职教高考英语专题复习——（十一）非谓语动词

职教高考专题复习——（十一）非谓语动词 知识链接 在英语中，不能作句子谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、动词现在分词和动词过去分词。 (一)动词不定式 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，但有些情况不带 to。不定式的否定形式为“not+不定式”，不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语，但是可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。 1.作主语 (1)不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。当代英语常用代词it作形式主语，而把真实主语不定式移到句子后部去，这样句子结构会显得更平稳。如： To see is to believe.眼见为实。 It is bad for your health to stay up late.熬夜对你的健康有害。 (2)如果需要说明动词不定式表示的动作是谁做的，一般在不定式前加一个由 for/of 引起的短语,构成句型 It is+adj.+for/of sb. to do sth.。其中for和of的用法区别：如果作表语的形容词描述的是事物的特征就用for；如果这个形容词描述的是人的特征或是对人的行为的评价就用of。常与 for搭配的形容词有important, necessary, easy, hard, difficult等。常与 of 搭配的形容词有 good、nice、kind、clever、right、wrong、polite、rude、careless、wise、 foolish、stupid等。如: It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chi-nese.外国人学汉语是困难的。 It was very kind of you to say so. 你这么说真是太好了。 (3) It takes sb.十时间+to do sth. 做某事花费某人多少时间。如： It took them three years to build theroad.他们花三年的时间修完了这条路。 It was wise of him to do that. 他那样做是明智的。 2.作表语 不定式作表语，一般用来说明主语的具体内容。如： Her dream is to be a doctor. 她的梦想是成为一名医生。 His job is to look after the patients. 他的工作是照顾病人。 3.作宾语 (1)有些及物动词只能用动词不定式作宾语,构成 v.+to do 结构。常见的有:afford、a-gree、 expect、 hope、 manage、 offer、 plan、pre-pare、 promise、 want、 wish、 wouldlike/love等。如: I decided to learn Japanese next month. 我决定下个月学日语。 She offered to go with us. 她提出和我们一起去。 (2)常跟疑问词(以及 whether 和 if)+不定式作宾语的动词有:ask、consider、decide、discover、 discuss、 explain、 know、remember、 tell、 understand等。 如: I don't know where to spend my holiday. 我不知道去哪里度假。 We are considering how to deal withtheproblem.我们正在考虑怎么处理这个问题。 (3)如果动词不定式作宾语，且其后有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，放在谓语动词后面，而将动词不定式放到补足语后面。比较常见的搭配如make/think/find it+adj. forsb. to do。如: I find it difficult to remember every-thing.我发现很难记住所有的事情。 Jim finds it hard to get along with her. 吉姆发现很难和她相处。 4.作宾语补足语。 在动词ask、allow、expect、force、get、hate、invite、order、permit、 tell、want等动词后跟不定式作宾语补足语 We invite Sue to have dinner with us. 我们邀请苏和我们一起吃晚饭。 The teacher asked you not to be late. 老师叫你不要迟到。 5.作定语 动词不定式作定语时，必须放在其所修饰的名词或代词后面。如： I have a meeting to attend. 我要去参加一个会议。 This is the best way to work outthisproblem.这是解决这个问题的最好方法。 Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我们班长是第一个到的。 6.作状语 (1)作目的状语,常与 in order to, so as to连用, in order to 在句首和句中均可, so as to只能在句中;其否定式分别为 in order not to和so as not to。如: He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. 他去上海看望他的父母。 I went to America in order/so as to learnEnglish.我去美国是为了学英语。 To catch the early bus, he got up early.为了赶上早班公交车，他早早起床。 (2)作结果状语,常与 enough to、too... to等连用，前者表示肯定的结果，后者表示否定的结果。如： The little boy is old enough to go toschool.这个小男孩到了入学的年龄了。 It was too bright to see the stars clearly. 天太亮了，看不清星星。 (3)作原因状语。如： The girl jumped with joy to hear thenews.那个女孩听到这个消息高兴得跳起来。 I'm very pleased to see you. 见到你我很高兴。 (4)不定式与某些形容词连用，构成be+形容词+不定式的形式。这类的形容词有eager、 ready、 sure、 glad、 pleased、 sorry、afraid、 free、 able、 determined、 willing等。 如: be eager to do sth. be ready to do sth. 急于做某事 准备好做某事 be sure to do sth. be glad to do sth. 一定会做某事 高兴做某事 be pleased to do sth./ be sorry to do sth. 乐于做某事 对做某事感到遗憾 be afraid to do sth. / be free to do sth. 害怕做某事 随意做某事 be able to do sth. /be determined to 能够做某事 do sth.决心做某事 be willing to do sth.愿意做某事 7.疑问词+不定式结构 不定式可以和疑问代词 what, which 或疑问副词 how, when, where等连用,构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语和表语。如： Where to get the book is what I wanttoknow.