast or for long __________ (see) the benefit. 16. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___________ (improve) water quality. 17. (2017·全国Ⅰ) Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required __________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 18. (2017·浙江) Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring __________ (cook) a meal. 19. (2017·全国Ⅲ) But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants __________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 20. (新课标全国Ⅰ) It took years of work __________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. 21. (四川) For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something __________ (eat)! 四、语篇语法填空： (1) We hear about climate change pretty much every day now. Scientists have just announced that July was the hottest month ever 1 (record). The scientists are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the USA. A spokesperson from NOAA said, “July is 2 (typical) the world’s warmest month of the year, but July 2021 beat 3 (it) as the hottest July and hottest month ever.” NOAA said Earth’s land and ocean surface temperature in July increased 4 0.93 degrees Celsius, compared to the 20th­century average of 15.8 degrees Celsius. The Northern Hemisphere was 1.54 degrees Celsius hotter than average. The NOAA spokesperson said this new record was 5 (worry). He said, “In this case, first place is the worst place to be.” The announcement from NOAA comes a week after a 4,000­page report on climate change from the United Nations. It clearly 6 (state) that humans had affected the climate. It wrote, “It is clear 7 human influence has warned the atmosphere, ocean and land.” 8 total of 234 scientists from 66 countries worked on the report. It warns that extreme weather 9 (continue) to get worse. It says every region will experience multiple 10 (change) in weather, like sweltering heat and flooding. (2) Can you speak to dolphins (海豚)? Of course you can but you won’t be able to understand them！Here is 1 a biologist has told us： Just like dogs, cats and other mammals, dolphins communicate using sound, sight, touch and taste. Dolphins don’t have the ability to smell, 2 their hearing and eyesight are excellent. Dolphins have their own language and they start talking to each other from birth. 3 (actual), scientists think dolphins, like people, “talk” to each other about a lot of things, like their age, their 4 (feeling) or finding food. And, like humans, dolphins use a system of sounds and body language 5 (communicate). But understanding their conversations 6 (be) not easy for humans. No one speaks “dolphin” yet, but some scientists are trying to learn. Dolphins are social animals. They live in groups, and they often join others from different groups to play games and have fun. In fact, playing together is something only 7 (intelligence) animals do. Dolphins are a great helper for fishermen. When fish are near a boat, dolphins show signs 8 the fishermen. 9 (use) this method, fishermen can catch a lot of fish. And in return, the dolphins 10 (give) some of the fish. (3) Today, much of the world’s ocean is still a mystery. So far, only 5 percent of it 1 (explore). In fact, we know more about some areas of Mars than that of the world’s ocean. However, 2 is new technology that is helping scientists explore these hidden worlds. For example, scientists are using an underwater vehicle 3 (call) DeepSee to explore seamounts-underwater mountains. Scientists have used DeepSee to study Las Gemelas. There are a huge variety of species 4 (live) around Las Gemelas. Some of these species may have chemicals 5 can help people fight illnesses. 6 deepest location of the earth is the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The ocean floor there is about 11,000 meters deep. In 2012, filmmaker and explorer James Cameron 7 (reach) the Mariana Trench in a vehicle called Deepsee Challenger. He was the first 8 (complete) the journey alone. Cameron took 9 (photo) and made videos on the ocean floor. Deep-sea exploration also helps us in other ways. For example, we are learning how underwater earthquakes cause tsunamis(海啸). As Cameron says, “This is the beginning of 10 (open) up a new frontier.” (4) Three months ago George was at the Red Sea and when he came back, brown and happy, he said that he had never had 1 a terrific holiday before. As he was very good at swimming and diving and was 2 (concern) with biology, he managed to join a scientific research group 3 was studying the sea life of the Red Sea coast at that time. The researchers allowed him 4 (help) them in their work and gave him a special diving suit, so he was able to stay deep in the sea for quite a long time. George was amazed at 5 beautiful the underwater world was. Millions of brightly colored fish moved 6 (busy) around him. Crabs, turtles, and sea snakes looked at him curiously and then hurried to do their underwater business. Once, when