精品解析：北京市丰台区2023-2024学年高二下学期期中练习英语试题B卷

丰台区2023-2024学年度第二学期期中练习 高二英语（B卷） 考试时间：90分钟 第一部分 知识运用（共两节，30分） 第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible. Trujillo, however, is an aerospace engineer who leads a team at the NASA laboratory ____1____ for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover (火星探测器). How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to ____2____ exploring it? That’s a tale of ____3____ written in the stars. Born in 1983, even as a young girl Trujillo was certain of her passion for science. But she doubted how far she’d be able to ____4____ in a male-dominated field. Then her dad offered to send her to Miami. Only 17 at the time, she ____5____ the offer. Trujillo took a series of housekeeping ____6____ to put herself through Miami Dade College. Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms to help pay her way through her studies. But she didn’t ____7____ “I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity”. Then came another life-changing moment. She became the first Hispanic (西班牙语国家的) woman to be ____8____ to the NASA Academy. Later, she became an engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. This February, when the Perseverance rover landed on the surface of Mars, it was ____9____ by commentary (解说) from Trujillo in NASA’s first-ever Spanish-language broadcast. Trujillo’s own story is ______10______ that just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars. 1. A. eager B. responsible C. concerned D. grateful 2. A. actually B. hardly C. precisely D. repeatedly 3. A. innocence B. kindness C. perseverance D. sympathy 4. A. respond B. rise C. invest D. apply 5. A. made up B. turned up C. picked up D. took up 6. A. measures B. activities C. jobs D. courses 7. A. skip B. panic C. explain D. complain 8. A. applied B. admitted C. assigned D. introduced 9. A. accompanied B. restricted C. enhanced D. teased 10. A. theory B. information C. competence D. proof 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇人物传记。文章主要讲述了Trujillo这位哥伦比亚出生的女孩如何从一个对科学充满热情的年轻女孩，经过不懈的努力和奋斗，最终成为NASA的一名航空工程师，并领导了最新火星探测器机械臂的团队。 【1题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，Trujillo是一名航空航天工程师，她领导着NASA实验室的一个团队，负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。A. eager渴望的；B. responsible负责任的；C. concerned担忧的；D. grateful感激的。根据空前的“Trujillo, however, is an aerospace engineer who leads a team at the NASA laboratory”可推测，她负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。故选B。 【2题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：Trujillo是如何从简单地梦想宇宙到真正探索它的呢？A. actually事实上；B. hardly几乎不；C. precisely精确地；D. repeatedly重复地。根据上文的“dreaming about the universe”可推测，句意指的是她如何从梦想宇宙到真正成为工程师来探索宇宙。故选A。 【3题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Trujillo是如何从简单地梦想宇宙到真正探索它的呢？A. innocence清白、无知；B. kindness仁慈；C. perseverance毅力；D. sympathy同情。根据下文“Trujillo’s own story is _____10_____ that just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars.”以及全文内容可知，她之所以能实现自己的梦想，是因为她的毅力。故选C。 【4题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但她怀疑自己在男性主导的领域能走多远。A. respond回复；B. rise上升；C. invest投资；D. apply运用、申请。根据空后的“in a male-dominated field”以及上文的“even as a young girl Trujillo was certain of her passion for science.”可知，即便她对科学很热爱，但是在一个男性主导的领域，她不确定自己上升多少，走多远。故选B。 【5题详解】 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：当时只有17岁的她接受了这一提议。A. made up编造、组成；B. turned up出现、调高；C. picked up捡起、学会、养成；D. took up占据、从事。根据下文“Trujillo took a series of housekeeping ____6____ to put herself through Miami Dade College.”可知，她接受了父亲的提议。故选D。 【6题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Trujillo做了一系列的家政工作来供自己读迈阿密戴德学院。A. measures措施；B. activities活动；C. jobs工作；D. courses课程。根据下文“Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms to help pay her way through her studies.”可推测，她做了很多工作来供自己念书。故选C。 【7题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但她并没有抱怨，“我把所有向我走来的一切都看作是机会”。A. skip跳过；B. panic恐慌；C. explain解释；D. complain抱怨。根据下文““I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity”.”可知，她并没有抱怨，反而把这一切都看做是机会。故选D。 【8题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：她成为第一位被NASA学院录取的西班牙语国家女性。A. applied运用、申请；B. admitted承认、被录取；C. assigned分配、指定；D. introduced介绍。根据下文“Later, she became an engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.”可知，她被NASA学院录取了，并成为一名工程师。故选B。 【9题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：今年2月，当Perseverance号火星车降落在火星表面时，Trujillo在NASA首次西班牙语广播中进行了评论解说。A. accompanied陪伴、伴奏；B. restricted限制；C. enhanced提高；D. teased取笑。根据空后的“by commentary (解说) from Trujillo in NASA’s first-ever Spanish-language broadcast.”可知，当火星车降落时，伴随的是Trujillo的西班牙语解说。故选A。 【10题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Trujillo自己的故事证明了，只要越过障碍，有整个宇宙的机会在等待着任何愿意努力工作以摘到星星的人。A. theory理论；B. information信息；C. competence能力；D. proof证据。根据全文内容可知，Trujillo的故事证明了下文“只要越过障碍，有整个宇宙的机会在等待着任何愿意努力工作以摘到星星的人。”故选D。 第二节 (共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分) 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Mangroves, known as “red forest” in China, grow between land and sea, charaterised by their complex roots. When _____11_____ (see) from afar, the mangrove forests appear more splendid. Mangroves can help soften waves and protect cities from coastal winds. For these reasons, they _____12_____ (praise) as “coastal guardians”. Up to now, China _____13_____ (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves. 【答案】11. seen 12. are praised 13. has established 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了中国的红树林景观。 【11题详解】 考查状语从句省略。句意：从远处看，红树林显得更加壮观。When引导时间状语从句，主语the mangrove forests，与see构成被动关系，使用be seen结构，状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句中包含be动词，则从句中可省略主语和be动词，用过去分词作状语。故填seen。 【12题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：由于这些原因，它们被誉为“海岸守护者”。空处作谓语，句子描述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语they与praise构成被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是they，be动词使用are。故填are praised。 【13题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：到目前为止，中国已经建立了许多红树林保护区。空处作谓语，结合Up to now可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语China为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填has established。 B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Before I went to middle school, I had dreamed of becoming a teacher. I am sure that it takes great efforts to make my dream come true. So I learn as much as I can from teachers and textbooks. I make full use of my spare time to read books _____14_____ (acquire) more knowledge. I have to work hard to walk into my ideal university. There will be many difficulties, _____15_____ I’m sure I will get them over. I believe my dream _____16_____ (come) true in future. 