第05讲 阅读理解主旨大意题、推理判断题 -【暑假自学课】2024年暑假高二英语提升精品讲义（人教版2019）

第05讲 阅读理解主旨大意题、推理判断题 ( 学习目标 ) 内容 要求 阅读理解 1. 阅读理解主旨大意题解题方法 2. 阅读理解推理判断题解题方法 3. 阅读理解说明文语议论文解题思路 ( 知识讲解 ) 一、阅读理解推理判断题 推理判断题是阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一，包括推理和判断两个方面，是考生失分率较高的题型。考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章陷含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。 1：推断隐含意义 解题技巧： 1）．Scanning，找到相关信息点 2）．Study reading，不但理解表层，而且要由表及里、由浅入深地分析 3）．推理，以文中提供的信息为依据，结合常识，作出符合逻辑的推断 2：推断观点态度 解题技巧： 根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。 3：推断写作目的Question Forms : 解题技巧： 1）. 找主旨 2）. 看文体――根据文章结构和措辞 (1) to entertain readers 常见于故事类的文章 (2) to persuade readers 常见于广告类的文章 (3) to inform readers/offer information/tips 多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章. 4：推断文章出处Question Forms : 解题技巧： 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处: A.报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。 B.广告:因其格式特殊,容易辨认。 C.产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。 D.网站：文中会出现click(点击)，online(在线), web(网络), website(网址)等字眼。 5：推断下续内容 解题技巧： 1）．把握作者写作思路 2）．把握文章结构，注意最后一段内容，特别是最后几句话。 典例一 （2023·湖南高二湖南师大附中校考期中）Disorders of the brain are a growing worry. Twelve mental—health conditions affect about 970 million people around the world according to the Global Burden of Disease Project: more than one in ten of the population. This figure could well be an underestimate. Neurological(神经学的)problems such as stroke, migraine (偏头痛),Parkinson’s and brain injury are collectively the leading global source of disability. Ageing populations with unhealthy ways of life are likely to make this problem much worse everywhere. In an ideal world, science would be coming to the rescue. But the brain is a complex organ sometimes described as the most complex structure in the known universe. A private company spent an estimated $43 bn on research into therapies for Alzheimer’s disease between 1998 and 2017 and came up empty—handed. That big failure is perhaps the biggest reason why, in the 2010s, many drug firms abandoned or cut back on neuroscience(神经科学)research. Happily, there are signs of a change. In our Technology Quarterly this week we report on a renaissance(复兴)in neuroscience, with many drug companies, some of them big ones, showing renewed interest in the field. This fresh energy is coming from a variety of techniques and ideas. More precise diagnosis and well—confirmed biomarkers which reveal the course of disease, are improving clinical trials. New kinds of treatment such as gene therapy, are expanding the range of diseases that can be tackled. Other advances are an increasing amount of data, which is proving critical to understanding the biological roots of neurological problems. As hopes rise for tackling this final frontier of bio—medicine, it is worth remembering that the secrets to a healthy brain are not only going to come from a pill or psychotherapist’s treatments. The health of the brain is influenced by what goes on outside it such as nutrition, exercise, the abuse of alcohol, education, social connections and pollution. None of this should be surprising: The health of the brain is tied to the health and the well—being of the body that it sits in. Efforts to ensure better brain health are an investment that will keep bringing advantages to individuals, and to societies, for decades to come. 12．What does the writer suggest in both the first and last paragraphs to prevent brain diseases? A．Less worry. B．More financial aid. C．Magic medicine. D．Healthy lifestyles. 13．What contribute to the renewed interest in neuroscience research? A．Profits and fame. B．Advances in technology. C．Larger range of diseases. D．More clinical trials. 14．What is most likely to be the writer’s job? A．A journal editor. B．A librarian. C．A sponsor. D．A clinical doctor. 15．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Complex brain health. B．An epic research failure. C．Renewed neuroscience research. D．Defeating brain disorders. 二、 阅读理解主旨大意题 阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。 1、利用主题段来概括标题 主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。 2、利用主题句来概括标题 解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误： (1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)； (2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)； (3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。 规律方法2：如何概括文章大意？ 1. 做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。 2. 在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。 规律方法3：如何总结段落大意？ 段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。 