职教高考英语专题复习（十三）—— 句 法

职教高考专题复习（十三）—— 句 法 知识链接 (一)句子成分 构成篇章的基本单位是句子，每个句子都由词或短语构成，这些构成句子的词或短语就是句子成分。句子成分包括：主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、补语(comple-ment)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)。 1.主语：句子所要说明的人或事物就是主语，它是句子的主体。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句或短语等来充当，位于句首。如: The sun rises in the east. (名词)太阳从东方升起。 He likes dancing.(代词)他喜欢跳舞。 Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)二十年在历史上是很短的一段时间。 Seeing is believing.(动名词)眼见为实。 To see is to believe.(不定式)眼见为实。 What he needs is a book. (主语从句)他需要的是一本书。 It is very clear that the elephant isroundand tall like a tree.(It 为形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)很明显，大象又圆又高，像一棵树。 2.谓语：说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般由动词担当，位于主语的后面，在人称和数的方面必须和主语保持一致。如： We study English.我们学习英语。 He is asleep.他睡着了。 3.宾语：表示动作的对象或内容，通常位于动词后或用于介词后构成介词短语，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。如： (1)动作的承受者——动词宾语 I like China.(名词)我喜欢中国。 He hates you.(代词)他恨你。 I enjoy working with you. (动名词)我喜欢和你一起工作。 I hope to see you again. (不定式)我希望再次见到你。 Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)你把他说的话记下来了吗? (2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介词宾语 Are you afraid of the snake? 你害怕那条蛇吗? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 雪下有很多岩石。 (3)双宾语——间接宾语(指人)和直接宾语(指物) He gave me a book yesterday. 昨天他给了我一本书。 Give the poor man some money. 给那个穷人一些钱。 4.补语：用来对句子中的某些成分(主语、宾语)进行补充说明，称为主补或宾补。 Tom was made monitor. 汤姆被选为班长。(主语补语) I made Tom monitor. 我选汤姆当班长。(宾语补语) 5.表语位于系动词之后，说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态。常见的系动词有be、 become、 look、 sound、 smell、 feel、seem、turn、go、appear、 remain 等。如: It sounds a good idea. Now I feel tired. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. 6.定语：限定或修饰名词或名词词组。通常名词、形容词、数词、不定式、介词短语或定语从句等都可以作定语。如： The man is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend.(代词) We belong to the third world.(数词) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词) The girl in red is my sister.(介词短语) The boys playing football are in Class 2.(现在分词) The trees planted last year are growing well now.(过去分词) I have an idea to do it well.(不定式) You should do everything that I do.(定语从句) 7.状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，表示动作、行为发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式或让步等。如：(以下例句按上述顺序排列) I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. It is such a nice shirt that I'd like to buy it. I like these flowers very much. If you study hard, you will pass the ex-am. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. (二)句子类型 句子在表达不同的内容时需要不同的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。 1.句子根据用途可以分为 4类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。 (1)陈述句 陈述句说明一个事实或者陈述说话人的看法。陈述句又可分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。 1)肯定陈述句构成 一般是主语+谓语动词+其他。如： I'll come here tomorrow. 我明天会来这里。 The boy sitting behind you is my broth-er.坐在你身后的那个男孩是我哥哥。 2)否定陈述句构成 ①谓语动词如果是 be、助动词、情态动词时，在其后加not。如： I am not hungry.我不饿。 She will not/won't go shopping this af-ternoon.今天下午她不去购物。 You must not/mustn't go there alone. 你一定不要单独去那里。 ②如果谓语动词是实义动词，要在其前加do/does/did not( 可 缩 写 为don't/doesn't/didn’t), 注意这类助动词后的实义动词要恢复成原形。如： I don't know how to do it. 我不知道怎样做这件事。 He doesn't go there to swim often. 他不经常去那里游泳。 I didn't cook fish yesterday. 昨天我没做鱼。 ③句中含有 little、few、hardly、never、nei-ther、nor、seldom 等词表否定时,也是否定陈述句。如： Few people like this kind of food. 几乎没有人喜欢这种食物。 There's hardly any tea left. 几乎没有茶叶了。 