【答案】14. to acquire 15. but 16. will come 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者通过叙述自己上中学前的梦想，以及为了实现这个梦想所付出的努力和期望，展现了一个关于梦想和成长的故事。 【14题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：我充分利用我的空闲时间阅读书籍，以获得更多的知识。非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词不定式形式。故填to acquire。 【15题详解】 考查连词。句意：虽然会有许多困难，但我相信我会克服它们。空前“There will be many difficulties”和空后“I’m sure I will get them over.”之间存在转折关系，用连词but连接。故填but。 【16题详解】 考查时态。句意：我相信我的梦想将来一定会实现。考查从句谓语动词，根据时间状语“in future”可知，从句时态为一般将来时。故填will come。 C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Romanticism has been a part of human creative expression for _____17_____ (century) all over the world. Li Bai, one of China’s _____18_____ (great) poets, wrote poetry during the Tang Dynasty. As a boy, Li Bai lived in Sichuan with his family. _____19_____ the age of 25, he began travelling around the country. He made friends with scholars and kept journals. His travels were the basis for his works of more than 2000 poems, _____20_____ were about beautiful natural scenes and the people who touched his heart. 【答案】17. centuries 18. greatest 19. At 20. which 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇记叙文，讲述了唐朝浪漫主义诗人李白写诗的经历。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：几个世纪以来，浪漫主义一直是人类创造性表达的一部分。for为介词，century意思为：世纪，此处表示“几个世纪”用复数形式。故填centuries。 【18题详解】 考查形容词的级。句意：李白，中国最伟大的诗人之一，在唐朝写诗。one of+the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数为固定结构，空处用形容词最高级形式作定语。故填greatest。 【19题详解】 考查介词。句意：25岁时，他开始周游全国。at the age of意思为：在……岁时。放在句首，首字母大写。故填At。 【20题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：他的旅行是他创作的2000多首诗歌的基础，这些诗歌讲述了美丽的自然风光和打动他心灵的人。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为his works of more than 2000 poems，作从句的主语，表示物，用关系代词which引导。故填which。 第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，38分） 第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A For high school students, just thinking about your career probably isn’t enough. You have to actively do some research and plan. Here are some of the best careers for the future and how you can get your foot in the door. Registered Nurses To become registered nurses, you’re going to need either an associate degree in nursing, a Bachelor of Science in nursing, or another officially approved diploma(文凭) from a nursing program. If you want to be a practicing physician, you’ll need a medical degree in your chosen field on top of your four-year degree. Data Analysts Big data is a growing field with profitable opportunities for college graduates. You are required to have a master’s degree in computer science or another related field. Data science is a traditionally male-dominated industry and only 26 percent are held by women. Thankfully, it is holding out an olive branch to females and there are some terrific programs specially designed for them to break into this dynamic field. Plumbers (管道工) and Electricians Not all of the best careers for the future will require a four-year undergraduate degree. There’s a serious demand for skilled positions jobs like plumbers and technicians. Many of these positions require a high school degree and often an associate degree in a related field, but don’t necessarily require graduation from a four-year university. Cybersecurity (网络安全) Experts The average salaries for cybersecurity experts can start at $80, 000 for IT Security Consultants and can reach six figures for other positions such as a security director. The best way to start your path in cybersecurity is with a bachelor’s degree in computer science, information technology, engineering, or other related fields. 21. In which job will the gender distribution probably be more balanced? A. Data Analysts. B. Registered Nurses. C. Cybersecurity Experts. D. Plumbers and Electricians. 22. To be a cybersecurity expert, which is the basic requirement? A. A master’s degree in computer science. B. A certificate of high school graduation. C. A bachelor’s degree in information technology. D. A diploma officially approved from a medical program. 23. Where is the text probably taken from? A. A health lecture. B. A school website. C. A job advertisement. D. A science magazine. 【答案】21. A 22. C 23. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章为高中生介绍了四种职业规划。 【21题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Data science is a traditionally male-dominated industry and only 26 percent are held by women. Thankfully, it is holding out an olive branch to females and there are some terrific programs specially designed for them to break into this dynamic field. (数据科学是一个传统上由男性主导的行业，女性仅占26%。值得庆幸的是，该公司向女性抛出了橄榄枝，有一些很棒的项目专门为她们设计，帮助她们进入这个充满活力的领域。)”可知，数据分析师这个行业的男女性别比例会更均衡一些。故选A。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“The best way to start your path in cybersecurity is with a bachelor’s degree in computer science, information technology, engineering, or another related field.( 开始你的网络安全之路的最佳方式是获得计算机科学、信息技术、工程或其他相关领域的学士学位。)”可知，从事网络安全员的工作，需要专业是计算机科学、信息技术、工程学或相关领域的本科学历毕业生。C项正确。A、B和D分别意为“计算机科学专业硕士毕业生”、“高中毕业生”和“官方认证的某医疗项目文凭”，均不符合题意。故选C。 【23题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“For high school students, just thinking about your career probably isn’t enough. You have to actively do some research and plan. Here are some of the best careers for the future and how you can get your foot in the door.(对于高中生来说，仅仅考虑自己的职业生涯可能是不够的。你必须积极地做一些调查和计划。以下是一些未来最好的职业，以及你如何进入这扇门。) ”可知，下文内容是讲给高中生的，目的是让高中生提前进行职业规划。所以推测此篇文本选自学校网站内容。故选B。 