精品解析：北京市丰台区2023-2024学年高二下学期期中练习英语A卷

丰台区2023-2024学年度第二学期期中练习 高二英语 (A卷) 考试时间：90分钟 第一部分 知识运用 (共两节, 30分) 第一节(共10小题;每小题1. 5分, 共15分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 Early in my teaching career, I heard countless make-believe stories for unfinished homework. Then I grew less trusting and quitted ___1___ any excuse. When the students at my new school didn’t finish homework, I never asked why. Instead, I just sighed loudly and recorded a zero in the grade book. I soon gained the ___2___ I thought I wanted. One day, Anthony approached me. “Could I talk to you?” he asked ___3___. “I know you said no excuse, but I don’t want you to think I’m ___4___ because I often come without my homework.” He then looked up at me for the first time. “It’s just that... my dad moved out, and my mom works at night, so I have to look after my little brothers. Often, they cry a lot, and it’s hard for me to ___5___...” I was about to ask why he didn’t tell me earlier when I suddenly realized why. So I changed the ___6___. “Would it help if you stayed after school and worked on it before you go home?” He nodded hard. Anthony became the first student in my after-school study session. Several days later, Terrell joined him, followed by Sandy and Randy. Before long, I had a room full of students. Their stories were not amusing, but all very ___7___: ·The power company ___8___ our lights because we couldn’t pay the bill. ·My dad says schoolwork is just a waste of time. ·We don’t have any paper in the house. I thus discovered not all kids come from families that are ___9___. Not all kids have a quiet bedroom with a desk and study light. Some don’t even have home. Most importantly, I learned that “I’ll listen” _____10_____ better than “No excuse!” 1. A. inventing B. finding C. accepting D. offering 2. A. reputation B. benefit C. experience D. praise 3. A. loudly B. shyly C. curiously D. eagerly 4. A. poor B. mean C. lazy D. weak 5. A. behave B. concentrate C. struggle D. compete 6. A. question B. tune C. process D. thought 7. A. complex B. moving C. cool D. real 8. A. broke down B. put out C. cut off D. shut out 9. A. disciplined B. peaceful C. traditional D. supportive 10. A. works B. feels C. understands D. controls 第二节 语法填空 (共10小题;每小题1.5分, 共15分) A 阅读下列短文， 根据短文内容填空。 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Emotional intelligence is the ability ____11____ (understand), use and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively. Emotional intelligence helps you build stronger relationships, succeed at school and work, and achieve your career and personal goals. It can also help you to connect ____12____ your feelings, turn intention into action, and make good decisions ____13____ (base) on definite knowledge or information. B 阅读下列短文， 根据短文内容填空。 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 For centuries people ____14____ (express) their deep feeling to their loved ones in the form of poetry. Poems about nature, ____15____ express the poet’s appreciation of the beauty in the world, are also common. ____16____ (sad), many poems have also been written to express anger at the destruction of nature and reactions to horrific events like war and death. C 阅读下列短文， 根据短文内容填空。 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 After earning a master’s degree in 2016, Huang Wenxiu returned to Baise, her hometown, instead of ____17____ (seek) a career in Beijing. “I come from a remote mountainous village. Quite a number of folks ____18____ (struggle) with poverty there, so all I wish is to do my part to improve their lives,” she once said. She invited experts to tell the villagers ____19____ they could improve production. She persuaded the villagers to expand the planting area. Meanwhile, some villagers ____20____ (encourage) to start e-commerce sales. 418 people from 88 households were out of poverty thanks to her efforts. 第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，共38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Dear Colleague, I am writing with information about BAC University Summer Term’s four exciting programs for high school students. These programs provide the opportunity to study at a world-renowned university, strengthen English-language skills and enjoy summer in Boston. Here is a brief overview of our programs: High School Honors is a six-week residential or online program in which students take BAC University undergraduate courses and earn up to 8 transferable college credits. Students must be entering Grades 10-12 in fall 2024. Academic Immersion (AIM) is a three-week non-credit residential program for students to focus intensively on a single academic topic. This summer we are offering three AIM tracks: Introduction to Experimental Psychology, Introduction to Medicine, and Creative Writing. All three tracks combine classroom work with hands-on experiential learning activities. Students must be entering Grade 11 or Grade 12 in fall 2024. Summer Challenge is a two-week residential or online program in which students take two non-credit seminars of their choice and experience college life Students must be entering Grade 12 in fall 2024. Summer Preview is a one-week non-credit residential program in which students explore one subject of interest while previewing the college experience. Students must be entering Grade 9 or Grade10 in fall 2024. Our Summer Term’s programs provide students with rigorous and collaborative college life experiences that enable them to gain a strong sense of their personal and academic potential. Every year, our students form strong friendships as they undertake challenging coursework and participate in social events. I have enclosed a poster and a program brochure. I hope you will share this information with your students. Please feel free to contact us via email at summerhs@bac.edu if you have any questions about our programs. Warmly, Amanda Nelson Associate Director BAC University Summer Term 21. A Grade 11 student in fall 2024 who prefers online programs could choose ________. A. High School Honors B. Academic Immersion C. Summer Challenge D. Summer Preview 22. According to the passage, students can ________. A. get at least 8 transferable credits in High School Honors B. gain both knowledge and practical experience in AIM C earn credits from the courses in Summer Challenge D. engage in in-depth research in Summer Preview 23. What’s Amanda Nelson’s purpose in writing the letter? A. To evaluate a summer camp. B. To promote pre-college programs. C. To recommend university courses. D. To introduce college learning projects. B In early 2018, I was training for the London Marathon—the first and only marathon I would ever run in my life. I had treated myself to an expensive fitness watch that tracked my time, pace and splits. At the end of my final training run—an exhausting 21 miles (34km) —I threw myself down on the floor the moment I got home, only to see my watch had failed me. Twenty-one miles briefly flashed on the screen before it went blank and disappeared for ever. I screamed in pain. That tragic image of me crying on my living room floor pretty much sums up my relationship with exercise tracking technology. It can be a total joy to watch your data change on running apps as you get stronger and faster. I once got a kick out of it, but at some point it became a stick I used to punish myself. I would watch my pace, compare it with other people’s or criticize myself for not doing it 30 seconds faster. I never really recognized exercise tracking as a problem. It seemed to me that tracking was the route to self-improvement, and the point was to improve, wasn’t it? The point was to be better. In the past year, the concept of “being better” has taken on a different meaning. My mental health dropped, and things that were once easy such as brushing my teeth became unimaginably difficult. Being better stopped meaning getting faster or stronger. It meant taking care of myself and feeling some joy in a day. Once I started getting better, I reflected on what in my life made me happy and what did not. So, I stopped tracking my runs and simply deleted years’ worth of data that was once very important to me and now meant nothing. What has become very clear to me since I quit tracking my runs is that I genuinely love doing them. I run around my local park with a silly little smile on my face. I love it so much. But I do not love running quickly. I do not like races. I do not want to be pushed to be faster. Things I notice about my runs now include: how my legs feel and how my mind feels afterwards-clear and focused. I notice dogs, the smell of the wild plants along the canal and the sunshine (OK, wind and rain) on my face. I am better. Or sometimes I am worse. But either way I’m slowly plodding along, and that’s good enough. 