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职教高考专题复习(一)---名 词
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知识链接
名词是表示人和事物名称的词。
(一)名词的分类
名词根据其意义可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1.专有名词:表示特定的人或事物名称的词叫做专有名词。如:Snow White(白雪公主), Sunday, China, New York 等。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词前不能加冠词,如果专有名词含有名词短语,则必须使用定冠词 the,且 the的首字母不大写。
如:theSpring Festival, the Summer Palace(颐和园), the USA, the UN(联合国)等。
2.普通名词:表示一类人或物,或是一个抽象概念的名词叫做普通名词。
普通名词又可分为以下四类:
(1)个体名词:表示单个(类)的人或事物。如:man, doctor, car, table等。
(2)集体名词:表示由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family, class, people, police等。
(3)物质名词:表示不能分为个体的事物。 如:water, milk, coffee, rice, wind等。
(4)抽象名词:表示人或事物的动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。 如:work,peace, health, love, hate, help等。
名词的分类如下:
专有名词 个体名词
名词 可数名词
普通名词 集体名词
不可数名词 物质名词
(二)名词的数 抽象名词
一般来讲,个体名词和大多数集体名词属于可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。
1.可数名词
表示可以计数的事物的名词,叫做可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,可数名词的单数形式用名词原形表示,复数形式一般有规则与不规则两种变化形式。
(1)名词变复数的规则变化有以下几种:
规则
读音
例词
1)一般情况下, 在名词的词尾加“-s”
清 辅 音 后读/s/,浊辅音和元音后读/z/
book→books, dog→dogs,
tree→trees
2)以-S、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词, 在词尾加“-es”
读/iz/
bus→buses, box→boxes,
watch→watches,dish→dishes
3)以辅音字母加 y结尾的名词,先将y变为i, 再加“-es”
读/iz/
baby→babies, city→cities
4) 以-f或-fe结尾的名词
①先将f或fe 变为 v,再加“_es”
读/vz/
life→lives, wife-wives,
knife-knives
②直接在词尾加“_s”
读/s/
roof → roofs ( 屋顶),proof→proofs(证明),
safe→safes(保险箱),gulf→gulfs(海湾),
chief→chiefs(首领)
③两者均可
wharf→wharves/wharfs(码头),
scarf → scarves/scarfs(围巾),
hoof→hoofs/hooves( 马 等 动物的蹄子)
5)以-o结尾的名词
①少数在词尾加“-es”
读/z/
potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,
hero→heroes,Negro→Negroes
② 多数 在词尾加“
读/z/
photo→photos,piano→pianos,zoo→zoos,
一头小牛(calf)正在树下吃叶子(leaf),一只狼(wolf)躲在架子(shelf)后窥视,尾巴的一半(half)露在外面。小偷(thief)的妻子(wife)忘记了自我(self),手拿一把匕首(knife),结束了狼的生命(life)。
联想记忆:
以-o结尾的名词中,在词尾加“-es”的名词有:
黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)爱吃土豆(pota-to)和西红柿(tomato)。
(2)名词复数的不规则变化:
1)某些元音发生改变。
如:man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,tooth→t eeth,mouse→mice,goose→geese等。
2)在词尾加“-ren” 。如:child→children。
3)名词的单复数形式相同。如: fish, sheep,deer 等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词,如:yuan。另外,以-ese或-ss结尾表示民族的名词单复数也同形, 如: Chi-nese, Japanese,Swiss等。
4)以其他形式结尾的表示民族、某国人的名词变复数时在词尾加“-s”,
如:Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians,Italians, Ger-mans等。
【注意】 Englishman →Englishmen, Frenchman→Frenchmen。
联想记忆:
男人女人 a 变 e:man→men,woman→women
鹅足牙 oo 变ee:goose→geese,foot→feet,tooth→teeth
老鼠虱子也好记 ous 变ic:mouse→mice, louse-lice
鱼鹿绵羊不用变:fish→fish,deer→deer,sheep→sheep
孩子加上ren:child→children
5)复合名词的复数变化:
①有主体名词的,把主体名词变成复数。
②没有主体名词的,则在词尾加“-s” 。 如:grown-up→grown-ups(成年人), go-be-tween→go-betweens(中间人)等。
③由man 或 woman构成的复合名词,前后两个词都变成复数。如:
mand river→men drivers, woman doctor→wo mendoctors等。
(3)名词单、复数的特殊意义和用法:
1)某些学科名词虽然以“s”结尾,但仍然为不可数名词。如:maths(数学), politics(政治), physics(物理)。
2) people 是集体名词,为复数。但作为“民族”讲时,为单数,复数形式要用peoples。
3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名一般视为单数。如:the ArabianNights(《一千零一夜》)等。
4)由两部分构成的物体,若要表达具体的数目,需借助数量词pair(一对,一双, 一副)来表述。如:a pair of glasses(一副眼镜),threepairs of trousers(三条裤子), two pairsofshoes(两双鞋)等。再次提到时,用 them去指代,用 pair 作为计量单位:例如:This pairoftrousers is too large. I don’t like them. Iwantanother pair.