George followed a little crab, a huge fish appeared from behind a coral rock. Luckily, the shark took no interest 7 him and disappeared into the 8 (deep) as if it had much more important things to do. While George was working for the group, exploring the sea plants and animals in their natural conditions, he 9 (make) a firm decision to go on studying biology and natural sciences as research work became very 10 (attract) to him. (5) Inspired by the work of William Beebe, Dr. Sylvia Earle began her work as an oceanographer at an early age when she 1 (knock) off her feet by a wave. She was fascinated by the ocean and its creatures. Although she struggled 2 (balance) her studies and family, Earle earned her PhD from Duke University, becoming well known in the marine science community. Early in her career and while she was four 3 (month) pregnant, Earle traveled 30.5m below the surface in a submersible. Her experience of 4 (live) in an underwater marine habitat earned her celebrity status in the scientific community. With the experience, Earle developed an interest 5 deep-sea exploration, and in 1979 she broke 6 record for deep-sea diving at 381m below the surface in a special suit called the Jim Suit designed to withstand (承受) the 7 (press). Earle decided to test the suit as part of her research on a book 8 (publish) by the National Geographic Society, and the diving techniques only scratched the surface of the ocean. Following this adventure, Earle started two companies 9 produced deep-sea exploration vehicles. The continued advancement in the technology of these vehicles has helped open up areas in the deep sea 10 (previous) unexplored. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 13 选择性必修四 Unit 3语法：语法精讲精练 不定式复习 一、不定式复习具体框架 不定式是英语动词的非谓语形式之一，形式上由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式既有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的部分特性，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动词不定式短语，有时态和语态的变化。 I. 动词不定式的时态和语态 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行 完成进行时 to have been doing 表示其动作发生在谓语动作之前并且一直在进行 I plan to attend a business meeting tomorrow. 明天我打算参加一个商务会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生) They are said to be studying psychology. 据说他们正在研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生) I’m very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事地闲坐着，我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前) No harm seems to have been done. 似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是逻辑上的动宾关系) She is known to have been dealing with the problems for many years. 大家知道她处理这类难题已经有很多年了。(deal发生在be known之前，且deal表示的动作一直在进行) 【名师点津】动词不定式的“被动”与“否定” (1)动词不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语是动词不定式动作的承受者。 It’s a great honour to be invited to Mary’s birthday party. 被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。 (2)动词不定式的否定式通常是将否定词not或never置于动词不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 这样的形式。 They took a vote and decided not to do it. 他们进行了表决，决定放弃。 How many times has your mother told you never to talk to strangers? 你母亲已告诉过你多少次了，绝不能和陌生人说话？ 【即学即练1】 单句语法填空 ①The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared(prepare) to adapt to the change. ②She pretended to be sleeping(sleep) when her mother came in. ③He is said to have been working(work) in this factory for more than twenty years. II. 动词不定式的句法功能 动词不定式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等，表示比较具体的意义。 1. 动词不定式作主语 (1)动词不定式作主语多表示将来特定的某一次动作。 To blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 责备那个工人弥补不了损失。 (2)动词不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，而把动词不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。 It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party. 带礼物去参加乔迁派对是一种传统。 (3)若要说明不定式动作的执行者，可以在不定式前面加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb。此类形容词有careful, cruel, foolish, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice, stupid, wise, wrong, generous等。 It is important for us to live a low­carbon life. 过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。 It is generous of him to contribute so much. 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。 【即学即练2】 单句语法填空 ①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)You can’t help wondering how hard it was for the people then to put(put) all those rocks into place. ②It is common to find(find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in people’s homes. ③If you live in a cold climate, it will be important to know(know) your dog’s limits and how you can keep it safe and warm. 2. 动词不定式作表语 动词不定式作表语主要有三种情况：一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像“My job is to sweep the floor.”这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。 He seems to be ill. 他似乎生病了。 Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。 We are to meet at the station at three. 我们约定3点在车站见面。 