B Working at a commercial bank in New York City in the mid-2010s, Anna Sacks sensed a lack of meaning in her life. She wanted to do something more fulfilling. Some people seeking meaning might read a self-help book, or perhaps volunteer a few hours a week. Sacks packed up her life and moved to Connecticut for three months to participate in Adamah, a farming program that focuses on sustainable living and growing sustainable food. Returning to New York, Sacks carried with her a newfound purpose and a set of skills to turn her dreams into reality. “One of the things that really stuck with me from Adamah was how little waste they produced and how they handled the waste they did have, mostly through composting,” she says. “And I just thought, ‘Why aren’t we doing that here? What is actually in all those bags and recycling bins at the roadsides?’” The Adamah program opened Sacks’s eyes to the damage consumer culture is doing and the need to find solutions. So in 2016, she started working with a food rescue program, and in 2017, she found her true calling—what she calls “trash walking”. During walks around her neighborhood, Sacks, 31, picked through trash to look for reusable items. Soon her trash walks expanded to include recycling bins in big companies. Surprisingly, she discovered really great stuff—like clothing and food—all of which she documents on Instagram and TikTok. Under the name The Trash Walker, Sacks quickly gained popularity for her educational, funny, and surprising videos that highlight the problems with consumerism and share information about how to live a more sustainable lifestyle. “The root issue is overproduction, which leads to over-consumption, which leads to a large amount of waste,” she says. Sacks is one of the most influential climate change activists on social media today. The lesson from her trash walking isn’t just that we need to produce less stuff. It’s that we need to stop throwing perfectly good items in the trash too. 24. What motivated Anna Sacks to get involved in Adamah? A. A self-help book she read. B. Her job at a commercial bank. C. Her desire for a meaningful life. D. The volunteer experience she had. 25. What did Anna Sacks find impressive about Adamah? A. Fast-growing food output. B. Sustainable living practices. C. Advanced farming techniques. D. Various waste management methods. 26. Why did Anna Sacks start her “trash walking” initiative? A. To improve her living conditions. B. To gain popularity on social media. C. To advertise her food rescue program. D. To handle the damage by consumer culture. 27. What does the author advocate to reduce waste? A. Raising prices on products. B. Collecting second-hand items. C. Producing high-quality goods. D. Making full use of products. 【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述银行工作的女孩Anna Sacks为寻求更有意义的生活，参加了一个名为Adamah的项目，因此关注到了消费文化的不良影响，并为此寻找解决措施。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Working at a commercial bank in New York City in the mid-2010s, Anna Sacks sensed a lack of meaning in her life. She wanted to do something more fulfilling.(2010年代中期，Anna Sacks在纽约市的一家商业银行工作，她感觉到自己的生活缺乏意义。她想做一些更有成就感的事情)”及第二段“Sacks packed up her life and moved to Connecticut for three months to participate in Adamah, a farming program that focuses on sustainable living and growing sustainable food.(Sacks结束了她的生活，搬到康涅狄格州参加Adamah项目，为期三个月，这是一个专注于可持续生活和种植可持续食品的农业项目)”可知，她对有意义的生活的渴望促使Anna Sacks加入Adamah项目。故选C项。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段““One of the things that really stuck with me from Adamah was how little waste they produced and how they handled the waste they did have, mostly through composting,” she says.(她说：“Adamah让我印象深刻的一件事是，他们产生的废物是多么的少，以及他们如何处理他们所拥有的废物，主要是通过堆肥”)”可知，Anna Sacks发现Adamah项目的可持续生活实践令人印象深刻。故选B项。 【26题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The Adamah program opened Sacks’s eyes to the damage consumer culture is doing and the need to find solutions. So in 2016, she started working with a food rescue program, and in 2017, she found her true calling—what she calls “trash walking”.(Adamah项目让Sacks看到了消费者文化正在造成的损害以及寻找解决方案的必要性。因此，2016年，她开始参与一个食品救援项目，2017年，她找到了自己真正的职业——她称之为“垃圾漫步”)”可知，Anna Sacks开始了她的“垃圾漫步”计划，以应对消费者文化的破坏。故选D项。 【27题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The lesson from her trash walking isn’t just that we need to produce less stuff. It’s that we need to stop throwing perfectly good items in the trash too.(她的“垃圾漫步”经验不仅仅是我们需要减少生产。我们也需要停止把非常好的东西扔进垃圾桶)”可知，作者主张充分利用产品来减少浪费。故选D项。 C Try Hard, but Not That Hard. So many of us were raised with the belief of hard work and max effort, taught that what we put in was what we got out. Now, some coaches and corporate leaders have a new message. Trying to run at top speed will actually lead to slower running times. Lifting heavy weights until you absolutely can’t any more won’t spark more muscle gain than stopping a little sooner. The trick — be it in exercise, or anything — is to try for 85%. Aiming for perfection often makes us feel awful, burns us out and backfires. Instead, count the fact that you hit eight out of 10 of your targets this quarter as a win. “I already messed it up,” Sherri Phillips would regret after missing one of her daily personal goals. Last year, the COO of a Manhattan photography business began tracking metrics like her sleep quality and exercise time. It was only after she switched to aiming for 85% success over a week that she stuck with her efforts, instead of giving up when she missed a mark.  Dialing in on the sweet spot of 85% can help us grow. In a 2019 paper, researchers used machine learning to try to find the ideal difficulty level to learn new things. The neural network they created, meant to mimic the human brain, learned best when it was faced with queries (疑问) set to 85% difficulty, meaning it got questions right 85% of the time. If a task is too hard, humans get demotivated, says Bob Wilson, an author of the study. “If you never make any errors, you’re 100% accurate, well, you can’t learn from the mistakes.” Ron Shaich, a founder and former CEO of restaurant chain Panera, is skeptical of people who hit 100% on sales targets. He wonders if the goals are too low. They should be ambitious enough that you won’t always get there, he says. Now an investor, board member and author of a coming business book that stresses 80% equals success, Shaich is convinced most companies don’t even hit that number. Years ago, as a consultant, Grace Ueng learned the “80-20 rule.” The idea was to stop once you were 80% complete on a project, she says. Ueng recently took up piano. She practiced for long hours and still grimaced when she performed for her music group. Then she started tackling small chunks of a piece instead of running through the whole thing again and again. Before a recent performance, she read a book and went to church instead of putting in extra hours at the piano. When it was time to perform, she played well—and actually enjoyed it. “You have to have the wisdom,” she says, “to know when to stop.” 28. What is the main message of the passage? A. Maximum effort is key to success. B. Striving for perfection leads to burnout. C. Consistent hard work guarantees success. D. Proper aims and effort enhance performance. 29. According to Ron Shaich, what does consistently hitting 100% targets suggest? A. Exceptional performance. B. Perfect strategic planning. C. Goals not ambitious enough. D. High levels of employee motivation. 30. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Bob Wilson thinks 100% accuracy gets people full of motivation. B. Sherri Phillips would not regret any more after tracking 85% metrics. C. Grace Ueng felt optimistic after she played the piano for a long time. D. Researchers believe the ideal learning way is to face difficult queries. 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇议论文。它通过引用研究、专家意见和实际案例，讨论了在工作、学习和个人目标设定中适度努力的重要性，阐述了为何追求85%而非100%的努力可能是更有效的策略，旨在向读者传达一种关于成功与努力的新观念。 【28题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由第二段“Trying to run at top speed will actually lead to slower running times. Lifting heavy weights until you absolutely can’t any more won’t spark more muscle gain than stopping a little sooner. The trick—be it in exercise, or anything—is to try for 85%. Aiming for perfection often makes us feel awful, burns us out and backfires. Instead, count the fact that you hit eight out of 10 of your targets this quarter as a win. (试图以最高速度跑步实际上会导致跑步时间变慢。举重到你完全不能再做的时候，不会比稍早停止更能增加肌肉。诀窍是——无论是在锻炼中，还是在其他任何事情上——努力达到85%。追求完美往往会让我们感觉很糟糕，让我们精疲力竭，适得其反。相反，你应该把这个季度10个目标中有8个命中当成胜利。)”可知，文章主要讨论了追求完美和极致努力反而可能导致不佳结果，提倡以85%的努力作为目标，这样的适度努力和合理设定目标可以提升表现并促进个人成长。故选D项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Ron Shaich, a founder and former CEO of restaurant chain Panera, is skeptical of people who hit 100% on sales targets. He wonders if the goals are too low. They should be ambitious enough that you won’t always get there, he says. (连锁餐厅Panera的创始人和前首席执行官Ron Shaich对那些100%完成销售目标的人持怀疑态度。他怀疑目标是否太低了。他说，他们应该有足够的雄心壮志，这样你就不会总能达到目标。)”可知，如果人们总是能达到100%的销售目标，他对此表示怀疑，并认为这可能意味着目标不够有野心。故选C项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“If a task is too hard, humans get demotivated, says Bob Wilson, an author of the study. “If you never make any errors, you’re 100% accurate, well, you can’t learn from the mistakes.” (该研究的作者之一Bob Wilson说，如果一项任务太难，人们就会失去动力。“如果你从未犯过任何错误，你是100%准确的，那么，你就无法从错误中吸取教训。”)”可知，Bob Wilson实际上认为如果从不犯错（即100%准确率），人们就无法从错误中学习，而非充满动力，A选项错误。根据第三段““I already messed it up,” Sherri Phillips would regret after missing one of her daily personal goals. Last year, the COO of a Manhattan photography business began tracking metrics like her sleep quality and exercise time. It was only after she switched to aiming for 85% success over a week that she stuck with her efforts, instead of giving up when she missed a mark. (“我已经把事情搞砸了，”Sherri Phillips在错过一个日常个人目标后会后悔。去年，曼哈顿一家摄影公司的首席运营官开始跟踪自己的睡眠质量和锻炼时间等指标。直到她将目标改为在一周内达到85%的成功率后，她才坚持自己的努力，而不是在没有达到一个分数时就放弃。)”可知，Sherri Phillips在调整到追求一周内85%的成功率后，能坚持努力而不是因未达成目标而放弃，她不再后悔，B选项正确。根据最后一段“She practiced for long hours and still grimaced when she performed for her music group. (她练习了很长时间，在为她的音乐团体表演时仍然愁眉苦脸。)”可知，Grace Ueng在长时间练习钢琴后仍然愁眉苦脸，C选项错误。根据倒数第三段“The neural network they created, meant to mimic the human brain, learned best when it was faced with queries (疑问) set to 85% difficulty, meaning it got questions right 85% of the time. If a task is too hard, humans get demotivated, says Bob Wilson, an author of the study. “If you never make any errors, you’re 100% accurate, well, you can’t learn from the mistakes.” (他们创建的神经网络旨在模仿人类大脑，当它面对设置为85%难度的问题时，它的学习效果最好，这意味着它在85%的时间里答对了问题。该研究的作者之一Bob Wilson说，如果一项任务太难，人们就会失去动力。)”可知，研究者通过机器学习发现面对85%难度的问题时，学习效果最佳，D选项错误。故选B项。 D Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 31. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 32. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 33. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 34. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 【答案】31. D 32. A 33. B 34. A 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 【31题详解】 词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 How to be more resilient (适应力强的)? We’ve all heard of IQ, and terms like EQ, which relates to our emotional intelligence, are commonly used. But have you heard of AQ? ____35____ It measures our ability to resist the shock when life throws us curveballs — how likely we are to crumble(崩溃) or thrive in these situations. ____36____ . Adverse situations can take us by surprise. In the workplace, it could be in the form of a layoff, the company we work for going under or being restructured, or even missing out on a promotion. Failed friendships and relationships, hard financial times and even loss of beloved ones are things that can occur outside of work. ____37____ So how can we learn to be more resilient? Luckily, there are some steps you can take to help you be more resilient and adaptable in the face of adversity, according to Dr Shahram Heshmat, professor of health economics. ____38____ Resilient people often have an aim and are able to concentrate more on a desired outcome, seeing negative situations as a bump in the road on the way to achieving their goal. Learning to relax and regulate your emotions is another key step — one way to help is to practise breathing exercises. Likewise, dwelling on things and letting them get to you can cause you to be stressed. So see difficulties more as an opportunity to learn and grow emotionally. ____39____ Being able to talk with someone about the challenges we face can help. A. First, try and find a meaningful goal. B. Things that happen in life are not always pleasant. C. Finally, make sure you have a good social support network. D. However, taking a few steps to be more resilient can make them a little easier to get through. E. AQ stands for Adversity Quotient and measures our ability to deal with the ups and downs of life. F. Being able to handle these rough times is important not only in our personal lives but in our professional lives too. G. It can be used to predict our attitudes, perseverance, longevity, and the ways we learn from changes in the environment. 【答案】35. E 36. G 37. F 38. A 39. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些可以帮助你在逆境中更有弹性和适应性的方法。 【35题详解】 根据上文“We’ve all heard of IQ, and terms like EQ, which relates to our emotional intelligence, are commonly used. But have you heard of AQ? (我们都听说过智商，还有像EQ这样的术语，它与你的情绪智力相关，是常用的。 但你听说过AQ吗？)”可知，设空处应承接上文关于AQ的话题，E项“AQ stands for Adversity Quotient and measures our ability to deal with the ups and downs of life. (AQ是‘逆境商数’的缩写，衡量的是你应对生活跌宕起伏的能力。 )”承接上一句，解释了AQ的概念，上下文衔接连贯顺畅。故选E项。 【36题详解】 根据上文“　　　1　　　 It measures our ability to resist the shock when life throws us curveballs — how likely we are to crumble (崩溃) or thrive in these situations. (AQ是逆境商数的缩写，用来衡量我们处理人生跌宕起伏的能力。它衡量的是当生活给我们出难题时，我们抵抗冲击的能力——我们在这些情况下崩溃或茁壮成长的可能性有多大)”可知，设空处为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明AQ的作用。