Neither of the boys is from England. 这两个男孩都不是英国人。 (2)疑问句 疑问句主要用来提出问题，句末用问号。疑问句按其语法结构和交际功能可分为四种：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 1)一般疑问句 一般疑问句常用来询问一件事情或一种情况是否属实，其答语通常是 yes，no 或相当于 yes，no的词语的简略形式。如： ——Are you a fireman? 你是一名消防员吗? —Yes,I am.是的,我是。 ——No,I'm not.不,我不是。 ——Will you agree with us to come here?你同意我们来这里吗? —Yes,I will.是的,我同意。 ——No,I won't.不,我不同意。 一般疑问句的构成： 句中谓语动词是 be、助动词、情态动词时，要将其提到主语前面。如： Is there anything wrong with the ma-chine? 这台机器有什么问题吗? Have you got today's newspaper? 你有今天的报纸吗? Must I finish my work on time? 我必须按时完成我的工作吗? 谓语动词如果是实义动词，则在主语前面加助动词do/does/did，并把原来的动词改为原形。如： Do you exercise every day? 你每天都锻炼吗? Does Susan speak English? 苏珊讲英语吗? Did your sister go hiking last weekend?你姐姐上周末去远足了吗? 2)特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句是对句子的某一特殊部分提出疑问,通常把疑问代词 who、whom、whose、which、what 和疑问副词 when、where、why、how及其短语放在句首, 后加一般疑问句语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答。 特殊疑问句的构成： 疑问代词 who引导的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句相同。如： Who is your favorite movie star? 你最喜欢的电影明星是谁? Who is cooking in the kitchen? 谁在厨房做饭? 其他特殊疑问句的结构是“除 who 以外的疑问代词、疑问副词及其短语+一般疑问句+?” 。如: What do you do when you are not work-ing?你不工作的时候做什么? Which book do you like best? 你最喜欢哪本书? How old is your father? 你爸爸多大年龄了? 3)选择疑问句 选择疑问句是指说话人对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案供对方选择的疑问方式。回答时不能用 yes或no。如: Shall we go by bus or by train? 我们乘汽车还是乘火车去? Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? 你更喜欢哪一样，咖啡还是茶? Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? 唱歌、跳舞和滑冰，你最喜欢哪一样? 4)反义疑问句 在陈述句后面附加一个简略问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问，这种句子叫做反义疑问句。反义疑问句是一种常用于口语的疑问句式，它提出情况或看法，问对方是否同意。 反义疑问句的特点 ①其前后两部分在肯定和否定方面一定要相反，即“前肯后否，前否后肯”； ②前、后两部分在人称、数和时态方面要一致； ③后面简略问句的主语一定是人称代词(there be句型中用 there 作为反义疑问句的主语)。 ④回答反义疑问句时要尊重事实，如果事实是肯定的，就用“Yes，+肯定结构”；如果事实是否定的，就用“No，+否定结构”。 如: ——Tom borrowed your English book yes-terday, didn’t he? 汤姆昨天借了你的英语书,是吗? —Yes, he did.是的,他借了。 ——No, he didn’t.不,他没有借。 —Neither you nor I am good at English, arewe?你和我都不擅长英语，是吗? —Yes, we are.不,我们都擅长。 —No, we aren't.是的,我们都不擅长。 (3)祈使句 祈使句用来发出命令或者提出请求和建议，主语 you常省略，谓语动词用原形，结尾常用感叹号或句号。祈使句的否定形式一般是在句首的动词原形前加 don't或其他否定词如never，但在 let's 开头的句式中，如果用于正式场合, 要在 let's 后的动词原形前加not。如: Let's go to school! 咱们去上学吧! Let's not argue it. 咱们别争论这个了 Be careful! Danger! 小心! 危险! Don't be late! 不要迟到! Never play with fire! 请勿玩火! 为使祈使句听起来比较婉转、客气，可在后面附加一个简略问句。春考大纲要求掌握的此类知识中，不管祈使句是肯定表达还是否定表达，其后面的简略问句有两种情况是通用的： 1)如果祈使句用第一人称形式Let's…，那么疑问部分就用 shall we; 2)如果祈使句用其他人称形式，包括Letus… ,那么疑问部分就用 will you。如: Let's stop here, shall we? 咱们就到这里，好吗? Let us have a rest, will you? 让我们休息一下，好吗? Be quiet, will you? 你安静点,好吗? (4)感叹句。 感叹句是一种特殊的表达强烈感情的句式。主要表现形式有两种,即 what 和 how 引导的感叹句。感叹句中的主语和谓语可省略。做此类试题可用“去主谓比较法”，即先把句中的主语和谓语划去(如果已经省略主语和谓语，则直接判断)，剩下的如果有名词, 就选填what 或 what a(an);如果没有名词,就选填 how。 what 修饰名词或名词短语，其结构为： What+a(an)+(形容词)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语! 或 What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！如： What a beautiful park it is! 多么美丽的公园啊！ What nice flowers they are! 多好看的花啊！ What lovely weather! 多好的天气啊! how 修饰形容词或副词。 其结构为： How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语！ 如: How clever the boy is! 这个男孩真聪明! How nice the flowers are! 这些花多漂亮呀！ How quickly time passed! 时间过得真快！ 感叹句记忆口诀： 感叹句,并不难, what、how 应在前。 形副跟着 how 走, what 后面名词连。 名词若是可数单，前面加上a或an。 主语、谓语放后面，省略它们也常见。 2.句子按其结构可以分为三类：简单句、并列句和复合句。 (1)简单句：只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。简单句的五种基本句型： 1)基本句型一:S+Vi.