【即学即练3】 单句语法填空 ①It is important to remember when you’re trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem to be ignoring (ignore) you; everyone is just doing the best that they can. ②He is a children’s book editor, whose job is to sort(sort) through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in The Times. ③The goal of this activity is to meet(meet) the needs of common people. 3. 动词不定式作宾语 (1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语： 决心学会想希望，设法拒绝愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; manage, refuse, care, pretend 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help We agreed to meet at the school gate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。 (2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe等，其后常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加动词不定式作真正的宾语。 We think it our duty to protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。 【即学即练4】 单句语法填空 ①I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused to stop(stop) until we reached the next stop. ②I think it necessary to send(send) for an expert. ③But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 4. 动词不定式作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语表示将来的动作。 I wanted to come to your birthday party, but I had a project to finish then. 我想去参加你的生日聚会，但那时我有一个项目要完成。 (2)动词不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的动词不定式是不及物动词，或者动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，则不定式后需要加相应的介词。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支钢笔写字。 【名师点津】 如果被动词不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way等，不定式后的介词习惯上可以省略。 (3)动词不定式用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 He was the first one to think of the idea. 他是第一个想到这一点的人。 (4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用动词不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。 The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。 【名师点津】动词不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义；若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式表被动含义。 She has a sister to look after. 她有一个妹妹要照顾。(she是look after的执行者) 【即学即练5】 单句语法填空 ①The best way to set(set) yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. ②Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay(stay) away. ③Volunteering gives you a chance to change(change) lives, including your own. 5. 动词不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语。表示“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，动词不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能置于句首。 To/In order to increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programmes. 为了提高社区服务水平，一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。 (2)作结果状语。动词不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，有时前面加only，以加强语气。常用于下列结构中： only to do ...　表示意想不到的结果 enough to do ... 足够做…… too ... to do ... 太……而不能…… so/such ... as to ... 如此……以至于…… Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学的年龄了。 (3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时，后可接动词不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因。常见的这类形容词有：sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。 Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed. 玛吉回到家躺在自己的床上，觉得非常高兴。 I’m delighted to hear that you are keen on Chinese traditional culture. 我很高兴听到你喜欢中国传统文化。 【即学即练6】 单句语法填空 ①(2021·浙江卷)Mary’s sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over to plant(plant) flowers in the front yard. ②They are easy to care(care) for and make great presents. ③To learn(learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. ④Mary rushed home immediately she heard the news, only to find(find) that her husband was gone. ⑤You will never know how happy I was to see(see) her yesterday. 6. 动词不定式作宾语补足语 (1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。 Our father will not allow us to play in the street. 我们的父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。 (2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示动作的全过程。一感 (feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三使(let, have, make)、五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)、半帮助 (help)。动词不定式作help的宾语补足语时，既可带to，也可不带to。 Nobody saw him come in. 没人看见他进来。(主动语态) 当以上动词(短语)所在的句子改为被动句时，动词不定式符号to必须保留。 The thief was observed to enter the bank. 有人看见小偷进了银行。(被动语态) 【即学即练7】 单句语法填空 ①What caused him to change(change) his mind? ②He didn’t allow the students to go(go) there. ③The teacher got some students to stay(stay) in the classroom after school. ④He was made to work(work) day and night. 二、单句语法填空： 1. Chungking Express, one of Wong Kar Wai’s personal’ favourites, is the movie that you cannot afford _________ (miss). 2. After I had received my pen pal’s letter referring to the spectacular scenery, I was desperate (go) there to have a look. 3. In the nineteenth century, a new type of travelers stepped onto the Silk Road: archaeologists and geographers, enthusiastic explorers who were eager (look) for adventure. 4. For English teachers (play) a more effective role in teaching, every effort must be made to raise students’ cross-cultural awareness. 