G项“It can be used to predict our attitudes, perseverance, longevity, and the ways we learn from changes in the environment. (它可以用来预测我们的态度、毅力、寿命，以及我们从环境变化中学习的方式。)”，句中的It指代上文的AQ，此处说明AQ的用途，上下文衔接连贯顺畅。故选G项。 【37题详解】 根据上文“Adverse situations can take us by surprise and shock us. In the workplace, it could be in the form of layoff, the company we work for going under or being restructured, or even missing out on a promotion. Failed friendships and relationships, financial hard times and even loss of beloved ones are things that can occur outside of work. (逆境会让我们措手不及。在职场中，其形式可能是裁员，我们工作的公司倒闭或重组，甚至是错过升职机会。友谊和关系的失败，经济困难时期，甚至丧亲之痛都可能发生在工作之外。)”可知，上文列举了一些困难时期，故设空处应说明如何应对这些时期，F项“Being able to handle these rough times is important not only in our personal lives but in our professional lives too. (能够处理这些艰难时刻不仅对我们的个人生活很重要，对我们的职业生活也很重要。)”，其中these rough times对应上文中hard times，上下文语意一致，衔接连贯。故选F项。 【38题详解】 根据下文“Resilient people often have an aim and are able to concentrate more on a desired outcome, seeing negative situations as a bump in the road on the way to achieving their goal. (适应性强的人通常有一个目标，能够更专注于想要的结果，把消极的情况视为实现目标路上的绊脚石)”可知，后文提到了要有目标，A项“First, try and find a meaningful goal. (首先，试着找到一个有意义的目标)”，选项中goal对应后文中aim。下文“Learning to relax and regulate your emotions is another key step — one way to help is to practise breathing exercises. (学会放松和调节你的情绪是另一个关键的步骤——其中一个帮助的方法是练习呼吸练习。)”，A项的First与下文another key step呼应，此段陈述了一些可以帮助你在逆境中更有弹性和适应性的步骤，上下文衔接连贯顺畅，故选A项。 【39题详解】 根据本段第一句“First, try and find a meaningful goal. (首先，试着找到一个有意义的目标)”，此处为帮助你在逆境中更有弹性和适应性的第一个步骤，下文“Being able to talk with someone about the challenges we face can help. (能够和别人谈论我们面临的挑战是有帮助的)”可知，后文提到和别人谈论面临的挑战，即寻求他人的支持；C项“Finally, make sure you have a good social support network. (最后，确保你有一个良好的社会支持网络。)”，其中的Finally，表明C项为帮助你在逆境中更有弹性和适应性的最后一个步骤，良好的社会支持网络可以在你面对挑战时找到可以倾诉的人，上下文衔接连贯顺畅，故选C项。 第三部分 书面表达 (共两节，32分) 第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分；第42题3分；第43题5分；共12分） 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 Robots help us in many ways — from assembly lines to looking after the elderly. Now they’re turning their attention to coping with climate change by helping to plant trees. Milrem Robotics, an Estonian company, has developed an autonomous robot forester. The new robot forester can plant a hectare of forest in less than six hours. The robotic planters are equipped with Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) which uses laser pulses to build up a three-dimensional image of the robots’ surroundings and global positioning (GPS) to navigate precisely. The position of each sapling is recorded in a database as it is planted, which means that a specialized brush cutter version of the robot forester can reduce competitive growth without harming the young trees. The robot forester is designed for working in commercial forests and it could be used to restore natural forests, too. Deforestation (滥伐) contributes 15% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Conservationists say, “We lose 10 million hectares of trees every year to agriculture and logging and we need to plant a trillion trees to reverse forest cover loss to help slow down climate change.” A mature tree can capture an average of 0.62 metric tons of carbon dioxide over its lifetime — equivalent to the carbon emissions from driving a car 2,400 kilometres. Tree planting is just one of a range of measures needed to fight climate change and scientists say it’s important to plant the right trees in the right place for it to be effective. These robotic planters are just one of the many new solutions beginning to surface in time for the decade of delivery on climate change. We can do a lot to help in our daily life. 40. What can the robot forester do? _____________________________________________________________ 41. According to conservationists, how can we help slow down climate change? _____________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.  Milrem Robotics designed the robot foresters to help speed up deforestation. _____________________________________________________________ 43. What else can you do in your daily life to help slow climate change? (In about 40 words) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】40. Planting a hectare of trees in under six hours./Planting a hectare of forest in less than six hours. /The new robot forester can plant a hectare of forest in less than six hours. 41. By planting a trillion trees to reverse forest cover loss. We need to plant a trillion trees to reverse forest cover loss to help slow down climate change. 42. Milrem Robotics designed the robot foresters to help speed up deforestation. According to the passage, the robot forester is designed for working in commercial forests and it could be used to restore natural forests instead of helping speed up deforestation. 43. As a student, I actively play my part in slowing climate change. On one hand, I clearly know paper is made from wood, so I always use both sides of the paper and avoid leaving a lot white space on the page to reduce forest cutting. On the other hand, I usually ride a bike or take a public transport instead of driving for a short distance. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自动植树机器人及其在应对气候变化方面的应用，说明了这种新技术如何帮助解决全球性的环境问题。通过对机器人功能的描述、其在植树方面的优势和效果，以及其在环保领域的重要性等内容的阐述，向读者展示了这一新技术的应用前景和价值。 【40题详解】 考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“Milrem Robotics, an Estonian company, has developed an autonomous robot forester. The new robot forester can plant a hectare of forest in less than six hours.(爱沙尼亚公司Milrem Robotics开发了一款自动护林机器人。新的机器人护林员可以在不到6小时的时间内种植一公顷的森林。)”可知，新的机器人护林员可以在不到6小时的时间内种植一公顷的森林。故答案为Planting a hectare of trees in under six hours./Planting a hectare of forest in less than six hours. /The new robot forester can plant a hectare of forest in less than six hours。 【41题详解】 考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Conservationists say, “We lose 10 million hectares of trees every year to agriculture and logging and we need to plant a trillion trees to reverse forest cover loss to help slow down climate change.”(环保人士说：“我们每年因农业和伐木而失去1000万公顷树木，我们需要种植1万亿棵树来扭转森林覆盖的损失，以帮助减缓气候变化。”)”可知，环保主义者认为我们需要种植1万亿棵树来扭转森林覆盖的损失，以帮助减缓气候变化。故答案为By planting a trillion trees to reverse forest cover loss. We need to plant a trillion trees to reverse forest cover loss to help slow down climate change。 42题详解】 考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“The robot forester is designed for working in commercial forests and it could be used to restore natural forests, too.