(主语+不及物动词) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，不需要宾语及补语，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。如： The sun| was shining.阳光灿烂。 The moon|rose.月亮升起来。 He breathed deeply.他深吸了一口气。 Lucy and Mary I get up earlyeverymorning.露西和玛丽每天早晨早起。 2)基本句型二:S+Vi.+P(主语+系动词+表语) 此句型的共同特点：句子谓语动词本身有词义，但不能表达一个完整的意思，不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份等情况，才能表达一个完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。常见的系动词有:be, look, feel,seem, smell, sound, taste, keep, become, grow,turn, fall, appear等。be 没有动作意义, 只起连系主语和表语的作用。其他系动词动作意味减弱，只是表示状态的转变或延续。如： This is an English-Chinese dictiona-ry.这是一本英汉词典。 That photo doesn't look like her atall.那张照片看上去一点也不像她。 The dinner smells good. 晚饭闻起来很香。 He is growing|tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 Her face turned red.她的脸变红了。 He fell asleep on the sofa. 他在沙发上睡着了。 【注意】 有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时有词义，可单独作谓语。 如: He suddenly fell ill.他突然病倒了。(fell是系动词，后跟形容词作表语，说明主语情况) He fell from his bike.他从自行车上摔了下来。(fell是实义动词，动作性强，单独作谓语) 3)基本句型三:S+Vt.+O(主语+及物动词+宾语) 此句型的共同特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须后跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 如: Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案? We planted a lot of trees. 我们种了很多树。 You can use my pen. 你可以用我的笔。 He enjoys reading.他喜欢读书。 She lost her wallet in the street. 她在街上丢了钱包。 He said goodbye to his friend. 他向朋友道别。 4)基本句型四:S+Vt.+I. O+D. O(主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) 此句型的共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(多指物)，即直接宾语，另一个是动作的间接承受者(多指人)，即间接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如： Her friend bought her a birthdaypresent.她的朋友给她买了一个生日礼物。 I showed him my pictures. 我给他看了我的照片。 如果直接宾语是人称代词，则必须把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，且间接宾语前要加介词to 或 for，这主要取决于谓语动词。间接宾语前加介词 to 的动词有: give, tell, lend, show,teach, send, write, bring, pass, leave, of-fer等。如: I sent a gift to Susan. 我送给苏珊一份礼物。 My friend wrote a long letter to me. 我朋友给我写了一封长信。 间接宾语前加介词 for 的动词有：buy, make, choose, get, order, sing, play,provide等。如: I'll provide a new position for you. 我会给你提供一个新的职位。 Tom's mother bought a pair of newshoesfo r him.汤姆的妈妈给他买了一双新鞋。 5)基本句型五:S+Vt.+O+O. C(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语) 此句型的共同特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能使句意表达清楚，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。如： She really drove|me| mad. 她真把我惹火了。 My father named|the dog|Harley. 父亲给这只狗取名为哈利。 【注意】 现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与现在分词之间是主动关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与过去分词之间是被动关系。如： I found the movie interesting. 我发现这部电影很有趣。(电影有趣) I had my bike repaired. 我请人修了自行车。(自行车被修) 简单句除了以上五种基本句型外，还有一种 There be句型。 ①there be结构是一种特殊句式, 表示“在什么地方或时间存在(发生)什么事”, 常用结构是“there be +主语 + 地点/时间状语” 、 加. There is a computer in the room. 房间里有一台电脑。 There are two books on the desk. 桌子上有两本书。 ②此结构中be的单复数形式应和它后面的主语保持一致，如果出现并列主语，一般应和就近的主语部分保持一致，简称“就近原则” 。 如: There is a pen and some books on thedesk.桌子上有一支钢笔和一些书。 There are twelve girls and a boy intherow.这一排有12个女孩和一个男孩。 ③there be 句型的否定结构是在系动词be后加 not 或 no,疑问结构是把be 提到there前。如: There are not any books on the desk.=There are no books on the desk. 桌子上没有书。 Are there any people in the room? 房间里有人吗? (2)并列句 并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成，其中的简单句是平行并列关系，称为分句，各分句之间通常是用一个并列连词来连接。常用的并列连词有:and, but, for , while, not only… but also, either. .. or,neither…nor等。如: I like dancing, and I like singing, too. 