5. Due (come) into effect from April 1, the law explains water conservation on the river basin, ecological protection and restoration, conservation and intensive use of water resources, flood control and pollution prevention among other measures. 6. When she spotted such abandoned goods, she put a pair of eyeball-shaped stickers on them before publishing notes on her social media accounts, and guiding others (pick) them up from the streets. 7. The study focused on a group of people who sang in a professional choir and discovered that the amount of proteins in the blood that function as antibodies(抗体) was obviously higher after singing, so people involved in music could be less likely (get) sick. 8. Such a blood pressure is normal for a person of your age, so it’s not necessary (press) yourself to take medicine. 9. The company told us the reason for the change is “to maintain our standards of privacy and _________ (strength) our protections around user data.” 10. Based on past experiences, it takes four to five years after economic recovery for unemployment ________ (return) to pre-crisis levels. 11. Nowadays, the 24 Solar Terms could not only be applied to farming, but also guide Chinese in everyday life. They remind people (adapt) to the changes in the seasons through suitable foods and cultural ceremonies. 12. When a player is not on the court, he is expected (help) the game in other ways, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper. 13. Over 100 students had been persuaded (stop) using social media for seven days, most of whom were excited and nervous. 14. To (broad) our horizons means opening up our minds and experiencing new things. 15. We call on the people of all countries (work) together to build a community with a shared future for mankind, to build an open, inclusive, clean, and beautiful world that enjoys lasting peace, universal security, and common prosperity. 16. Da Vinci is believed (employ) oil paints already long before this technique reached its height with Rembrandt. 17. As a stopping point on the famous ancient Silk Road, Loulan is believed (cover) over step by step by sandstorms. 18. Up to 1,000 extradition cases are expected (deal) with by the end of the year, more than double the number last year, and four times the number in 2006 according to figures from the City of Westminster magistrates court, which handles all extradition hearings. 19. The disease which was reported (emerge) from Mozambique has spread along shipping routes around the coast of Africa. 20. Why are you still working on this project? It’s 4 o’clock in the afternoon and you’re supposed ________ (finish) it by noon. 21. Zhang Sanfeng, a 13th-century Taoist, was said (invent) tai chi after drawing inspiration from a fight between a snake and a bird. 22. Flightless birds, which lack the ability to fly, rely instead on their ability to run or swim, and they are thought ________ (evolve) from flying ancestors. 23. The ox has a significant place in Chinese culture. Centuries ago, most people earned their living through farming and the ox was used (help) farm and carry heavy goods. 24. She appeared (know) the result of the competition as she showed no surprise at all when I told her that she had won the first prize. 25. Still, practical problems remain (solve), such as ensuring the trips are safe as many taxis will be flown without pilots. 26. Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants ________ (contact) and what method works best for you both. 27. Human activities have influenced animals both directly and indirectly, putting them in extreme danger; as a result, they are nowhere (find). 28. Because of my caring nature, I’m more likely than anyone else in our school (assign) the task of looking after the elderly. 29. More details on Philip’s funeral arrangements are expected (confirm) by Buckingham Palace on Saturday, according to a royal source. 30. A red light is a warning to drivers and staff that another train is dangerously close and that adjustments need ________ (make) . 31. English studying can be a very rewarding thing — generally speaking, your hard work is most likely ________ (reward) with slow but steady progress. 32. Mechanical pencils are not only more convenient than your traditional Ticonderoga in the sense that they never need (sharpen); they also produce thinner, cleaner lines, which is extremely important for drawers and drafters. 33. Apart from the opening ceremony, a series of exciting activities are scheduled (hold) during the festival. In terms of tourism, resources of fine scenic spots, rural tourism, and shopping tourism are fully integrated. 34. In my daily life, I always want things (do) quickly. However, the results tend to turn out just the opposite of what I wish. 35. This experience hasn’t kept Ann from loving kite boarding. “Life is fragile (脆弱的), but it’s meant ________ (enjoy),” she says. 36. With a new farm bill (debate) in Congress, consumers (消费者) must take a stand with young farmers. 