(机器人护林员是为在商业森林工作而设计的，它也可以用来恢复自然森林。)”可知，机器人护林员是为在商业森林工作而设计的，它也可以用来恢复自然森林。原句“Milrem Robotics designed the robot foresters to help speed up deforestation.”的“to help speed up deforestation.”是错误的，机器人是用来恢复自然森林而不是加快森林砍伐。故答案为Milrem Robotics designed the robot foresters to help speed up deforestation. According to the passage, the robot forester is designed for working in commercial forests and it could be used to restore natural forests instead of helping speed up deforestation。 【43题详解】 开放题。要求考生谈谈能做些什么来帮助减缓气候变化，考生言之有理即可。参考答案为As a student, I actively play my part in slowing climate change. On one hand, I clearly know paper is made from wood, so I always use both sides of the paper and avoid leaving a lot white space on the page to reduce forest cutting. On the other hand, I usually ride a bike or take a public transport instead of driving for a short distance. 第二节（20分） 44. 假设你是高二（1）班学生李华，你校英语协会招聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。请你写信应聘，内容包括： 1.应聘目的； 2.应聘理由。 注意：1．词数100左右； 2．信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Sir/Madam, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【答案】Dear Sir/Madam, On seeing your notice on the bulletin board, I feel excited to write this letter for the position. As a student good at the English language, I can talk in English fluently. To be honest, I have just won first prize in the Spoken English Competition, so there is no doubt that there is not any problem for me to communicate with foreigners.What’s more, I have ever served as a receptionist in our school’s 70th anniversary celebration, making myself more confident. In order to practise my speaking skills and get more experience, I’m eager to be taken on for this job. Look forward to your early reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写信应聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。 【详解】1.词汇积累 兴奋：excited→thrilled 担任：serve as→work as 为了：in order to→so as to 此外：what’s more→besides 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：What’s more, I have ever served as a receptionist in our school’s 70th anniversary celebration, making myself more confident. 拓展句：What’s more, I have ever served as a receptionist in our school’s 70th anniversary celebration, which made myself more confident. 【点睛】[高分句型1] On seeing your notice on the bulletin board, I feel excited to write this letter for the position. (运用了动名词作宾语和不定式作状语) [高分句型2] What’s more, I have ever served as a receptionist in our school’s 70th anniversary celebration, making myself more confident. (运用了现在分词作状语) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 丰台区2023-2024学年度第二学期期中练习 高二英语（B卷） 考试时间：90分钟 第一部分 知识运用（共两节，30分） 第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible. Trujillo, however, is an aerospace engineer who leads a team at the NASA laboratory ____1____ for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover (火星探测器). How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to ____2____ exploring it? That’s a tale of ____3____ written in the stars. Born in 1983, even as a young girl Trujillo was certain of her passion for science. But she doubted how far she’d be able to ____4____ in a male-dominated field. Then her dad offered to send her to Miami. Only 17 at the time, she ____5____ the offer. Trujillo took a series of housekeeping ____6____ to put herself through Miami Dade College. Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms to help pay her way through her studies. But she didn’t ____7____ “I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity”. Then came another life-changing moment. She became the first Hispanic (西班牙语国家的) woman to be ____8____ to the NASA Academy. Later, she became an engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. This February, when the Perseverance rover landed on the surface of Mars, it was ____9____ by commentary (解说) from Trujillo in NASA’s first-ever Spanish-language broadcast. Trujillo’s own story is ______10______ that just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars. 1. A. eager B. responsible C. concerned D. grateful 2. A. actually B. hardly C. precisely D. repeatedly 3. A. innocence B. kindness C. perseverance D. sympathy 4. A. respond B. rise C. invest D. apply 5. A. made up B. turned up C. picked up D. took up 6. A. measures B. activities C. jobs D. courses 7. A. skip B. panic C. explain D. complain 8. A. applied B. admitted C. assigned D. introduced 9. A. accompanied B. restricted C. enhanced D. teased 10. A. theory B. information C. competence D. proof 第二节 (共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分) 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Mangroves, known as “red forest” in China, grow between land and sea, charaterised by their complex roots. When _____11_____ (see) from afar, the mangrove forests appear more splendid. Mangroves can help soften waves and protect cities from coastal winds. For these reasons, they _____12_____ (praise) as “coastal guardians”. Up to now, China _____13_____ (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Before I went to middle school, I had dreamed of becoming a teacher. I am sure that it takes great efforts to make my dream come true. So I learn as much as I can from teachers and textbooks. I make full use of my spare time to read books _____14_____ (acquire) more knowledge. I have to work hard to walk into my ideal university. There will be many difficulties, _____15_____ I’m sure I will get them over. I believe my dream _____16_____ (come) true in future. C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Romanticism has been a part of human creative expression for _____17_____ (century) all over the world. Li Bai, one of China’s _____18_____ (great) poets, wrote poetry during the Tang Dynasty. As a boy, Li Bai lived in Sichuan with his family. _____19_____ the age of 25, he began travelling around the country. He made friends with scholars and kept journals. His travels were the basis for his works of more than 2000 poems, _____20_____ were about beautiful natural scenes and the people who touched his heart. 