24. The author cried after the final training run because she ________. A. had to stop working out B. became physically worn out C. lost the data on the watch D. felt a sharp pain in the legs 25. The author used to view exercise tracking as ________. A. a fun hobby for enjoyment B. a strong need for recognition C. a method of escaping punishment D. a way of being a better runner 26. What does “being better” mean to the author now? A. Getting pleasure out of winning races. B. Being more focused on her life goal. C. Freeing herself from demanding tasks. D. Improving her overall well-being. 27 What can we conclude from this passage? A. Adjustment brings happiness. B. Passion is the key to success. C. Sports contribute to happiness. D. Success equals self-improvement. C Vast numbers of copyrighted books appear to have been memorized by ChatGPT and its successor GPT-4, posing questions about the legality of how these large language models (LLMs) are created. Both artificial intelligences were developed by private firm OpenAI and trained on huge amounts of data, but which texts make up this training data is unknown. To find out more, David Bamman at the University of California, Berkeley, and his colleagues looked at whether the AIs were able to fill in missing details from a selection of almost 600 fiction books, drawn from sources such as nominees (被提名者) for the Pulitzer prize, and The New York Times’s bestsellers lists over the same time period. The team picked 100 passages from each book that contained a single, named character. The researchers then blanked out the name and asked the AI to fill it in. This task was designed to expose if the AIs could return the exact right answer. “It really requires knowledge of the underlying material in order to be able to get the name right,” says Bamman. Both AIs completed the task with high accuracy — as much as 98 percent for passages from Lewis Carroll’s 1865 book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland — which is out of copyright — and 76 percent for J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, which is not. The researchers say this suggests the AIs were trained on significant proportions of both books. These AIs don’t produce an exact duplicate of a text in the same way as a photocopier, which is a clearer example of copyright infringement. “ChatGPT can recite parts of a book because it has seen it thousands of times,” says Andres Guadamuz at the University of Sussex, UK. “The model consists of statistical frequency of words. It’s not reproduction in the copyright sense.” “The use of copyright works without permission in training data sets for large language or image models has already emerged as one of the most pressing legal challenges to this novel industry,” says Lilian Edwards at Newcastle University, UK. Bamman says that, ultimately, the legal system in each country will have to determine whether LLMs are infringing (侵犯) copyrights. “I think that’s an open question that a lot of court cases are going to decide for us in the coming months,” he says. Regulation is also likely to play a key role: the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which has been two years in the making, will include a requirement that companies making generative AI tools need to disclose any copyrighted material used to train their models. That was a late change, added to the draft law in April, according to Reuter. 28. Bamman and his colleagues designed the task to_________. A. compare the accuracy rate of ChatGPT and GPT-4 B. test the range of knowledge of ChatGPT and GPT-4 C show how ChatGPT and GPT-4 memorize many books D. check what ChatGPT and GPT-4’s training data consist of 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. AIs were trained more on copyrighted works than those out of copyright. B. Guadamuz thinks what AIs have done is a kind of copyright infringement. C. AI companies need to uncover copyrighted materials used as training data. D. The permission for the use of copyright works becomes a legal challenge. 30. The passage is mainly about_________ A. The training process of AIs. B. The legal uncertainty of AIs. C. The future regulation of AIs. D. The training materials of AIs. D A few years ago, the City Council of Monza, Italy, barred pet owners from keeping goldfish in curved fishbowls. The sponsors of the measure explained that it is cruel to keep a fish in such a bowl because the curved sides give the fish a distorted view of reality. Aside from the measure’s significance to the poor goldfish, the story raises an interesting philosophical question: How do we know that the reality we perceive is true? Physicists are finding themselves in a similar trouble to the goldfish’s. For decades they have been pursuing an ultimate theory of everything—one complete and consistent set of fundamental laws of nature that explain every aspect of reality. It now appears that this pursuit may generate not a single theory but a family of interconnected theories, each describing its own version of reality, as if it viewed the universe through its own fishbowl. This concept may be difficult for many people to accept. Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses and our science directly convey (传达) information about the material world. In philosophy, that belief is called realism. In physics, realism is becoming difficult to defend. Instead, the idea of alternative realities is a mainstay of today’s popular culture. For example, in the science-fiction film The Matrix the human race is unknowingly living in a simulated (模拟的) virtual reality created by intelligent computers. How do we know we are not just computer-generated characters living in a Matrix-like world? If—like us—the beings in the simulated world could not observe their universe from the outside, they would have no reason to doubt their own pictures of reality. Similarly, the goldfish’s view is not the same as ours from outside their curved bowl. For instance, because light bends as it travels from air to water, a freely moving object that we would observe to move in a straight line would be observed by the goldfish to move along a curved path. The goldfish could form scientific laws from their frame (框架) of reference that would always hold true and that would enable them to make predictions about the future motion of objects outside the bowl. If the goldfish formed such a theory, we would have to admit the goldfish’s view as a reasonable picture of reality. The goldfish example shows that the same physical situation can be modeled in different ways, each employing different fundamental elements and concepts. It might be that to describe the universe we have to employ different theories in different situations. It is not the physicist’s traditional expectation for a theory of nature, nor does it correspond to our everyday idea of reality. But it might be the way of the universe. 