5)有些集合名词形式上是单数,但却用作复数。如:police(警察), people(人,公民)等。
6)由“the+形容词”变成的名词,表示一类人,通常用作复数。如:the young(年轻人), the old(老年人)等。
2.不可数名词
表示不可以计数的事物的名词,叫做不可数名词。不可数名词没有单数与复数的区分。
(1)不可数名词的特征:
1)不可数名词在句子中一般被视为单数,前面不能用不定冠词a或an,但可以用定冠词the。如:
Pass me some rice, please.
请把米饭递给我。
The coffee tastes good.咖啡味道不错。
2)表示一类事物的不可数名词在句子中作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;表示两类以上事物的不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
Glass is an important material.
玻璃是一种重要的材料。
Bread and milk are on the table.
面包和牛奶在桌子上。
(2)不可数名词的数量表示:
1)物质名词和抽象名词一般是借助数词和量词来表示一定的量,当数词大于 1时,量词要变为复数。如:
a piece of advice 一条建议
two pieces of information 两条信息
three glasses of water 三杯水
2)物质名词在某些情况下可变为可数名词,有复数形式的变化,这时物质名词转化为个体名词。如:
Cake is a kind of food.
蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)
These cakes taste good.
这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)
(3)有些名词可兼做可数名词和不可数名词,但意义不同。如:
glass玻璃(不可数)
glass玻璃杯(可数)
paper纸张(不可数)
paper报纸;试卷(可数)
room 空间,余地(不可数)
room 房间,客房(可数)
time时间(不可数)
time 次数,倍数(可数)
beauty美,美丽(不可数)
beauty美人;美好的东西(可数)
change找给的零钱, 硬币(不可数)
change更换,替代物(可数)
抽象名词在一些固定短语中,可用作可数名词。如:
take a walk散步 catch a cold 感冒
have a rest 休息
(三)名词所有格
名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。名词所有格表示的是一种“所属”关系,功能相当于形容词,修饰、限制其后的中心词。
1.名词所有格的形式:
名词所有格有两种形式:一是在名词后面加's的形式;二是介词 of+名词的形式。前者多用于构成表示有生命的名词的所有格,后者多用于构成表示没有生命的名词的所有格。
名词后面加 's的构成形式:
(1)无论单、复数,如果名词词尾没有s, 则在名词后加's。如:the boy's toy(男孩的玩具), Jack’s book(杰克的书), women’sclothes(女装), Children's Day(儿童节)。
(2)如果名词词尾有 s,则在名词后只加符号 “’ ” 。如:the students’classroom(学生的教室), the two boys'father(那两个男孩的父亲)。
【注意】 词尾有s的专有名词的所有格加's或“,”都可以。
(3)复合名词或词群的所有格要在最后一个词的词尾加 's。如:the editor-in-chief'sof-fice(总编的办公室), my sister Mary'sbag(我妹妹玛丽的包)。
(4)表示几个名词共有的所属关系,要在最后一个词的词尾加 's;表示几个词各自的所属关系,则在每个词的词尾加 's。如:TomandJack’s room(汤姆和杰克共有的房间),Tom'sand Jack's cars(汤姆和杰克各自的汽车)。
介词of+名词的形式构成形式:
常用冠词(a/an/the)名词 of名词
如:a map of China 一张中国地图
2.名词所有格的用法:
(1)“'s”格式常用于构成有生命的事物的名词所有格,但在一些情况下也可以构成某些表示无生命的事物的名词所有格。
1)表时间。如:a month's time(一个月的时间)。
2)表距离。如:a hundred miles’distance(100英里的距离)。
3)表群体。如:the family's decision(家庭的决定)。
4)表自然现象。如:the earth's gravity(地球的引力)。
5)表量衡和价值。如:three yuan’sworthof vegetables(3 元的蔬菜)。
6)表国家、城市等实体。如:China’s fu-ture(中国的未来)。
7)表拟人。如:a wolf in sheep'sclothing(披着羊皮的狼)。
8)表某些固定说法。如:at death's door(濒于死亡)。
表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加 's 代表全称。如:thedoctor's(诊所), my uncle's(我 叔叔/舅 舅 的家), thebarber’s(理发店)。
(2) of所有格的用法
1)多用于无生命的事物。如:the nameofthe book(书的名字), the roof of the house(房子的屋顶)。
2)用于某些名词化的表示人的形容词。如:the home of the poor(穷人的家)。
3)当表示有生命的事物的名词本身带有短语或从句作定语的时候,不用's所有格,而要用 of所有格。如:
What 's the name of the girl standingbehindyou?站在你身后的那个女孩叫什么名字?