第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，38分） 第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A For high school students, just thinking about your career probably isn’t enough. You have to actively do some research and plan. Here are some of the best careers for the future and how you can get your foot in the door. Registered Nurses To become registered nurses, you’re going to need either an associate degree in nursing, a Bachelor of Science in nursing, or another officially approved diploma(文凭) from a nursing program. If you want to be a practicing physician, you’ll need a medical degree in your chosen field on top of your four-year degree. Data Analysts Big data is a growing field with profitable opportunities for college graduates. You are required to have a master’s degree in computer science or another related field. Data science is a traditionally male-dominated industry and only 26 percent are held by women. Thankfully, it is holding out an olive branch to females and there are some terrific programs specially designed for them to break into this dynamic field. Plumbers (管道工) and Electricians Not all of the best careers for the future will require a four-year undergraduate degree. There’s a serious demand for skilled positions jobs like plumbers and technicians. Many of these positions require a high school degree and often an associate degree in a related field, but don’t necessarily require graduation from a four-year university. Cybersecurity (网络安全) Experts The average salaries for cybersecurity experts can start at $80, 000 for IT Security Consultants and can reach six figures for other positions such as a security director. The best way to start your path in cybersecurity is with a bachelor’s degree in computer science, information technology, engineering, or other related fields. 21. In which job will the gender distribution probably be more balanced? A. Data Analysts. B. Registered Nurses. C. Cybersecurity Experts. D. Plumbers and Electricians. 22. To be a cybersecurity expert, which is the basic requirement? A. A master’s degree in computer science. B. A certificate of high school graduation. C. A bachelor’s degree in information technology. D. A diploma officially approved from a medical program. 23. Where is the text probably taken from? A. A health lecture. B. A school website. C. A job advertisement. D. A science magazine. B Working at a commercial bank in New York City in the mid-2010s, Anna Sacks sensed a lack of meaning in her life. She wanted to do something more fulfilling. Some people seeking meaning might read a self-help book, or perhaps volunteer a few hours a week. Sacks packed up her life and moved to Connecticut for three months to participate in Adamah, a farming program that focuses on sustainable living and growing sustainable food. Returning to New York, Sacks carried with her a newfound purpose and a set of skills to turn her dreams into reality. “One of the things that really stuck with me from Adamah was how little waste they produced and how they handled the waste they did have, mostly through composting,” she says. “And I just thought, ‘Why aren’t we doing that here? What is actually in all those bags and recycling bins at the roadsides?’” The Adamah program opened Sacks’s eyes to the damage consumer culture is doing and the need to find solutions. So in 2016, she started working with a food rescue program, and in 2017, she found her true calling—what she calls “trash walking”. During walks around her neighborhood, Sacks, 31, picked through trash to look for reusable items. Soon her trash walks expanded to include recycling bins in big companies. Surprisingly, she discovered really great stuff—like clothing and food—all of which she documents on Instagram and TikTok. Under the name The Trash Walker, Sacks quickly gained popularity for her educational, funny, and surprising videos that highlight the problems with consumerism and share information about how to live a more sustainable lifestyle. “The root issue is overproduction, which leads to over-consumption, which leads to a large amount of waste,” she says. Sacks is one of the most influential climate change activists on social media today. The lesson from her trash walking isn’t just that we need to produce less stuff. It’s that we need to stop throwing perfectly good items in the trash too. 24. What motivated Anna Sacks to get involved in Adamah? A. A self-help book she read. B. Her job at a commercial bank. C. Her desire for a meaningful life. D. The volunteer experience she had. 25. What did Anna Sacks find impressive about Adamah? A. Fast-growing food output. B. Sustainable living practices. C. Advanced farming techniques. D. Various waste management methods. 26. Why did Anna Sacks start her “trash walking” initiative? A. To improve her living conditions. B. To gain popularity on social media. C. To advertise her food rescue program. D. To handle the damage by consumer culture. 27 What does the author advocate to reduce waste? A. Raising prices on products. B. Collecting second-hand items. C. Producing high-quality goods. D. Making full use of products. C Try Hard, but Not That Hard. So many of us were raised with the belief of hard work and max effort, taught that what we put in was what we got out. Now, some coaches and corporate leaders have a new message. Trying to run at top speed will actually lead to slower running times. Lifting heavy weights until you absolutely can’t any more won’t spark more muscle gain than stopping a little sooner. The trick — be it in exercise, or anything — is to try for 85%. Aiming for perfection often makes us feel awful, burns us out and backfires. Instead, count the fact that you hit eight out of 10 of your targets this quarter as a win. “I already messed it up,” Sherri Phillips would regret after missing one of her daily personal goals. Last year, the COO of a Manhattan photography business began tracking metrics like her sleep quality and exercise time. It was only after she switched to aiming for 85% success over a week that she stuck with her efforts, instead of giving up when she missed a mark.  