31. What does the underlined word “distorted” in Paragraph most probably mean? A. Original. B. Accurate. C. Distant. D. False. 32. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us? A. The need for a complete theory. B. The lasting conflict in physics. C. The existence of the material world. D. The conventional insight of reality. 33. What can we learn from the passage? A. Nature’s mysteries are best left undiscovered. B. An external world is independent of the observers. C. People’s theories are influenced by their viewpoints. D. It is essential to figure out which picture of reality is better. 34. According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A. various interpretations of the universe are welcomed B. physicists have a favorite candidate for the final theory C. multiple realities can be pieced together to show the real world D. there is still possibility to unify different theories into a single one 第二节 (共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 The Positive Effects of a Positive Affect Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have strong friendships.____35____ Recent research suggests that a teen’s affect—especially positive affect—is one critical factor. What exactly is affect? Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative.____36____ Moreover, research suggests that a person’s affect is relatively stable over time, especially by the time one reaches adulthood. Affect is typically described in terms of being either positive or negative, and it seems that positive affect, in particular, is related to a number of beneficial outcomes in adulthood. In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood.____37____ For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends. ____38____ Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence, suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning. But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood.____39____ Thus, the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later. A. Affective responses to events typically happen automatically. B. So how can parents help their children grasp the meaning of positive affect? C. But what factors help produce these outcomes as teens move from adolescence to adulthood? D. Interestingly, the results suggested that positive affect may go beyond helping teens build positive relationships. E. The results uncovered that negative affect might account for many life problems when a teenager became a young adult. F. Unlike positive affect, having greater negative affect did not have any significant associations with any of the later life outcomes. G. This study found that positive affect was strongly predictive of life outcomes in young adulthood, such as developing better friendships. 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，共32分) 第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 Engaging in meaningful conversations with others strengthens social bonds and boosts well—being far more than small talk does. Yet many people fear or even actively avoid intimate (亲密的) conversations, especially with those they don’t know well. Why are we so unwilling to engage in an activity that could benefit us so acutely? According to new research, it may be due to miscalculated expectations, and changing them could foster deeper connections. In a series of studies published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, participants either engaged in “shallow” conversations (speaking, for example, about their sleep schedule or how often they get haircuts) or “deep” discussions (covering embarrassing moments or what they’re grateful for). Before chatting, they predicted how awkward and uncomfortable the conversation would be, how close they would feel to their conversation partner afterward, and how much they would enjoy the interaction. Participants who consistently overestimated the awkwardness of the conversations also greatly underestimated how much they’d enjoy the more intimate conversations, as well as how close they’d feel to their partner. The noticeable difference between participants’ expectations and their actual experience seemed rooted in the assumption that conversation partners wouldn’t care about the details of their lives. “We underestimate, essentially, how social others are,” explains study author Nicholas Epley, a psychologist at the University of Chicago. Such an assumption could be a barrier to forming deeper connections with others, Epley believes. Yet participants appeared able to course-correct. When they were told ahead of time that it’s common to underestimate how much strangers care about each other, they voluntarily steered the talks into deeper directions, potentially reaping the benefits of doing so. A single reminder likely isn’t enough to permanently change miscalculated assumptions, Epley warns. But making the effort to engage in just a few positive interactions could help someone mentally reset. “After having a meaningful conversation, people usually want to have another one,” he says. “But you can learn only from experiences that you have,” he adds. “If you think it will be unpleasant to talk to someone and therefore never try, you’ll never find out that you were wrong.” 40. Why are people unwilling to get involved in intimate conversations? ________________________________________________ 41. What could stop people forming deeper connections with others? ________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. A single reminder can permanently change our assumptions, but we still need to engage in positive interactions to help us mentally reset. ________________________________________________ 43. Do you prefer to have a “shallow” conversation or a “deep” discussion with strangers? And give your reasons. (In about 40 words) ________________________________________________ 第二节 书面表达(20分) 44. 假设你是红星中学高二学生李华，最近收到英国笔友Jim的邮件。在邮件中，他提到在学习三年中文后，他想通过阅读中文小说进一步提高自己的中文水平，希望你可以推荐一部适合他阅读的小说。回复一封邮件，内容须包括： 1. 推荐的小说； 2. 推荐的理由。 注意：1. 词数 100 左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 丰台区2023-2024学年度第二学期期中练习 高二英语 (A卷) 考试时间：90分钟 第一部分 知识运用 (共两节, 30分) 第一节(共10小题;每小题1. 5分, 共15分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 Early in my teaching career, I heard countless make-believe stories for unfinished homework. Then I grew less trusting and quitted ___1___ any excuse. When the students at my new school didn’t finish homework, I never asked why. Instead, I just sighed loudly and recorded a zero in the grade book. I soon gained the ___2___ I thought I wanted. One day, Anthony approached me. “Could I talk to you?” he asked ___3___. “I know you said no excuse, but I don’t want you to think I’m ___4___ because I often come without my homework.” He then looked up at me for the first time. “It’s just that... my dad moved out, and my mom works at night, so I have to look after my little brothers. Often, they cry a lot, and it’s hard for me to ___5___...” I was about to ask why he didn’t tell me earlier when I suddenly realized why. So I changed the ___6___. “Would it help if you stayed after school and worked on it before you go home?” He nodded hard. Anthony became the first student in my after-school study session. Several days later, Terrell joined him, followed by Sandy and Randy. Before long, I had a room full of students. Their stories were not amusing, but all very ___7___: ·The power company ___8___ our lights because we couldn’t pay the bill. ·My dad says schoolwork is just a waste of time. ·We don’t have any paper in the house. I thus discovered not all kids come from families that are ___9___. Not all kids have a quiet bedroom with a desk and study light. Some don’t even have home. Most importantly, I learned that “I’ll listen” _____10_____ better than “No excuse!” 