37. In the coming weeks, fans of the online game can expect new videos, character, and much more exciting content (reveal). 38. The tiny diamond-shaped structure covering the wings of the butterflies will cause some color wavelengths ________ (cancel) out. 39. Most computer users think it necessary for their software (update) regularly. 40. After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve's music was beautiful and professional. It needed ________ (share) in public. 41. “It seems like his brain is taking that part of the tissue that’s not being stimulated by sight and using it _________ (perceive) music,” Limb told CBS News. “It's sort of borrowing that part of the brain and rewiring it to help him hear music.” 42. The repair aims (remove) potential safety threats while preserving the unique characteristics of the section. 43. Anyone who’s visited the Terracotta Warriors will know that they are colorless, looking like they’ve just been unearthed from the ground. But you may be surprised (learn) that they’re not showing their “true colors” at all. 44. At the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she became the first female U. S. gymnast (win) four gold medals at a single Games. 45. The researchers found that local efforts (improve) water quality and stop overfishing did not increase the reefs’ chances of survival. 46. However, larger and more precise studies were needed (confirm) the benefits. 47. In the workshop of the Wang Yipin Brush Pen Store in Huzhou, 29-year-old Shi Wangli brushes goat fur in water with an ox horn comb (牛角梳子) (select) appropriate hairs to make a Chinese brush pen. 48. China has named 24,126 primary and middle schools across the country specialist football schools ________ (lead) youth football development, according to the Ministry of Education (MOE). 49. Scientists around the world are looking for all kinds of ways to protect and maybe even revive corals. One option is __________ (create) more marine protected areas-essentially national parks in the ocean. 50. The scientists appealed to nations __________ (use) energy more efficiently and cut their use of fossil fuels.  【答案】1. to miss 2. to go 3. to look 4. to play 5. to come 6. to pick 7. to get 8. to press 9. to strengthen 10. to return 11. to adapt 12. to help 13. to stop 14. broaden 15. to work 16. to have employed 17. to have been covered 18. to have been dealt 19. to have emerged 20. to have finished 21. to have invented 22. to have evolved 23. to help 24. to have known 25. to be solved 26. to be contacted 27. to be found 28. to be assigned 29. to be confirmed 30. to be made 31. to be rewarded 32. sharpening/to be sharpened 33. to be held 34. to be done/done 35. to be enjoyed 36. to be debated 37. to be revealed 38. to be cancelled 39. to be updated 40. sharing/to be shared 41. to perceive 42. to remove 43. to learn 44. to win 45. to improve 46. to confirm 47. to select 48. to lead 49. to create/creating 50. to use 三、高考真题回顾： 1. (2023·全国I卷) To eat one, you have to decide whether __________ (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill ...... 2. (2023·全国I卷) Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them __________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of their contents. 3. (2023·全国甲卷) For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) —__________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 4. (2022·全国I卷) The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority __________ (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 5. (2022·新高考全国I卷) He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up __________ (see) them. 6. (2022·全国甲卷) A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step __________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 7. (2022·全国乙卷) ___________ (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media...... 8. (2021·全国II卷) I decided to do something __________ (educate) people about this problem. 9. (2021·全国甲卷) It is possible __________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.  10. (2019·全国I卷) Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid－1980s, and are expensive ___________ (perform) consistently over a large area. 11. (2019·全国III卷) On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take __________ (get) there. 12. (2019·浙江卷) But some students didn’t want __________ (wear) the uniform. 13. (2019·江苏卷) __________ (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 14. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) Once his message was delivered, he allowed me __________ (stay) and watch. 15. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don’t have to run fast or for long __________ (see) the benefit. 16. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___________ (improve) water quality. 