Dialing in on the sweet spot of 85% can help us grow. In a 2019 paper, researchers used machine learning to try to find the ideal difficulty level to learn new things. The neural network they created, meant to mimic the human brain, learned best when it was faced with queries (疑问) set to 85% difficulty, meaning it got questions right 85% of the time. If a task is too hard, humans get demotivated, says Bob Wilson, an author of the study. “If you never make any errors, you’re 100% accurate, well, you can’t learn from the mistakes.” Ron Shaich, a founder and former CEO of restaurant chain Panera, is skeptical of people who hit 100% on sales targets. He wonders if the goals are too low. They should be ambitious enough that you won’t always get there, he says. Now an investor, board member and author of a coming business book that stresses 80% equals success, Shaich is convinced most companies don’t even hit that number. Years ago, as a consultant, Grace Ueng learned the “80-20 rule.” The idea was to stop once you were 80% complete on a project, she says. Ueng recently took up piano. She practiced for long hours and still grimaced when she performed for her music group. Then she started tackling small chunks of a piece instead of running through the whole thing again and again. Before a recent performance, she read a book and went to church instead of putting in extra hours at the piano. When it was time to perform, she played well—and actually enjoyed it. “You have to have the wisdom,” she says, “to know when to stop.” 28. What is the main message of the passage? A. Maximum effort is key to success. B. Striving for perfection leads to burnout. C. Consistent hard work guarantees success. D. Proper aims and effort enhance performance. 29. According to Ron Shaich, what does consistently hitting 100% targets suggest? A. Exceptional performance. B. Perfect strategic planning. C. Goals not ambitious enough. D. High levels of employee motivation. 30 What can be inferred from the passage? A. Bob Wilson thinks 100% accuracy gets people full of motivation. B. Sherri Phillips would not regret any more after tracking 85% metrics. C. Grace Ueng felt optimistic after she played the piano for a long time. D. Researchers believe the ideal learning way is to face difficult queries. D Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 31. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 32. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 33. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 34. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 How to be more resilient (适应力强的)? We’ve all heard of IQ, and terms like EQ, which relates to our emotional intelligence, are commonly used. But have you heard of AQ? ____35____ It measures our ability to resist the shock when life throws us curveballs — how likely we are to crumble(崩溃) or thrive in these situations. ____36____ . Adverse situations can take us by surprise. In the workplace, it could be in the form of a layoff, the company we work for going under or being restructured, or even missing out on a promotion. Failed friendships and relationships, hard financial times and even loss of beloved ones are things that can occur outside of work. ____37____ So how can we learn to be more resilient? Luckily, there are some steps you can take to help you be more resilient and adaptable in the face of adversity, according to Dr Shahram Heshmat, professor of health economics. ____38____ Resilient people often have an aim and are able to concentrate more on a desired outcome, seeing negative situations as a bump in the road on the way to achieving their goal. Learning to relax and regulate your emotions is another key step — one way to help is to practise breathing exercises. Likewise, dwelling on things and letting them get to you can cause you to be stressed. So see difficulties more as an opportunity to learn and grow emotionally. ____39____ Being able to talk with someone about the challenges we face can help. A. First, try and find a meaningful goal. B. Things that happen in life are not always pleasant. C. Finally, make sure you have a good social support network. D. However, taking a few steps to be more resilient can make them a little easier to get through. E. AQ stands for Adversity Quotient and measures our ability to deal with the ups and downs of life. F. Being able to handle these rough times is important not only in our personal lives but in our professional lives too. G. It can be used to predict our attitudes, perseverance, longevity, and the ways we learn from changes in the environment. 第三部分 书面表达 (共两节，32分) 第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分；第42题3分；第43题5分；共12分） 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请答题纸指定区域作答。 Robots help us in many ways — from assembly lines to looking after the elderly. Now they’re turning their attention to coping with climate change by helping to plant trees. Milrem Robotics, an Estonian company, has developed an autonomous robot forester. The new robot forester can plant a hectare of forest in less than six hours. The robotic planters are equipped with Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) which uses laser pulses to build up a three-dimensional image of the robots’ surroundings and global positioning (GPS) to navigate precisely. The position of each sapling is recorded in a database as it is planted, which means that a specialized brush cutter version of the robot forester can reduce competitive growth without harming the young trees. The robot forester is designed for working in commercial forests and it could be used to restore natural forests, too. Deforestation (滥伐) contributes 15% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Conservationists say, “We lose 10 million hectares of trees every year to agriculture and logging and we need to plant a trillion trees to reverse forest cover loss to help slow down climate change.” A mature tree can capture an average of 0.62 metric tons of carbon dioxide over its lifetime — equivalent to the carbon emissions from driving a car 2,400 kilometres. Tree planting is just one of a range of measures needed to fight climate change and scientists say it’s important to plant the right trees in the right place for it to be effective. These robotic planters are just one of the many new solutions beginning to surface in time for the decade of delivery on climate change. We can do a lot to help in our daily life. 40 What can the robot forester do? _____________________________________________________________ 41. According to conservationists, how can we help slow down climate change? _____________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.  Milrem Robotics designed the robot foresters to help speed up deforestation. _____________________________________________________________ 43. What else can you do in your daily life to help slow climate change? (In about 40 words) _____________________________________________________________ 第二节（20分） 44. 假设你是高二（1）班学生李华，你校英语协会招聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。请你写信应聘，内容包括： 1.应聘目的； 2.应聘理由。 注意：1．词数100左右； 2．信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Sir/Madam, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$