1. A. inventing B. finding C. accepting D. offering 2. A. reputation B. benefit C. experience D. praise 3. A. loudly B. shyly C. curiously D. eagerly 4. A. poor B. mean C. lazy D. weak 5. A. behave B. concentrate C. struggle D. compete 6. A. question B. tune C. process D. thought 7. A. complex B. moving C. cool D. real 8. A. broke down B. put out C. cut off D. shut out 9. A. disciplined B. peaceful C. traditional D. supportive 10. A. works B. feels C. understands D. controls 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者作为老师，对任何没有交作业的学生都不接受理由，但是安东尼改变了她，让她开始学会倾听学生，也意识到倾听比不让孩子找借口更有效。 【1题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后我变得不那么信任了，不再接受任何借口。A. inventing发明；B. finding发现；C. accepting接受；D. offering提供。根据上文“I heard countless make-believe stories for unfinished homework.”推知，作者不再接受任何借口。故选C。 【2题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我很快就获得了我认为我想要的声誉。A. reputation名声，名誉；B. benefit益处，好处；C. experience经历，经验；D. praise表扬。根据上文“Instead, I just sighed loudly and recorded a zero in the grade book.”推知，学生不完成作业的情况有所改善，作者得到了自己想要的“好老师”的声誉。故选A。 【3题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：“我能和你谈谈吗？”他害羞地问。A. loudly大声地；B. shyly害羞地；C. curiously好奇地；D. eagerly迫切地。根据下文“because I often come without my homework.”可知，男孩常常没有完成作业，因此和老师说话时应该是害羞的。故选B。 【4题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“我知道你说没有借口，但我不想让你认为我很懒，因为我经常不带作业来。”A. poor贫穷的，可怜的；B. mean吝啬的；C. lazy懒惰的；D. weak虚弱的，差的。根据“because I often come without my homework.”推知，男孩不希望作者因为他常常不做作业就认为他懒惰。故选C。 【5题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：“只是……我爸爸搬出去了，我妈妈晚上工作，所以我必须照顾我的小弟弟。他们经常哭，我很难集中注意力……”A. behave举止；B. concentrate集中注意力；C. struggle挣扎；D. compete竞争。根据“Often, they cry a lot”可知，弟弟们的哭声让男孩很难集中注意力。故选B。 【6题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以我改变了问题。A. question问题；B. tune调子；C. process进程，过程；D. thought想法。根据上文“I was about to ask why he didn’t tell me earlier when I suddenly realized why.”和下文“Would it help if you stayed after school and worked on it before you go home?”可知，作者改变了自己原本打算问男孩的问题。故选A。 【7题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她们的故事不再令人发笑，所有的都非常真实。A. complex复杂的；B. moving令人感动的；C. cool酷的，凉爽的；D. real真的。呼应上文“I heard countless make-believe stories for unfinished homework”可知，现在孩子们没有完成作业的原因都是真实的。故选D。 【8题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：因为我们付不起账单，电力公司把我们的灯关掉了。A. broke down出故障；B. put out熄灭；C. cut off切断；D. shut out把……关在门外。根据“because we couldn’t pay the bill.”可知，因为付不起电费，所以电力公司切断电源，即关了灯。故选C。 【9题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，我发现并非所有的孩子都来自可以给与他们帮助的家庭。A. disciplined遵守纪律的；B. peaceful和平的；C. traditional传统的；D. supportive给与帮助的，支持的。根据下文“Not all kids have a quiet bedroom with a desk and study light. Some don’t even have home.”推知，并非所有的孩子都来自可以给他们的学习提供帮助的家庭。故选D。 【10题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最重要的是，我学会了“我会倾听”比“没有借口”更有效!A. works工作，起作用，凑效；B. feels感觉；C. understands理解；D. controls控制。根据上文讲述的故事可知，作者规定学生不能为没有完成作业找借口，后来通过倾听，孩子们告诉了作者真实的原因，而不再是乱编的谎话。由此可知，作者认为“我会倾听”比“没有接口”更有效。故选A。 第二节 语法填空 (共10小题;每小题1.5分, 共15分) A 阅读下列短文， 根据短文内容填空。 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Emotional intelligence is the ability ____11____ (understand), use and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively. Emotional intelligence helps you build stronger relationships, succeed at school and work, and achieve your career and personal goals. It can also help you to connect ____12____ your feelings, turn intention into action, and make good decisions ____13____ (base) on definite knowledge or information. 【答案】11. to understand 12. with 13. based 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了什么是情商和情商的作用。 【11题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：情商是一种理解、利用和管理自己情绪的能力，它能以积极的方式缓解压力，有效沟通。空处修饰the ability，用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to understand。 【12题详解】 考查介词。句意：它还可以帮助你联系自己感受，将意图转化为行动，并根据明确的知识或信息做出正确的决定。connect with为固定短语，意思为：与……联系。故填with。 【13题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意同上。make为动词，空处为非谓语动词，结合句意，表示做决定的方式，作状语，be based on“依据”为固定短语，此处表示被动，用过去分词。故填based。 B 阅读下列短文， 根据短文内容填空。 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 For centuries, people ____14____ (express) their deep feeling to their loved ones in the form of poetry. Poems about nature, ____15____ express the poet’s appreciation of the beauty in the world, are also common. ____16____ (sad), many poems have also been written to express anger at the destruction of nature and reactions to horrific events like war and death. 【答案】14. have expressed 15. which 16. Sadly 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章对诗歌的常见主题进行了介绍。 【14题详解】 考查现在完成时。句意：几个世纪以来，人们一直以诗歌的形式表达对所爱之人的深情。根据“For centuries”可知，此处应用现在完成时。主语是复数，故填have expressed。 【15题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：关于自然的诗也很常见，这些诗表达了诗人对世界之美的欣赏。在非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为poems，应用关系代词which。故填which。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：可悲的是，许多诗歌也表达了对自然破坏的愤怒，以及对战争和死亡等恐怖事件的反应。此处作状语应用副词sadly表示“可悲的是”。句首首字母应大写。故填Sadly。 C 阅读下列短文， 根据短文内容填空。 在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 After earning a master’s degree in 2016, Huang Wenxiu returned to Baise, her hometown, instead of ____17____ (seek) a career in Beijing. “I come from a remote mountainous village. Quite a number of folks ____18____ (struggle) with poverty there, so all I wish is to do my part to improve their lives,” she once said. She invited experts to tell the villagers ____19____ they could improve production. She persuaded the villagers to expand the planting area. Meanwhile, some villagers ____20____ (encourage) to start e-commerce sales. 418 people from 88 households were out of poverty thanks to her efforts. 【答案】17. seeking 18. are struggling##have been struggling 19. how 20. were encouraged 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了黄文秀回到自己家乡百色，帮助家乡摆脱贫困的故事。 【17题详解】 考查动名词。句意：2016年获得硕士学位后，黄文秀没有选择在北京寻求职业发展，而是回到了她的家乡百色。空处为介词of的宾语，所以用动名词形式。故填seeking。 【18题详解】 考查时态。句意：在那里很多人与贫困作斗争，所以我所有的希望就是尽自己的一份力量来改善他们的生活。本句话为直接引语，空处在句中为谓语，所以时态可以用现在进行时，表示正在进行的动作；也可以表示一直以来都在发生，且还将持续的动作，所以用现在完成进行时。句子主语“a number of folks”为复数含义。故填are struggling/ have been struggling。 【19题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：她邀请专家告诉村民们如何提高产量。空处引导宾语从句，作从句中的方式状语，所以用连接副词how，表示“如何隔提高产量”。故填how。 【20题详解】 考查时态语态。句意：与此同时，一些村民被鼓励开展电子商务销售。空处为句子的谓语动词，主语“some villagers”和该动词之间为被动关系，且描述过去的事实，所以用一般过去时态的被动语态，主语为复数。故填were encouraged。 第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，共38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Dear Colleague, I am writing with information about BAC University Summer Term’s four exciting programs for high school students. These programs provide the opportunity to study at a world-renowned university, strengthen English-language skills and enjoy summer in Boston. Here is a brief overview of our programs: High School Honors is a six-week residential or online program in which students take BAC University undergraduate courses and earn up to 8 transferable college credits. Students must be entering Grades 10-12 in fall 2024. Academic Immersion (AIM) is a three-week non-credit residential program for students to focus intensively on a single academic topic. This summer we are offering three AIM tracks: Introduction to Experimental Psychology, Introduction to Medicine, and Creative Writing. All three tracks combine classroom work with hands-on experiential learning activities. Students must be entering Grade 11 or Grade 12 in fall 2024. Summer Challenge is a two-week residential or online program in which students take two non-credit seminars of their choice and experience college life. Students must be entering Grade 12 in fall 2024. Summer Preview is a one-week non-credit residential program in which students explore one subject of interest while previewing the college experience. Students must be entering Grade 9 or Grade10 in