我想知道在哪里能买到这本书。 He will tell us how to use the instru-ment.他将告诉我们如何使用这台仪器。 The question is which one to choose. 问题是选择哪一个。 【注意】 (1)在使役动词 have、make、let和感官动词 feel、 hear、 listen to、 see、watch、notice、look at 等后作宾语补足语时,动词不定式不带 to。help后面的动词不定式可以带to，也可以不带 to。 We often hear her sing songs in the gar-den.我们经常听到她在花园里唱歌。 The old woman watched the bus disap-pear into the distance. 老妇人看着公共汽车消失在远处。 I will help you (to) finish this task. 我将帮助你完成这项任务。 (2)当这些动词(have、let除外)在被动句中作谓语时，后面的动词不定式就必须带 to。即主动省略 to,被动还原 to。如: He was seen to fall.有人看见他摔倒了。 The students are made to work hard. 学生们被迫努力学习。 (3)感官动词 feel、 hear、 listen to、 see、watch、notice、look at等后面可以用 do sth.作宾补也可以用 doing 作宾补,但是 doing 作宾补强调动作正在进行，do sth.表示经常。如： I saw the boy climbing the wall. 我看见孩子在爬墙。 I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见孩子爬墙了。 He heard someone knocking at the door. 他听到有人在敲门。 He heard someone knock at the door. 他听到有人敲门了。 (4)四个表示让的动词的用法 make/have/let sb. do get sb. to do 使某人做某事 get/make/have/let sb./sth. done 使某事/某人被…… be made to do 某人被迫某事 (二)动词+ing形式 可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。 1.动词+ing形式作主语。如: Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 Typing is my favorite job. 打字是我最喜欢的工作。 【注意】动词+ing 短语作主语时，以及在It is no use/good+v.-ing 等习惯表达中,常用it作形式主语。如： It's no use complaining. 抱怨是没有用的。 It will be nice seeing you again. 很高兴再次见到你。 2.动词+ing形式作宾语。 (1)只可跟 v.+ing 形式作宾语的动词或短语常见的有:enjoy(喜欢), practice(练习), avoid(避免), mind(介意), finish(完成),con-sider(考虑), keep(保持), miss(错过),permit(允许), suggest(建议), imagine(想象), re-quire(需要), risk(冒……的危险), can't help(禁不住,忍不住), feel like(想要), give up(放弃),keep on(继续), put off(推迟)等。在形容词worth, busy等词的后面,也需要用 v.+ing形式作宾语。如： He enjoys listening to classical music. 他喜欢听古典音乐。 We must avoid making such mistakesagain.我们必须避免再犯类似错误。 Do you feel like walking there with me? 你想和我步行去那里吗? This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 (2)既可以用v.+ing形式作宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语常见的动词有：begin，hate, like, love, prefer, need, start等。 【注意】①stop to do something,表示停下来(正在做的)去做某事;stop doing some-thing表示停止做某事。如： It was time for class. The students stopped talking. 上课时间到了，学生们停止了谈话。 While working, we should not stop to talk to others. 工作时，我们不应该停下来和别人说话。 ②continue/go on to do sth.表示某一件事已做完,再接着去做另一件事;continue/goon doingsth.指做某一事因故暂停，尚未做完，再继续做下去。也可表示“一直做某事” ; go on withsth.表示“继续某事”，其后通常接名词或代词作宾语。如： He went on to talk about thecompanysituation.他接着又谈了谈公司的情况。 After a short break, he went on readingthetext.休息一会儿后，他继续读课文。 Please go on with your story. 请继续讲你的故事。 ③forget/remember/regret后用动词不定式作宾语，表示未做的事；用 v.+ing 形式作宾语，则表示已做的事。如： I remember taking the medicine at the right time.我记得已按时服过药了。 I remember to take the medicine at the right time.我记住要按时服药。 ④try to do sth.表示“力图(设法、努力)做某事”, try doing sth. 表 示“试 着 做 某事” 。如: I try to solve the problem. 我试图解决这个问题。 John isn't here. Try phoning his home number. 约翰不在这儿。打他家里的电话试试。 ⑤need, want, require 后既可跟 v. +ing形式作宾语，表示被动含义，也可跟不定式的被动结构。即 require/need/want doing=re-quire/need/want to be done 如: My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired.我的自行车需要修理。 (3)介词后要用v.+ing 形式作宾语，而不用动词不定式。如： Children are fond of reading stories. 儿童喜欢读故事。 I am thinking of buying a new car. 我在考虑买一辆新车。 Since leaving school he has worked hard. 自从离开学校以来，他一直努力工作。 3.动词+ing形式作表语。如: The main thing is getting there in time. 首要的事是及时到达那里。 My favorite sport is playing football. 我最喜欢的运动是踢足球。 4.动词+ing形式作定语。 动词+ing 形式单独作定语一般放在被修饰词之前,但要放在 something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词之后;动词+ing形式的短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句。