17. (2017·全国Ⅰ) Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required __________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 18. (2017·浙江) Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring __________ (cook) a meal. 19. (2017·全国Ⅲ) But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants __________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 20. (新课标全国Ⅰ) It took years of work __________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. 21. (四川) For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something __________ (eat)! 【答案与解析】 1.【解析】考查非谓语动词。decide whether to do sth.“决定是否做某事”，用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语，空处与后面to put并列作宾语，故填to bite。 2.【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据搭配allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”可知，空格需用动词不定式作宾语补足语，补足语lift out与宾语them（指代小笼包）是逻辑上的动宾关系，空格需填动词不定式的被动式。故填to be lifted。 3.【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：几千年来，人们通过讲寓言来传授知识或传授智慧。根据句意可知，此处表达“来传授知识和智慧”，所以用不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。 4.【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，......以提高效率......。分析句子可知，空处应填动词非谓语形式作目的状语，故空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to increase。 5.【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，此处用动词不定式做目的状语。故用to see。 6.【解析】考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，所填的词作定语修饰名词step，所以用动词不定式，故填to journey。 7.【解析】考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，此处需用不定式表目的，“为了加强和年轻人的联系，......”。故填To strengthen。 8.【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我决定做一些事情来教育人们这个问题。分析句子结构可知, (educate) people about this problem用做目的状语，所以用动词不定式。故填to educate。 9.【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处是一个句型：It is possible to do ...。分析句子结构可知，句首的“It”是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。故填to walk。 10.【解析】考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因等状语，句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的，故填to perform。 11.【解析】考查不定式。句中的would提示我们作者还没有到达那座房子，wondering后的句子不缺谓语，此处应填非谓语动词，作主语代替形式主语it。故填to get。 12.【解析】 考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：但是，有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth.想要做某事，这是want的固定用法。故填to wear。 13.【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语。句意：为了享受数字支付的方便，很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。故填不定式To enjoy。 14.【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：一旦他的信息传达出去，他就允许我留下来看。固定短语allow sb. to do允许某人做某事，应该用to do ......。故填to stay。 15.【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。你不必跑得太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填to see。 16.【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词连接且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。 17.【解析】考查非谓语动词。require sth./sb. to do sth.需要某物/某人做某事，此处用其被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式to process作主语补足语。故填to process。 18.【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。Pahlsson当时摘掉钻戒的目的是为了做饭，故用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to cook。 19.【解析】考查非谓语动词。want to do sth.想要做某事，动词不定式作want的宾语。故填to prove。 20.【解析】考查非谓语动词。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，该句结构为It takes/took + 时间 + to do sth.。 21.【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意为：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！不定式to eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。故填to eat。 四、语篇语法填空： (1) We hear about climate change pretty much every day now. Scientists have just announced that July was the hottest month ever 1 (record). The scientists are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the USA. A spokesperson from NOAA said, “July is 2 (typical) the world’s warmest month of the year, but July 2021 beat 3 (it) as the hottest July and hottest month ever.” NOAA said Earth’s land and ocean surface temperature in July increased 4 0.93 degrees Celsius, compared to the 20th­century average of 15.8 degrees Celsius. The Northern Hemisphere was 1.54 degrees Celsius hotter than average. The NOAA spokesperson said this new record was 5 (worry). He said, “In this case, first place is the worst place to be.” The announcement from NOAA comes a week after a 4,000­page report on climate change from the United Nations. It clearly 6 (state) that humans had affected the climate. It wrote, “It is clear 7 human influence has warned the atmosphere, ocean and land.” 8 total of 234 scientists from 66 countries worked on the report. It warns that extreme weather 9 (continue) to get worse. It says every region will experience multiple 10 (change) in weather, like sweltering heat and flooding. 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。美国国家海洋和大气管理局的数据显示，2021年7月成了有史以来最热的月份，联合国气候变化报告明确指出人类活动已经影响了气候，极端天气将继续恶化。 1. recorded　考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词作后置定语，名词短语the hottest month与record之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词表示被动。故填recorded。 2. typically　考查副词。空处修饰整个句子，作评注性状语，应用副词形式typically，表示“通常”。故填typically。 3. itself　考查反身代词。此处主语July 2021发出的动作施加在自己身上，应使用反身代词。故填itself。 4. by　考查介词。