fall 2024. Our Summer Term’s programs provide students with rigorous and collaborative college life experiences that enable them to gain a strong sense of their personal and academic potential. Every year, our students form strong friendships as they undertake challenging coursework and participate in social events. I have enclosed a poster and a program brochure. I hope you will share this information with your students. Please feel free to contact us via email at summerhs@bac.edu if you have any questions about our programs. Warmly, Amanda Nelson Associate Director BAC University Summer Term 21. A Grade 11 student in fall 2024 who prefers online programs could choose ________. A. High School Honors B. Academic Immersion C. Summer Challenge D. Summer Preview 22. According to the passage, students can ________. A. get at least 8 transferable credits in High School Honors B. gain both knowledge and practical experience in AIM C. earn credits from the courses in Summer Challenge D. engage in in-depth research in Summer Preview 23. What’s Amanda Nelson’s purpose in writing the letter? A. To evaluate a summer camp. B. To promote pre-college programs. C. To recommend university courses. D. To introduce college learning projects. 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章是一封Amanda Nelson写给同学的信，信中介绍了BAC大学夏季学期为高中生开设的四个的项目的情况。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“High School Honors is a six-week residential or online program in which students take BAC University undergraduate courses and earn up to 8 transferable college credits.(高中荣誉课程是一个为期六周的住宿或在线课程，学生参加BAC大学的本科课程，并获得多达8个可转换的大学学分)”可知，2024年秋季，喜欢在线课程的11年级学生可以选择高中荣誉课程。故选A。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“This summer we are offering three AIM tracks: Introduction to Experimental Psychology, Introduction to Medicine, and Creative Writing. All three tracks combine classroom work with hands-on experiential learning activities.(今年夏天，我们提供三个AIM课程：实验心理学导论，医学导论和创意写作。所有三个轨道结合课堂工作与实践体验式学习活动)”可知，学生可以在AIM中获得知识和实践经验。故选B。 【23题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“I am writing with information about BAC University Summer Term’s four exciting programs for high school students. These programs provide the opportunity to study at a world-renowned university, strengthen English-language skills and enjoy summer in Boston.(我写信给你的是关于BAC大学夏季学期为高中生开设的四个令人兴奋的项目的信息。这些项目提供了在世界知名大学学习的机会，加强英语技能，并在波士顿享受夏天)”根据第二段“High School Honors is a six-week residential or online program in which students take BAC University undergraduate courses and earn up to 8 transferable college credits.(高中荣誉课程是一个为期六周的住宿或在线课程，学生参加BAC大学的本科课程，并获得多达8个可转换的大学学分)”结合文章是一封Amanda Nelson写给同学的信，信中介绍了BAC大学夏季学期为高中生开设的四个的项目的情况。可推知，阿曼达·纳尔逊写这封信的目的是推广大学预科课程。故选B。 B In early 2018, I was training for the London Marathon—the first and only marathon I would ever run in my life. I had treated myself to an expensive fitness watch that tracked my time, pace and splits. At the end of my final training run—an exhausting 21 miles (34km) —I threw myself down on the floor the moment I got home, only to see my watch had failed me. Twenty-one miles briefly flashed on the screen before it went blank and disappeared for ever. I screamed in pain. That tragic image of me crying on my living room floor pretty much sums up my relationship with exercise tracking technology. It can be a total joy to watch your data change on running apps as you get stronger and faster. I once got a kick out of it, but at some point it became a stick I used to punish myself. I would watch my pace, compare it with other people’s or criticize myself for not doing it 30 seconds faster. I never really recognized exercise tracking as a problem. It seemed to me that tracking was the route to self-improvement, and the point was to improve, wasn’t it? The point was to be better. In the past year, the concept of “being better” has taken on a different meaning. My mental health dropped, and things that were once easy such as brushing my teeth became unimaginably difficult. Being better stopped meaning getting faster or stronger. It meant taking care of myself and feeling some joy in a day. Once I started getting better, I reflected on what in my life made me happy and what did not. So, I stopped tracking my runs and simply deleted years’ worth of data that was once very important to me and now meant nothing. What has become very clear to me since I quit tracking my runs is that I genuinely love doing them. I run around my local park with a silly little smile on my face. I love it so much. But I do not love running quickly. I do not like races. I do not want to be pushed to be faster. Things I notice about my runs now include: how my legs feel and how my mind feels afterwards-clear and focused. I notice dogs, the smell of the wild plants along the canal and the sunshine (OK, wind and rain) on my face. I am better. Or sometimes I am worse. But either way I’m slowly plodding along, and that’s good enough. 24. The author cried after the final training run because she ________. A. had to stop working out B. became physically worn out C. lost the data on the watch D. felt a sharp pain in the legs 25. The author used to view exercise tracking as ________. A. a fun hobby for enjoyment B. a strong need for recognition C. a method of escaping punishment D. a way of being a better runner 26. What does “being better” mean to the author now? A. Getting pleasure out of winning races. B. Being more focused on her life goal. C. Freeing herself from demanding tasks. D. Improving her overall well-being. 27. What can we conclude from this passage? A. Adjustment brings happiness. B. Passion is the key to success. C Sports contribute to happiness. D. Success equals self-improvement. 【答案】24. C 25. D 26. D 27. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经执着于通过运动跟踪数据来让自己变得更好，但这也导致作者变得不再快乐，于是作者删除了手表上的运动数据，开始专注于跑步时的感受，如今作者感到更加快乐了。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“At the end of my final training run—an exhausting 21 miles (34km) —I threw myself down on the floor the moment I got home, only to see my watch had failed me. Twenty-one miles briefly flashed on the screen before it went blank and disappeared for ever. I screamed in pain. That tragic image of me crying on my living room floor pretty much sums up my relationship with exercise tracking technology.(在最后一次训练结束时——一段令人筋疲力尽的21英里（34公里）长跑——我一回到家就一头倒在地上，结果发现手表坏了。21英里在屏幕上闪了一下，然后就消失了，永远消失了。我痛苦地尖叫起来。我在客厅地板上哭泣的悲惨画面基本上概括了我与运动追踪技术的关系)”可知，作者在最后一次训练后哭了，因为她丢失了手表上的数据。故选C。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“It can be a total joy to watch your data change on running apps as you get stronger and faster. I once got a kick out of it, but at some point it became a stick I used to punish myself. I would watch my pace, compare it with other people’s or criticize myself for not doing it 30 seconds faster. I never really recognized exercise tracking as a problem. It seemed to me that tracking was the route to self-improvement, and the point was to improve, wasn’t it? The point was to be better. (当你变得更强壮、更快时，看着你的数据在运行的应用程序上发生变化，这可能是一种完全的快乐。我曾经很喜欢它，但在某种程度上，它成了我用来惩罚自己的棍子。我会观察自己的速度，和别人比较，或者批评自己没有快30秒。我从未真正意识到运动追踪是个问题。在我看来，跟踪是自我提升的途径，而重点是提高，不是吗？关键是要变得更好)”可知，作者曾将运动跟踪视为成为更好的跑步者的一种方式。故选D。 【26题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Things I notice about my runs now include: how my legs feel and how my mind feels afterwards-clear and focused. I notice dogs, the smell of the wild plants along the canal and the sunshine (OK, wind and rain) on my face.(我现在跑步时注意到的事情包括：我的腿感觉如何，以及跑步后我的思维感觉如何——清晰而专注。我注意到狗，运河边野生植物的气味和我脸上的阳光（好吧，风雨）)”可知，“变得更好”现在对作者来说意味着改善她的整体幸福感。故选D。