我喜欢跳舞，也喜欢唱歌。 She can jump high, but she can't jumpfar.她能跳得高，但她跳不远。 The winter in Beijing is very coldwhilethat of Kunming is warm.北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很温暖。 (3)复合句 包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个(或多个)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分，这样的句子叫做复合句。充当句子成分的主谓结构就是从句，常由从属连词引出，总是用陈述语序。根据从句在句中的作用，从句分为名词性从句(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)，形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。 内容详见后面。 (4)倒装句 英语最基本的句式结构是主谓结构，即主语在前，谓语在后。但在实际应用中，因语法结构或表达的需要，或是为了强调，常把谓语移到主语之前，称为倒装。 倒装结构又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指句子中整个谓语都提到主语前面，即谓语+主语的语序。只有部分谓语提到主语的前面，即“be/助动词/情态动词+主语+…”的结构，称之为部分倒装。 考试大纲中只要求掌握由 so、neither、nor引导的倒装句。 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用由 so、neither、nor 在句首引导倒装句。其中，由 so引导的倒装句表肯定义，表示“也是(与前面所述的肯定情况相同)”；由neither/nor引导的倒装句表否定义, 表示“也不是(与前面所述的否定情况相同)”。这一类倒装句的基本结构为： ①so+be 动词/助动词/情态动词+主语。如: —He likes travelling.他喜欢旅行。 —So do I.我也是。 ——Jim can play chess well. 吉姆下棋下得不错。 ——So can Lily.莉莉也是。 ②neither/nor+be 动词/助动词/情态动词+主语。 如: ——Jack won't go to the party. 杰克不会去参加聚会。 —Neither will I.我也不去。 ——Tom never has breakfast at school. 汤姆从不在学校吃早餐。 —Nor does Mary.玛丽也不。 (5)强调 为了加强语气，需要强调句子中的某一成分，这样的句子称为强调句。译成汉语时，被强调部分常用“正是”，“就是”，“的确”， “务必”等词来表示强调的含义。根据句子中强调的成分不同，职教高考大纲出现的强调方式有两种： ①由it引导的强调句。其结构为: It+be+被强调部分+that+句子其余部分。 此结构中，被强调部分通常为主语、宾语、状语。当被强调部分为人，且在句中作主语时, 可用 who, 也可用 that, 其他情况一律用that。如: It was Mr. Li that (who) sent me the let-ter.给我寄信的正是李先生。(强调主语) It is the movie that they talked about thedaybefore yesterday.这就是他们前天讨论的那部电影。(强调宾语) It was on Monday night that all this hap-pened.所有这一切发生在周一晚上。 (强调状语) ②用助动词 do (does/did)构成的强调句。其结构为:助动词 do (does/did)+动词原形。 此结构中，被强调部分是谓语动词。如： He does know the place well.他的确很熟悉这个地方。 Do write to me when you get there.你到那儿后务必给我来信。 ③so+主语+be/助动词/情态动词构成的强调句。注意跟前面的so+be/助动词/情态动词+主语表示也是区分开。如： He really likes the blue T-shirt. 他真是喜欢那件蓝色的 T恤。 So he does. He wears it every day. 他确实很喜欢，他每天都穿着。 (6)虚拟语气 虚拟语气通常用于假设，常见于if引导的句子。如： How I wish I were a bird! 我多么希望我是一只鸟啊！(实际不可能是) If I were you ,I would accept his advice. 如果我是你，我会接受他的建议。(实际并不是) 【注意】 ①虚拟语气用相应的动词过去式; ②虚拟语气中 be动词只有 were。 1.(2022·春考真题) You won't go to the gym today，__________. A. Nor I will B. Nor will I C. So I will D. So will I 2.(2022·春考真题)—David,_______me a phone call as soon as you arrive at the train station. —OK, Dad. A. give B. gives C. giving D. go give 3.(2022·春考真题)—I feel a little nervous about the coming interview. —Don't worry. I _______believe you can make it. A. do B. does C. did D. done 4.(2021·春考真题)—Alex, here_______ the bus. —Let's go. A. come B. was coming C. will come D. comes 5.(2022·春 考 真题)—_______Amazing!Chinese Women's Football Team won the chancè to enter the Tokyo Olympics. —Wow! exciting news it is! A. What an B. What a C. How D. What 6. _______was on the Mid-Autumn Day _______Lin Mei gave her mother a new handbag. A. That;that B. It;that C. That;which D. It;which 7.—_______ do you watch a film? —Once a month. A. How long B. How often C. How soon D. How far 8.—All of us have passed the English test. —_______exciting news it is! A. How B. What C. What an D. How an 9. _______me a call before you arrive, andI'll meet you at the train station. A. Give B. Giving C. To give D. Given 10. _______she dances! A. How good B. How well C. What well D. What good 11. Bob has lunch at home,_______? A. has he B. hasn't he C. does he D. doesn't he 12.