如： We are having a relaxing holiday. 我们正在过一个轻松的假期。 He is studying in the reading room. 他正在阅览室里学习。 Is there anything exciting for tonight? 今晚有什么精彩的节目吗? You may ask the lady (who is) sitting at the desk. 你可以问一问坐在桌子旁边的那位女士。 5.动词+ing形式作宾语补足语 常跟动词+ing 形式作宾补的动词有：have，make, see, hear, notice, watch, find, feel, keep,leave 等。如: I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 She found a book lying on the ground. 她发现地上有一本书。 6.动词+ing形式作状语，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件和伴随情况等，起状语从句的作用，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。 (1)时间状语 Looking out of the window,I saw so many ducks swimming in the pool. 从窗口望去，我看见许多鸭子在池塘里游泳。 He had an accident driving to work. 他开车上班时出了事故。 (2)原因状语 Being a Chinese,I am very proud ofourcountry's profound culture.作为一个中国人,我为祖国博大精深的文化而自豪。 Knowing you wanted to go to the con-cert,Ibought a ticket for you.知道你想去听音乐会, 我给你买了一张票。 (3)方式或伴随状语 I walked out of the room smiling to my-self.我微笑着走出房间。 (4)结果状语 The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it. 小孩摔了一跤，头碰在门上破了。 (5)条件状语 If playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 如果整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 (三)动词的过去分词 动词的过去分词可以在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。 1.动词过去分词作表语。如： I was very disappointed to hear that you didn't pass the exam. 听说你考试不及格，我很失望。 They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 2.动词过去分词作定语，与被修饰名词形成被动关系。如： This is the book written by an American.这就是那本由美国人写的书。 The school called“Hope” is the best inthecity.那所叫做“希望”的学校是城里最好的。 3.动词过去分词作状语。它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致，常用作被动关系。如： Educated in the United States, she speaksEnglish quite well. 由于在美国受过教育，她英语说得很好。 Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. 如果及时服用，这种药是相当有效的。 4.动词过去分词作宾语补足语，宾语与过去分词为被动关系，表示被动意义或完成意义。 如: We found the river polluted. 我们发现这条河被污染了。 We wished the problem settled at once.我们希望问题马上解决。 【专项训练】 1.(2021·春考真题) the Great Wall is Mr. Smith's dream of this year. A. To visit B. Visit C. Visited D. Visits 2.(2021·春考真题)I will go to the hospital to have my eyes tomorrow. A. check B. to check C. checked D. checking 3.(2022·春考真题) We believe all countries can work together a community with a shared future for mankind. A. build B. builds C. built D. to build 4. The boy was tired get up on time. A. too;to B. so;that C. so;to D. to;too 5. Sara practices the piano hard and often gives wonderful performances. A. play B. playing C. plays D. to play 6. Smart phones by Huawei are getting more and more popular around the world. A. made B. making C. to make D. make 7. It is wise Linda her friends for help. A. for;asking B. for;to ask C. of;asking D. of;to ask 8. There are so many kinds of computers in the shop. He can't decide . A. to buy what B. which to buy C. what to buy D. to buy which 9.—Would you like to go camping with us this weekend? —I'm sorry, but my father and I planned Beijing a long time ago. A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited 10. Young people are encouraged to work hard their own dreams. A. realize B. realizes C. to realize D. realizing 11.——I'm Daisy, not Jessie. ——Sorry, I have difficulty people's names. A. remembering B. remember C. to remember D. remembered 12. Every morning, Tim often sees some groups of middle-aged women in the square. A. dance B. to dance C. dances D. danced 13. He is not old enough to school. A. gone B. going C. went D. to go 14. Don't forget the light when you leave. A. turn off B. turn on C. to turn on D. to turn off 15.