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，并根据第四段“In the past year, the concept of “being better” has taken on a different meaning. My mental health dropped, and things that were once easy such as brushing my teeth became unimaginably difficult. Being better stopped meaning getting faster or stronger. It meant taking care of myself and feeling some joy in a day. Once I started getting better, I reflected on what in my life made me happy and what did not. So, I stopped tracking my runs and simply deleted years’ worth of data that was once very important to me and now meant nothing.(在过去的一年里，“变得更好”的概念有了不同的含义。我的心理健康状况下降了，以前很容易的事情，比如刷牙，变得难以想象地困难。变得更好不再意味着变得更快或更强。这意味着要照顾好自己，在一天中感受一些快乐。一旦我开始好转，我就会反思生活中什么让我快乐，什么让我不快乐。所以，我不再跟踪我的跑步，只是删除了多年来对我非常重要的数据，而现在这些数据对我来说毫无意义)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者曾经执着于通过运动跟踪数据来让自己变得更好，但这也导致作者变得不再快乐，于是作者删除了手表上的运动数据，开始专注于跑步时的感受，如今作者感到更加快乐了。由此推知，我们可从文章得知调整带来快乐。故选A。 C Vast numbers of copyrighted books appear to have been memorized by ChatGPT and its successor GPT-4, posing questions about the legality of how these large language models (LLMs) are created. Both artificial intelligences were developed by private firm OpenAI and trained on huge amounts of data, but which texts make up this training data is unknown. To find out more, David Bamman at the University of California, Berkeley, and his colleagues looked at whether the AIs were able to fill in missing details from a selection of almost 600 fiction books, drawn from sources such as nominees (被提名者) for the Pulitzer prize, and The New York Times’s bestsellers lists over the same time period. The team picked 100 passages from each book that contained a single, named character. The researchers then blanked out the name and asked the AI to fill it in. This task was designed to expose if the AIs could return the exact right answer. “It really requires knowledge of the underlying material in order to be able to get the name right,” says Bamman. Both AIs completed the task with high accuracy — as much as 98 percent for passages from Lewis Carroll’s 1865 book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland — which is out of copyright — and 76 percent for J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, which is not. The researchers say this suggests the AIs were trained on significant proportions of both books. These AIs don’t produce an exact duplicate of a text in the same way as a photocopier, which is a clearer example of copyright infringement. “ChatGPT can recite parts of a book because it has seen it thousands of times,” says Andres Guadamuz at the University of Sussex, UK. “The model consists of statistical frequency of words. It’s not reproduction in the copyright sense.” “The use of copyright works without permission in training data sets for large language or image models has already emerged as one of the most pressing legal challenges to this novel industry,” says Lilian Edwards at Newcastle University, UK. Bamman says that, ultimately, the legal system in each country will have to determine whether LLMs are infringing (侵犯) copyrights. “I think that’s an open question that a lot of court cases are going to decide for us in the coming months,” he says. Regulation is also likely to play a key role: the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which has been two years in the making, will include a requirement that companies making generative AI tools need to disclose any copyrighted material used to train their models. That was a late change, added to the draft law in April, according to Reuter. 28. Bamman and his colleagues designed the task to_________. A. compare the accuracy rate of ChatGPT and GPT-4 B. test the range of knowledge of ChatGPT and GPT-4 C. show how ChatGPT and GPT-4 memorize many books D. check what ChatGPT and GPT-4’s training data consist of 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. AIs were trained more on copyrighted works than those out of copyright. B. Guadamuz thinks what AIs have done is a kind of copyright infringement. C. AI companies need to uncover copyrighted materials used as training data. D. The permission for the use of copyright works becomes a legal challenge. 30. The passage is mainly about_________ A. The training process of AIs. B. The legal uncertainty of AIs. C. The future regulation of AIs. D. The training materials of AIs. 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能存在侵犯版权的问题，对此研究人员对人工智能进行了测试，指出未经许可在大型语言或图像模型的训练数据集中使用版权作品，已经成为这个新兴行业面临的最紧迫的法律挑战之一。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Both artificial intelligences were developed by private firm OpenAI and trained on huge amounts of data, but which texts make up this training data is unknown.(这两种人工智能都是由私营公司OpenAI开发的，并接受了大量数据的训练，但这些训练数据是由哪些文本组成的尚不清楚)”可知，班曼和他的同事设计这个任务是为了检查ChatGPT和GPT-4的训练数据是由什么组成的。故选D。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Regulation is also likely to play a key role: the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which has been two years in the making, will include a requirement that companies making generative AI tools need to disclose any copyrighted material used to train their models.(监管也可能发挥关键作用：欧盟制定了两年的《人工智能法案》将包括一项要求，即制造生成式人工智能工具的公司需要披露用于训练其模型的任何受版权保护的材料)”可知，人工智能公司需要揭露用作训练数据的版权材料。故选C。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Vast numbers of copyrighted books appear to have been memorized by ChatGPT and its successor GPT-4, posing questions about the legality of how these large language models (LLMs) are created. (ChatGPT及其继任者GPT-4似乎已经记住了大量受版权保护的书籍，这就对这些大型语言模型创建方式的合法性提出了质疑)”结合文章主要说明了人工智能存在侵犯版权的问题，对此研究人员对人工智能进行了测试，指出未经许可在大型语言或图像模型的训练数据集中使用版权作品，已经成为这个新兴行业面临的最紧迫的法律挑战之一。可知，本文主要论述了人工智能的法律不确定性。故选B。 D A few years ago, the City Council of Monza, Italy, barred pet owners from keeping goldfish in curved fishbowls. The sponsors of the measure explained that it is cruel to keep a fish in such a bowl because the curved sides give the fish a distorted view of reality. Aside from the measure’s significance to the poor goldfish, the story raises an interesting philosophical question: How do we know that the reality we perceive is true? Physicists are finding themselves in a similar trouble to the goldfish’s. For decades they have been pursuing an ultimate theory of everything—one complete and consistent set of fundamental laws of nature that explain every aspect of reality. It now appears that this pursuit may generate not a single theory but a family of interconnected theories, each describing its own version of reality, as if it viewed the universe through its own fishbowl. This concept may be difficult for many people to accept. Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses and our science directly convey (传达) information about the material world. In philosophy, that belief is called realism. In physics, realism is becoming difficult to defend. Instead, the idea of alternative realities is a mainstay of today’s popular culture. For example, in the science-fiction film The Matrix the human race is unknowingly living in a simulated (模拟的) virtual reality created by intelligent computers. How do we know we are not just computer-generated characters living in a Matrix-like world? If—like us—the beings in the simulated world could not observe their universe from the outside, they would have no reason to doubt their own pictures of reality. Similarly, the goldfish’s view is not the same as ours from outside their curved bowl. For instance, because light bends as it travels from air to water, a freely moving object that we would observe to move in a straight line would be observed by the goldfish to move along a curved path. The goldfish could form scientific laws from their frame (框架) of reference that would always hold true and that would enable them to make predictions about the future motion of objects outside the bowl. If the goldfish formed such a theory, we would have to admit the goldfish’s view as a reasonable picture of reality. The goldfish example shows that the same physical situation can be modeled in different ways, each employing different fundamental elements and concepts. It might be that to describe the universe we have to employ different theories in different situations. It is not the physicist’s traditional expectation for a theory of nature, nor does it correspond to our everyday idea of reality. But it might be the way of the universe. 