increase by ...是固定搭配，意为“增加了……”。根据句意可知，7月份地球陆地和海洋表面温度增加了0.93摄氏度。故填by。 5. worrying　考查形容词。空处作表语，表示“新纪录令人担忧”，应用­ing结尾的形容词，表示“令人担心的”。故填worrying。 6. stated　考查动词的时态和语态。动词state和主语It之间是主动关系，且根据宾语从句中使用过去完成时可知，主句应使用一般过去时。故填stated。 7. that　考查名词性从句。It be clear that ...是固定句型，意为“很明显……”，其中It是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。 故填that。 8. A　考查冠词。a total of ...为固定短语，意为“总共……”。位于句首，首字母应大写。故填A。 9. will continue　考查动词的时态和语态。动词continue与主语extreme weather之间是主动关系，此处表示对将来可能发生的事情提出警告，应使用一般将来时。故填will continue。 10. changes　考查名词的数。根据空前的形容词“multiple (多种的)”可知，可数名词change在此处应用复数形式。故填changes。 (2) Can you speak to dolphins (海豚)? Of course you can but you won’t be able to understand them！Here is 1 a biologist has told us： Just like dogs, cats and other mammals, dolphins communicate using sound, sight, touch and taste. Dolphins don’t have the ability to smell, 2 their hearing and eyesight are excellent. Dolphins have their own language and they start talking to each other from birth. 3 (actual), scientists think dolphins, like people, “talk” to each other about a lot of things, like their age, their 4 (feeling) or finding food. And, like humans, dolphins use a system of sounds and body language 5 (communicate). But understanding their conversations 6 (be) not easy for humans. No one speaks “dolphin” yet, but some scientists are trying to learn. Dolphins are social animals. They live in groups, and they often join others from different groups to play games and have fun. In fact, playing together is something only 7 (intelligence) animals do. Dolphins are a great helper for fishermen. When fish are near a boat, dolphins show signs 8 the fishermen. 9 (use) this method, fishermen can catch a lot of fish. And in return, the dolphins 10 (give) some of the fish. 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。海豚能够用自己的语言交流，还能够帮助渔民捕获更多的鱼。 1. what　考查名词性从句。设空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作told的宾语，表示“什么”，应用what。故填what。 2. but　考查连词。前后两个分句在意义上为转折关系，应用but连接。故填but。 3. Actually　考查副词。设空处修饰整个句子，应用actual的副词形式。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Actually。 4. feelings　考查名词。此处feeling表示“感情”，为可数名词，且通常用复数。故填feelings。 5. to communicate　考查非谓语动词。此处为不定式短语作目的状语。故填to communicate。 6. is　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。这里说的是一般性情况，用一般现在时；动名词短语understanding their conversations作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。故填is。 7. intelligent　考查形容词。设空处修饰名词，应用intelligence的形容词形式。故填intelligent。 8. to　考查介词。show sth to sb意为“给某人展示某物”，为固定短语。故填to。 9. Using　考查非谓语动词。动词use与其逻辑主语fishermen之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Using。 10. are given　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。这里说的是一般性情况，应用一般现在时；主语the dolphins是谓语动词动作的承受者，应用被动语态；主语为复数，be动词用are。故填are given。 (3) Today, much of the world’s ocean is still a mystery. So far, only 5 percent of it 1 (explore). In fact, we know more about some areas of Mars than that of the world’s ocean. However, 2 is new technology that is helping scientists explore these hidden worlds. For example, scientists are using an underwater vehicle 3 (call) DeepSee to explore seamounts-underwater mountains. Scientists have used DeepSee to study Las Gemelas. There are a huge variety of species 4 (live) around Las Gemelas. Some of these species may have chemicals 5 can help people fight illnesses. 6 deepest location of the earth is the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The ocean floor there is about 11,000 meters deep. In 2012, filmmaker and explorer James Cameron 7 (reach) the Mariana Trench in a vehicle called Deepsee Challenger. He was the first 8 (complete) the journey alone. Cameron took 9 (photo) and made videos on the ocean floor. Deep-sea exploration also helps us in other ways. For example, we are learning how underwater earthquakes cause tsunamis(海啸). As Cameron says, “This is the beginning of 10 (open) up a new frontier.” 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是世界上的大部分海洋仍然是个谜，新技术正在帮助科学家探索这些隐藏的世界。 1. 考查时态和语态。句意：到目前为止，只有百分之五的地方被探索过。句子主语是Only 5 percent of it，单数第三人称，和谓语动词explore之间是被动关系，再根据so far“到目前为止”，可知句子用现在完成时态的被动语态，故填has been explored。 2. 考查强调句。句意：然而，正是新技术帮助科学家探索这些隐秘的世界。去掉设空处以及is和that句子依然完整，故此处考查强调句：it is/was+强调部分+that（强调人可用who）+其他。故填it。 3. 考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，科学家正在使用一种名为DeepSee的水下飞行器来探索海底山脉。句中已有谓语动词are using且无连词，故空处应填非谓语动词，逻辑主语vehicle和call之间为被动关系，应用过去分词，作后置定语。故填called。 4. 考查非谓语动词。句意：Las Gemelas周围生活着各种各样的物种。空处应填非谓语动词作后置定语，逻辑主语species和live之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填living。 5. 考查定语从句。句意：这些物种中的一些可能含有能够帮助人们对抗疾病的化学物质。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是chemicals，从句缺少主语，应用关系代词that/which引导从句。故填that/which。 6. 考查定冠词。句意：地球最深的地方是太平洋的马里亚纳海沟。根据最高级deepest可知，此处应填定冠词the。故填The。 7. 考查时态。句意：2012年，电影制作人兼探险家詹姆斯·卡梅隆驾驶一辆名为Deepsee Challenger的车到达了马里亚纳海沟。空处为句子谓语动词，根据时间状语in 2021判断为一般过去时。故填reached。 8. 考查不定式。句意：他是第一个独自完成旅程的人。当名词被序数词修饰，或本身就是序数词时，通常用不定式作后置定语。故填to complete。 9. 考查名词的数。句意：卡梅隆在海底拍摄了照片和视频。take photos“拍照”是固定短语。