—There is little milk left in the bottle, is there? —_______. I will go to the supermarket this afternoon. A. Yes, there is B. Yes, there isn't C. No, there is D. No, there isn't 13. They were tired,_______they continued their work. A. so B. until C. but D. that 14. _______Tom _____Mary speaks Chinese well. They can communicate with their Chinese friends very well. A. Neither;nor B. Not only;but also C. Both;and D. Either;or 15.—Make up your mind,_______you will miss the chance. —I see, thank you. A. and B. or C. but D. for 16.—_______do you express your thanks _______your mother? —I usually send my mother a gift. A. What;to B. How;to C. What;for D. How;for 17. _______was Mary _______I met in the street yesterday. A. It;that B. That;who C. It;whichD. That;which 18. Please _______the rubbish into different litter bins. A. puts B. put C. putting D. to put 19. Let's go for a walk,_______? A. don't we B. shall we C. do we D. will you 20. _______be careful when you cross the road. A. Do B. Does C. Did D. To do 21. I like Chinese food best,_______. A. So like I B. So do I C. So am I D. So did I 22. If you_______ in trouble , you could ask me for help. A. were B. was C. are D. will be 23. Two hundred yuan _______not a large sum. A. are B. is C. were D. was 24. There _______a sports meeting in our school tomorrow. A. is going to B. will have C. are going to be D. is going to be 【定时练】 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 一、单项选择 1. _______cold weather! You’ d better put on your coat. A. How B. What a C. What D. How a 2.—_______late for school next time. —Sorry,I won't. A. Don't be B. Not being C. Not be D. Not to be 3.—Tom has few friends,_______? —Yes, he often feels lonely. A. has he B. doesn't he C. doesn't Tom D. does he 4. The new film has been on for one week. Let's go to see it,_______? A. will you B. shall we C. won't we D. don't you 5. _______nice the ice cream looks! Ican’t wait to taste it. A. How a B. How C. What a D. What 6. How I wish every family_______ a beautiful house with a large garden! A. have B. has C. had D. will have 7. _______me the truth, and,I will do my best to help you. A. Telling B. To tell C. Told D. Tell 8. —The English speech sounds quite in-teresting! —_______. Why don't you join us? A. So is it B. So it is C. So you are D. So are you 9.—Is this a new film or an old one? —_________ A. Yes, it is B. No, it isn't C. A new film D. An old film 10.—You haven’ t heard of it, have you? —_______ A. Yes,I heard B. Yes,I haven't C. No,I haven't D. No,I have 11.—Helen used to walk to school last year. —_______. We always went to school together. A. So do I B. So am I C. So I did D. So did I 12. Here _______the NO.120 Bus. Please be quickly! A. comes B. coming C. came D. has come 13. I usually read books in my spare time, _______my brother usually play phone games. A. and B. or C. while D. but 14. She_______ the place well. A. know B. does know C. to know D. do knows 15. Practice more,_______you’ ll learnEnglish better. A. or B. so C. and D. but 二、补全对话 Mike:Look at the river! How dirty the river is! Lily:Yes. It was seriously polluted. Mike:1_______. caused the problem? Lily:It was mostly caused by the factories. Mike: What can be done to reduce the2_______. ? Lily:First the factories must stop pouring dirty water 3_______.the river. Mike:What 4_______. we do? Lily:It is important to let people know how to protect the environment. Mike:You are 5_______.. If we don't do something, the environment will be-come worse. Lily:That's true. $$