31. What does the underlined word “distorted” in Paragraph most probably mean? A. Original. B. Accurate. C. Distant. D. False. 32. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us? A. The need for a complete theory. B. The lasting conflict in physics. C. The existence of the material world. D. The conventional insight of reality. 33. What can we learn from the passage? A. Nature’s mysteries are best left undiscovered. B. An external world is independent of the observers. C. People’s theories are influenced by their viewpoints. D. It is essential to figure out which picture of reality is better. 34. According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A. various interpretations of the universe are welcomed B. physicists have a favorite candidate for the final theory C. multiple realities can be pieced together to show the real world D. there is still possibility to unify different theories into a single one 【答案】31. D 32. D 33. C 34. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章以鱼缸里的金鱼为例，讨论了现实主义以及人们应该如何描述宇宙。 【31题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“The sponsors of the measure explained that it is cruel to keep a fish in such a bowl because the curved sides give the fish a distorted view of reality.”（这项措施的发起人解释说，把鱼养在这样的鱼缸里是残忍的，因为弯曲的侧面会让鱼对现实有一种distorted看法。）中的“cruel”和“curved”可以推断，发起人认为弯曲的侧面会让鱼对现实产生错误的观点，因而把鱼养在这样的鱼缸里是残忍的，所以“distorted”意为：错误的，即“false”。故选D。 【32题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses and our science directly convey (传达) information about the material world. In philosophy, that belief is called realism.”（大多数人相信客观现实存在，我们的感官和科学直接传达了物质世界的信息，在哲学中，这种信念被称为现实主义。）可知，本段主要讲述了人们对现实的传统见解。故选D。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“It now appears that this pursuit may generate not a single theory but a family of interconnected theories, each describing its own version of reality, as if it viewed the universe through its own fishbowl. ”（现在看来，这种追求可能产生不是单一的理论，而是一系列相互关联的理论，每个理论都描述了自己的现实版本，就像从自己的鱼缸里看宇宙一样。）和第三段“If—like us—the beings in the simulated world could not observe their universe from the outside, they would have no reason to doubt their own pictures of reality.”（如果模拟世界中的生物像我们一样不能从外部观察它们的宇宙，它们就没有理由怀疑自己对现实的想象。）可知，人们视角和观点不同，会有着不同的理论。故选C。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It might be that to describe the universe we have to employ different theories in different situations.”（也许为了描述宇宙，我们必须在不同的情况下运用不同的理论。）和“But it might be the way of the universe.”（但这可能就是宇宙的规律。）可知，作者认为人们可以用多种理论描述宇宙，可得出作者也许会许赞同“欢迎对宇宙的不同解释”这个观点。故选A。 第二节 (共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 The Positive Effects of a Positive Affect Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have strong friendships.____35____ Recent research suggests that a teen’s affect—especially positive affect—is one critical factor. What exactly is affect? Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative.____36____ Moreover, research suggests that a person’s affect is relatively stable over time, especially by the time one reaches adulthood. Affect is typically described in terms of being either positive or negative, and it seems that positive affect, in particular, is related to a number of beneficial outcomes in adulthood. In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood.____37____ For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends. ____38____ Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence, suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning. But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood.____39____ Thus, the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later. A. Affective responses to events typically happen automatically. B. So how can parents help their children grasp the meaning of positive affect? C. But what factors help produce these outcomes as teens move from adolescence to adulthood? D. Interestingly, the results suggested that positive affect may go beyond helping teens build positive relationships. E. The results uncovered that negative affect might account for many life problems when a teenager became a young adult. F. Unlike positive affect, having greater negative affect did not have any significant associations with any of the later life outcomes. G. This study found that positive affect was strongly predictive of life outcomes in young adulthood, such as developing better friendships. 【答案】35. C 36. A 37. G 38. D 39. F 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了研究者发现青少年在向成年人转变的过程中，积极的情感将会对个人幸福感、事业成功和社会关系等方面产生重大的影响。 【35题详解】 上文“Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have strong friendships.(父母常常对他们孩子成年后的表现寄予厚望，比如希望他们的身体健康，对自己的事业感到满意，有牢固的友谊)”说明父母希望孩子们能在成年后获得好的结果，C项“但是在青少年从青春期走向成年的过程中，哪些因素有助于产生这些结果呢？”中的“these outcomes”指代的就是之前提到过的结果。故选C项。 【36题详解】 上文“Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative.(情感是表达积极或消极情绪的倾向，这反过来影响我们如何体验事物并决定是否判断给定的情况是积极的还是消极的)”说明情感是一种情绪倾向，是需要自我决定和自我判断的，A项“对事件的情感反应通常是自动发生的”是对上文观点的进一步解释说明。故选A项。 【37题详解】 上文“In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood.(为了支持积极影响在发展中的这一关键作用，弗吉尼亚大学的研究人员对14至25岁的青少年和年轻人进行了跟踪研究，使他们能够了解从青春期到青年期这一关键发展阶段积极影响的预测能力。)”指出为了支持积极影响在发展中的这一关键作用，研究人员进行了研究，下文“For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.(举例来说，报告认为积极影响更高的青少年对他们的朋友有更强和更健康的依恋关系)”说明积极影响的青少年更容易和朋友相处，所以空处应该承上启下，指出研究发现，G项“这项研究发现积极的影响可以更好的预测青年时期的生活结果，比如建立更好的友谊”中的“developing better friendships”和下文事例中的“had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends”都是指和朋友建立良好的关系。故选G项。 【38题详解】 上文“For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.(举例来说，报告认为积极影响更高的青少年对他们的朋友有更强和更健康的依恋关系)”说明积极的情感给青少年带来良好的人际关系， 而D项“有趣的是，结果表明积极的影响可能不仅仅是帮助青少年建立积极的人际关系”中的“helping teens build positive relationships”指的上文提到的和朋友之间良好的关系，是对上文话题的承接，讲了积极的影响的好处，下文“Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence, suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning.(积极情感还可以预测自我价值感和工作能力的提高，这表明，总体而言，积极情感似乎是青年人在几个重要功能领域取得成功的关键预测因素。)”也是积极影响的好处，also表明和选项是并列关系，都在讲好处。故选D项。 【39题详解】 上文“But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood.”（但是负面影响的影响呢？研究人员还研究了负面影响是否会预测年轻成年期的问题。）可知在探究负面影响的预测。下文“Thus, the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later..(因此，重要的一点是，青少年的积极影响可能与十年后个人幸福、职业和社会关系领域的重要生活结果有着密切的联系。)可知，下文在强调积极影响与生活的关联。F项“与积极影响不同，负面影响不会与以后的生活结果有任何显著关联。”承接上文探究负面影响的测试结果，引起下文对于积极影响对于生活影响的进一步说明。故选F。 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，共32分) 第一节(共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 Engaging in meaningful conversations with others strengthens social bonds and boosts well—being far more than small talk does. Yet many people fear or even actively avoid intimate (亲密的) conversations, especially with those they don’t know well. Why are we so unwilling to engage in an activity that could benefit us so acutely? According to new research, it may be due to miscalculated expectations, and changing them could foster deeper connections. In a series of studies published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, participants either engaged in “shallow” conversations (speaking, for example, about their sleep schedule or how often they get haircuts) or “deep” discussions (covering embarrassing moments or what they’re grateful for). Before chatting, they predicted how awkward and uncomfortable the conversation would be, how close they would feel to their conversation partner afterward, and how much they would enjoy the interaction. Participants who consistently overestimated the awkwardness of the conversations also greatly underestimated how much they’d enjoy the more intimate conversations, as