The skirt of the woman I met yesterdayatthe shop is beautiful.昨天在商店碰到的那个女人的裙子真是漂亮。
(3)双重所有格
当限定词和名词所有格同时修饰一个名词时,要用双重所有格。常用限定词+名词+of+-'s所有格或限定词+名词+of+名词性物主代词结构。双重所有格修饰 of之前的名词,且这个名词通常和不定冠词 a(an)及some、any、few、no、several 等表示数量的词连用,表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分” ,但不能与定冠词 the 连用。如:
a book of my sister’s(我妹妹的书)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
a playground of the children's(孩子们的游乐场)
1.(2022·春考真题)I want to take this to show respect for staff.
A. opportunity B. habit
C. question D. price
2.(2021·春考真题) Mr. Green is a good . He is kind to his workers.
A. employ B. employee
C. employer D. employment
3.(2021·春考真题) It's time for all countries to work together to reduce air .
A. recognition B. reservation
C. position D. pollution
4. My father bought two when he came back from Guilin.
A. milk B. bread
C. watch D. dictionaries
5. He has left a saying he has some-thing important to do.
A. information B. sentence
C. news D. message
6.—What would you like to have?
—Two of .
A. cup;tea
B. glasses;orange juice
C. glasses;coffees
D. bottle;wine
7. Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef, vegetables and .
A. some rice B. a few rice
C. a little rices D. a rice
8.—Can I park my car here, sir?
—You’d better not. You see, there’s too much here.
A. space B. cars
C. roads D. traffic
9.—Look! They are .
—Yes. We are proud of them.
A. man scientist
B. women scientists
C. woman scientists
D. man scientists
10.________ are watching TV.
A. The Zhang B. Zhangs
C. The Zhangs D. Zhang
11. How many are there in the in-ternational school?
A. Russian B. Italian
C. Japanese D. American
12.—It's hot today. Have some______ , please.
—No, thanks. I'm not thirsty at all.
A. water B. potatoes
C. bread D. oranges
13.—What's the______ for a double room?
——$140 a night.
A. rate B. departure
C. sign D. tour
14. These trousers are too big,I want a smal-le r .
A. one B. ones
C. piece D. pair
15. He is a friend of my______ and he wants______ newspaper.
A. parents;today
B. parents';today's
C. parents;today of
D. parents's;today's
16. Can you imagine what life will be like in ______ time?
A.20 years’ B. 20 year’s
C.20-years’ D.20-years
17. The young lady is______ mother. The twin sisters are flying kites with her.
A. Anne and Jane
B. Anne's and Jane's
C. Anne's and Jane
D. Anne and Jane's
18. Mr. Smith is a friend of
A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother
C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mother
【巩固提升】
一、单项选择
1. I have three foreign friends. One is______, the other two are ______.
A. Japanese;America
B. Chinese;Frenchmen
C. Canada;Australia
D. Russian;Germany
2. You can give the rabbit some tree______ .
A. leafs B. leaves
C. leaf D. leave
3. A group of ______will visit the muse-um tomorrow.
A. Hungarian B. Australian
C. Japaneses D. Americans
4.—How far is it from the school to the bus stop?
—About 5 ______walk.
A. minutes' B. minute's
C. minute D. minutes
5. She did quite well in the exam. She made______ ·
A. a little mistake B. few mistakes
C. little mistake D. a few mistake
6. Can you give us some______ on how to prepare for the test?
A. advices B. advice
C. piece of advices D. advise
7. ______go to Sanya every winter.
A. Greens B. The Greens
C. The Green's D. Green
8.—Why not go on a trip to Hangzhou orBeijing?
—That's a good______ .
A. question B. advice
C. decision D. idea
9. As we know that dogs have a pretty good______ of smell.
A. sense B. idea
C. feeling D. taste
10. I stayed with the English family for three months. It was really an exciting ______·
A. practice B. experience
C. trip D. dream
11. Look, the kites in the sky are in different______ . Some are big and some are small.
A. color B. shape
C. size D. weight
12.—Can you buy a piano for me, mum?
—But there isn't enough for it in our house.
A. place B. floor
C. room D. ground
13. Room 308 on the second floor is the ______ office. I know one of them.
A. doctors B. doctor's
C. doctors'D. doctors's
14. The online shop sells clothing at a very good price.
A. child and man's
B. children and men's
C. children's and men
D. children's and men's
15. Can you imagine what life will be like in ______time?
A.20-years B.20 year's
C.20-years' D.20 years'
二、补全对话
A:Good afternoon, madam. I'm doing some market research and I am hoping you might have a few minutes to 1. some questions.
B:OK, sure.
A:Great, thank you very much! First of all,do you own a personal computer?
B:Of course! Doesn't everyone?
A:How 2. have you owned it?
B:I bought this new computer last year.
A:I see. And what do you usually use your computer 3.?
B:Well,I send e-mails and I have a learn-at-home English program. I like to do my shopping online,4. .
A:Anything 5. ?
B:I keep track of my bank accounts, and there are a couple of online games I real-ly enjoy.
A:Do you use the Internet for any other purposes?
B:Not really. I don't have time to do them.
A:Thanks for taking the time to answer.Ihope it wasn't too much trouble.
B:Not at all.
$$