——I feel tired and sleepy. —Why not for a while? A. stop to rest B. stopping to rest C. stop resting D. stop ping resting 16.—Would you mind in the dining hall? —Of course not. A. not to smoke B. not smoking C. smoke D. not smoke 17. from the hill, the village is like a beautiful picture. A. See B. To see C. Seen D. Seeing 18. The man by the tree is my elder brother. A. stand B. stood C. standing D. to stand 19. Tim often made his little sister , but yesterday he was made . A. cry;crying B. cry;to cry C. cried;crying D. cry;cried 20. Thanks a lot for (ask) me to your party. 21. Please ask him (do) some wash-ing after supper. 22. It is time for class. The students stop (talk) at once. 23. I am sorry (trouble) you. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 【定时练】 一、单项选择 1. Vivian refuses her children to the weekend training centre for extra classes. A. to send B. sending C. sent D. sends 2.—Do you have any plans for the holiday? —Yes,I'm planning to travel to Jiuzhaigou. I'm looking forward to the colourful lakes and amazing water-falls. A see B. seeing C. sees D. saw 3.—I tried to make Alice her mind but I found it difficult. —Well,I saw you that when I went past. A. changed;do B. changes;doing C. change;to do D. change;doing 4. Our teacher advises us the habit of making notes while reading. A. to develop B. develop C. to developing D. developing 5. Some people enjoy out their messages in bottles when they travel on the sea. A. to send B. send C. sending D. sent 6. The workers are busy windows to the new building these days. A. fix B. fixed C. fixing D. to fix 7. The doctor did what he could the girl whorwa s badly hurt in the acci-dent. A. save B. saving C. to save D. saves 8. I am thinking about which room _______. A. live in B. to live in C. to live D. to live with 9. Our parents always try their best to stop us from mistakes. A. make B. made C. makes D. making 10. The English teacher advised us more. A. to practice speaking B. practicing to speak C. to practice to speak D. practicing speaking 11. Martin was too busy _______his part-time job to have dinner with his friends last weekend. A. doing B. to do C. did D. do 12. It is said that listening to music makes a person feel _______when he is tired. A. relaxing B. relaxed C. relax D. relaxes 13.—China is getting better and better at making high technology products. —That's right. People around the world can hardly avoid products made in China. A. not buying B. not to buy C. to buy D. buying 14. Your hair is too long. You’ d better have it . A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. cutted 15.—Who's the boy in white T-shirt under the tree? —My brother. A. stand B. to stand C. stood D. standing 二、短文填空 We can't remember 1 . (clear) since when we started to take our mobile phones to a dinner table. This happens a lot,especially when we eat out. Once2 . (dish) come, we take out our mobile phones 3 . take photos in-stead of lifting our chopsticks. Later, we post the photos onto Weibo orWechat,4 . (wait) to be “liked” . A recent study 5 . (suggest) that what we are used to 6 .(do) is not that good. Spending time taking pho-tos of food makes the food less pleasant. So7 . not stop taking photos and just enjoy the food ahead of you? So, next time you go out to have din-ner, how 8 . not taking photos of food? Let the food be delicious as it is and share 9 .(you) life with others. Trust me, and it will be a 10 .（wonder) time. $$