well as how close they’d feel to their partner. The noticeable difference between participants’ expectations and their actual experience seemed rooted in the assumption that conversation partners wouldn’t care about the details of their lives. “We underestimate, essentially, how social others are,” explains study author Nicholas Epley, a psychologist at the University of Chicago. Such an assumption could be a barrier to forming deeper connections with others, Epley believes. Yet participants appeared able to course-correct. When they were told ahead of time that it’s common to underestimate how much strangers care about each other, they voluntarily steered the talks into deeper directions, potentially reaping the benefits of doing so. A single reminder likely isn’t enough to permanently change miscalculated assumptions, Epley warns. But making the effort to engage in just a few positive interactions could help someone mentally reset. “After having a meaningful conversation, people usually want to have another one,” he says. “But you can learn only from experiences that you have,” he adds. “If you think it will be unpleasant to talk to someone and therefore never try, you’ll never find out that you were wrong.” 40. Why are people unwilling to get involved in intimate conversations? ________________________________________________ 41. What could stop people forming deeper connections with others? ________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. A single reminder can permanently change our assumptions, but we still need to engage in positive interactions to help us mentally reset. ________________________________________________ 43. Do you prefer to have a “shallow” conversation or a “deep” discussion with strangers? And give your reasons. (In about 40 words) ________________________________________________ 【答案】40. It may be due to miscalculated expectations./ Because of miscalculated expectations. / Because people have miscalculated expectations. 41. It is the assumptions that conversation partners wouldn’t care about the details of their lives. 42. A single reminder can permanently change our assumptions, but we still need to engage in positive interactions to help us mentally reset. According to the passage, a single reminder isn’t enough to permanently change miscalculated assumptions, but we still need to engage in positive interactions to help us mentally reset. 43. I prefer to have a shallow conversation because there is social etiquette that we need to observe in order not to make others feel offended. Besides, people differ in personalities so it is polite and considerate to respect their boundaries and avoid information they might view as privacy. (48 words) 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了生活中人们更易于“浅谈”而不是“深入交谈”的原因。 【40题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第一段最后一句“According to new research, it may be due to miscalculated expectations, and changing them could foster deeper connections.”（根据新的研究，这可能是由于错误的预期，改变他们可以培养更深的联系。）可知，人们害怕或避免亲密的交谈的原因是由于错误的预期。故答案为：It may be due to miscalculated expectations./ Because of miscalculated expectations. / Because people have miscalculated expectations. 【41题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句“The noticeable difference between participants’ expectations and their actual experience seemed rooted in the assumption that conversation partners wouldn’t care about the details of their lives. ”（参与者的期望和他们的实际经历之间的显著差异似乎植根于这样一种假设，即交谈对象不会关心他们生活中的细节。）第四段第一句“Such an assumption could be a barrier to forming deeper connections with others, Epley believes. ”（Epley 认为，这样的假设可能会成为与他人建立更深层次联系的障碍。）可知，阻碍人们与他人建立更深层次联系在于参与者交谈之前的一种假设，即交谈对象不会关心他们生活中的细节。故答案为：It is the assumptions that conversation partners wouldn’t care about the details of their lives. 【42题详解】 考查推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“A single reminder likely isn’t enough to permanently change miscalculated assumptions, Epley warns. But making the effort to engage in just a few positive interactions could help someone mentally reset. ”（Epley 警告说，仅仅一个提醒可能不足以永久改变错误的假设。但是，努力参与一些积极的互动可以帮助人们在精神上重置。）可知，仅仅一个提醒可能不足以永久改变错误的假设。所以给出句子中“A single reminder can permanently change our assumptions”（一个简单的提醒就可以永久地改变我们的假设）与文意不符，故答案为：A single reminder can permanently change our assumptions, but we still need to engage in positive interactions to help us mentally reset. According to the passage, a single reminder isn’t enough to permanently change miscalculated assumptions, but we still need to engage in positive interactions to help us mentally reset. 【43题详解】 开放题，言之有理即可。根据文章第二段中“In a series of studies published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, participants either engaged in “shallow” conversations (speaking, for example, about their sleep schedule or how often they get haircuts) or “deep” discussions (covering embarrassing moments or what they’re grateful for). ”（在《个性与社会心理学杂志》上发表的一系列研究中，参与者要么进行“浅谈”的谈话(例如，谈论他们的睡眠时间表或者他们多久剪一次头发) ，要么进行“深入”的讨论(讨论尴尬的时刻或者他们感激的事情)。）第三段第一句“The noticeable difference between participants’ expectations and their actual experience seemed rooted in the assumption that conversation partners wouldn’t care about the details of their lives. ”（参与者的期望和他们的实际经历之间的显著差异似乎植根于这样一种假设，即交谈对象不会关心他们生活中的细节。）第四段第一句“Such an assumption could be a barrier to forming deeper connections with others, Epley believes. ”（Epley 认为，这样的假设可能会成为与他人建立更深层次联系的障碍。）可知，在交谈前，人们都会做一个假设，即交谈对象不会关心他们生活中的细节，这个假设的建立会阻碍我们进行深入的交谈。说明“浅谈”不会涉及一个人的生活细节等隐私问题，所以我更喜欢浅显易懂的谈话，因为我们需要遵守社交礼仪，这样才不会让别人觉得被冒犯了。此外，人们的性格不同，所以尊重他们的界限，避免他们可能视为隐私的信息是礼貌和体贴的。故答案为：I prefer to have a shallow conversation because there is social etiquette that we need to observe in order not to make others feel offended. Besides, people differ in personalities so it is polite and considerate to respect their boundaries and avoid information they might view as privacy. (48 words) 第二节 书面表达(20分) 44. 假设你是红星中学高二学生李华，最近收到英国笔友Jim的邮件。在邮件中，他提到在学习三年中文后，他想通过阅读中文小说进一步提高自己的中文水平，希望你可以推荐一部适合他阅读的小说。回复一封邮件，内容须包括： 1. 推荐的小说； 2. 推荐的理由。 注意：1. 词数 100 左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 【答案】Possible version: Dear David, I’m so glad to receive your e-mail and learn that you have a strong interest in classical Chinese literature. So, I’m writing to recommend Dream of the Red Chamber to you. It is one of the four masterpieces of novels in China. With the thriving and declining of four noble families as the background, it tells the love story between Jia Baoyu and Lindaiyu. Vividly depicting the life at that time, the novel reveals the darkness and corruption of the old society as well as the desire for freedom and is of high artistic value. The novel is simple and meaningful in language and contains many graceful classical Chinese poems, which is beneficial in improving your Chinese. Besides, reading this novel will definitely help to deepen your understanding of Chinese culture. I sincerely hope that you enjoy reading this novel. (140) Yours, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英国笔友Jim回一封邮件，向他推荐一本能提高自己中文水平的中文小说。 【详解】1.词汇积累 高兴的：glad→delighted 对……感兴趣：have an interest in→be interested in 提高：improve→enhance 除此之外：besides→in addition 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：So, I’m writing to recommend Dream of the Red Chamber to you. It is one of the four masterpieces of novels in China. 拓展句：So, I’m writing to recommend Dream of the Red Chamber to you, which is one of the four masterpieces of novels in China. 【点睛】【高分句型1】I’m so glad to receive your e-mail and learn that you have a strong interest in classical Chinese literature.（运用了that引导的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】The novel is simple and meaningful in language and contains many graceful classical Chinese poems, which is beneficial in improving your Chinese.（运用了which引导的非限定性定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$