故填photos。 10. 考查动名词。句意：正如卡梅伦所说，“这是开辟新领域的开始。”位于介词of后应填动名词作宾语。故填opening。 (4) Three months ago George was at the Red Sea and when he came back, brown and happy, he said that he had never had 1 a terrific holiday before. As he was very good at swimming and diving and was 2 (concern) with biology, he managed to join a scientific research group 3 was studying the sea life of the Red Sea coast at that time. The researchers allowed him 4 (help) them in their work and gave him a special diving suit, so he was able to stay deep in the sea for quite a long time. George was amazed at 5 beautiful the underwater world was. Millions of brightly colored fish moved 6 (busy) around him. Crabs, turtles, and sea snakes looked at him curiously and then hurried to do their underwater business. Once, when George followed a little crab, a huge fish appeared from behind a coral rock. Luckily, the shark took no interest 7 him and disappeared into the 8 (deep) as if it had much more important things to do. While George was working for the group, exploring the sea plants and animals in their natural conditions, he 9 (make) a firm decision to go on studying biology and natural sciences as research work became very 10 (attract) to him. 【解析】本文属于记叙文，介绍了George参加了一个研究小组探索海洋世界，下定决心要学习生物学。 1. 考查固定搭配。句意：当他回来的时候，皮肤晒得黝黑，很高兴，他说他以前从来没有过这么棒的假期。名词或名词短语要放在such的后面，而形容词或者副词要放在so的后面。本句中such修饰名词短语a terrific holiday。故填such。 2. 考查固定搭配。句意：他擅长游泳和潜水，又很关心生物学，因此加入了当时正在研究红海沿岸海洋生物的科研组。固定搭配be concerned with译为“对……关心；与……有关”。故填concerned。 3. 考查定语从句。句意见上一题。先行词是a scientific research group，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that或者which引导限制性定语从句。故填that/which。 4. 考查动词短语。句意：研究人员允许他帮助他们的工作，并给了他一件特殊的潜水服，所以他能够在深海待很长时间。固定搭配allow sb to do sth译为“允许某人做某事”。故填to help。 5. 考查宾语从句。句意：乔治对海底世界的美丽感到惊讶。此处为at后的宾语从句，空格后面有how，所以用连接副词引导宾语从句。故填how。 6. 考查副词。句意：数百万条颜色鲜艳的鱼在他周围忙碌地游动。修饰动词需要用副词。故填busily。 7. 考查介词。句意：幸运的是，鲨鱼对他不感兴趣，消失在深海里，好像它有更重要的事情要做。固定搭配take interest in译为“对……有兴趣”。故填in。 8. 考查名词。句意见上一题。根据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处填入名词来做介词into 的宾语。故填depth。 9. 考查时态。句意：当乔治在小组工作，探索海洋植物和动物的自然条件下，他坚定地决定继续学习生物和自然科学，因为研究工作对他非常有吸引力。根据时间状语从句中谓语动词was，可知本句使用一般过去时，所以使用made。故填made。 10. 考查形容词。句意见上一题。本句的主语是research work，句中became是系动词，后面要接形容词构成系表结构became attractive。故填attractive。 (5) Inspired by the work of William Beebe, Dr. Sylvia Earle began her work as an oceanographer at an early age when she 1 (knock) off her feet by a wave. She was fascinated by the ocean and its creatures. Although she struggled 2 (balance) her studies and family, Earle earned her PhD from Duke University, becoming well known in the marine science community. Early in her career and while she was four 3 (month) pregnant, Earle traveled 30.5m below the surface in a submersible. Her experience of 4 (live) in an underwater marine habitat earned her celebrity status in the scientific community. With the experience, Earle developed an interest 5 deep-sea exploration, and in 1979 she broke 6 record for deep-sea diving at 381m below the surface in a special suit called the Jim Suit designed to withstand (承受) the 7 (press). Earle decided to test the suit as part of her research on a book 8 (publish) by the National Geographic Society, and the diving techniques only scratched the surface of the ocean. Following this adventure, Earle started two companies 9 produced deep-sea exploration vehicles. The continued advancement in the technology of these vehicles has helped open up areas in the deep sea 10 (previous) unexplored. 【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了美国深海探险家Sylvia Earle无畏艰险、探索海洋的事迹。 1. 考查动词。句意：受威廉毕比工作的启发，西尔维亚厄尔博士很小的时候就开始了海洋学家的工作，当时她被海浪击倒了。分析句子结构可知，空处应为定语从句的谓语动词。根据时间状语“at an early age”可知，此处是在陈述过去发生的事情，且主语“she”和“knock off”之间是被动关系，需用被动语态。故填was knocked。 2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管厄尔一直在努力平衡学业和家庭，但她还是从杜克大学获得了博士学位，在海洋科学界名声大噪。struggle to do sth.“艰难地做某事，努力做某事”为固定用法。故填to balance。 3. 考查名词。句意：在她职业生涯的早期，也就是怀孕四个月的时候，厄尔曾乘坐潜水器潜到水下30.5米。month为可数名词，由空前的“four”可知，空处需用名词复数。故填months。 4. 考查非谓语动词。句意：她在水下海洋栖息地的生活经历为她在科学界赢得了名人地位。分析句子结构可知，空处作“of”的宾语，应用动词-ing形式。故填living。 5. 考查介词。句意：有了这段经历，厄尔对深海探索产生了兴趣，1979年，她穿着一套名为“吉姆服”的特制潜水服，在海平面以下381米的地方打破了深海潜水的记录。develop an interest in...为固定短语，意为“对……产生兴趣”。故填in。 6. 考查冠词。句意：有了这段经历，厄尔对深海探索产生了兴趣，1979年，她穿着一套名为“吉姆服”的特制潜水服，在海平面以下381米的地方打破了深海潜水的记录。分析句子结构可知，空处应用冠词，且由语境可知，此处表示特指。故填the。 7. 考查名词。句意：有了这段经历，厄尔对深海探索产生了兴趣，1979年，她穿着一套名为“吉姆服”的特制潜水服，在海平面以下381米的地方打破了深海潜水的记录。根据空前的“the”可知，空处应用名词作宾语，再根据语境可知，空处应填pressure，意为“压力”。故填pressure。 8. 考查非谓语动词。句意：厄尔决定测试这套潜水服，作为她对国家地理学会出版的一本书的研究的一部分，而潜水技术只触及了海洋的表面。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词，且“book”和“publish”之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，需用过去分词。故填published。 9. 考查连词。句意：在这次冒险之后，厄尔创办了两家生产深海探测设备的公司。分析句子结构可知，空处应为引导定语从句的关系代词，指代先行词“two companies”在从句中作主语，指物。故填that/which。 10. 考查副词。句意：这些潜水器技术的不断进步，帮助开拓了以前未被探索过的深海区域。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰作定语的过去分词“unexplored”，需用副词形式。故填previously。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$