典例二 （2023·福建福州·高二福建省福州外国语学校校考期中）For many years there’s been a debate about rewarding our children. Does it work? Is it effective? Some people think we should establish a standard with our kids and give them something for meeting this standard as a reward. Punishment is given out in much the same way, but it’s used when certain standards of performance, behavior, etc. have not been met. Kids will often become more dutiful when threatened with punishment, and work harder when promised a valuable reward. The problem is what happens when you aren’t around. To develop responsible, self-disciplined (自律) kids, parents need to promote certain ideas. One of these ideas is that everyone joins in and helps in your family. Another idea is that there can be enjoyment in doing any task if we choose to make it so. When a task is for a worthy cause (our family can enjoy the house more because I helped clean it), this message can have a big impact. This is how we help our kids develop a sense of responsibility. When our children develop this responsibility, they’ll be more disciplined, and they’ll control their emotions better. When we give rewards to our kids, we reduce the sense of responsibility. We also create children who may temporarily perform to a certain standard, but who aren’t likely to continue the performance without the carrot hanging in front of them. “Rewards and punishment can change behavior for a while, but they cannot change the person who engages in the behavior,” said Alfie Kohn, author of Punished by Rewards. “Good values have to be grown from the inside out.” Parents can help give their children a sense of shared responsibility and discipline which can last a life time. The real rewards that your children receive will be their readiness for the complex and demanding world that waits for them—a world that rewards those who have learned the secrets of discipline and responsibility. So keep those shiny rewarding to yourself, and let your kids find their own rewards. 35．According to the passage, when children are threatened with punishment, ________. A．they may lose interest in their work B．they may appear to be well-behaved C．they may change to another person D．the results will be worse than usual 36．The underlined part “the carrot” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to ________. A．rewards B．aims C．apologies D．doubts 37．According to the passage, Alfie Kohn would agree that parents should ________. A．never pay attention to the way their children do things B．show their children how to behave by example C．never punish their children D．help their children establish good values 38．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Do you often reward your children? B．Should parents reward their children? C．When should parents reward their children? D．What can parents reward their children with? ( 巩固练习 ) 一、 （23-24高二上·辽宁·开学考试）Tired of standing in line? Wait a bit longer, and you may never have to again. Amazon has opened 24 of its Amazon Go stores, which use cameras and artificial intelligence (AI) to see what you’ve taken off shelves and charge you as you walk out. Some companies are closely copying Amazon’s approach to using Al-powered cameras fixed in ceilings. But others are trying an entirely different way to skip the checkout: smart shopping carts, companies have added cameras and sensors to the carts, and are using AI to tell what you’ve put in them. Customers pay by entering a credit card, or through an online payment system. When a customer exits the store, a green light on the shopping cart shows that their order is complete, and they’re charged. The companies behind the smart carts, including Caper and Veeve, say it’s much easier to add technology to the shopping cart than to an entire store. Amazom’s Go stores rely on hundreds of cameras in the ceiling. The shelves also include sensors to tell when an item is removed. Ahmed Beshry, co-founder of Caper, believes the technology to run Go is too expensive to use in a large-format grocery store. Neither Caper nor Veeve have said how much their smart shopping carts will cost, making it difficult to compare the different formats. Shariq Siddiqui, CEO of Veeve, said, “We’re always happy when Amazon is doing something. They force retailers to get out of their old school thinking.” Each time a business uses artificial intelligence and cameras, it raises questions about customers’ privacy and the effect on jobs. Beshry notes that the cameras in his shopping cart point down into the cart, so only a customer’s hand and part of their arm will be captured (拍摄) on camera. 1．What do we know about the smart shopping carts? A．They are linked to the cameras fixed in the ceilings. B．They are not able to recognize goods put in them. C．They flash the green light when the order is finished. D．They can tell customers where to find what they want. 2．What does Beshry think of the technology used in Amazon’s Go stores? A．It may reduce the cost of running a store greatly. B．It is likely to help retailers to think differently. C．It has attracted many more retailers than before. D．It costs much more than their shopping carts. 3．When it comes to AI and cameras, what makes the public worried most? A．That goods in the stores may be more expensive. B．That they can only buy goods online. C．That somebody may know their privacy. D．That they have to wait in a line for a longer time. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The new technology improves retail sale. B．Smart shopping carts will let you skip the line. C．Al-powered cameras are used in retail stores. D．Artificial intelligence affects the future of job market. 二、 （23-24高二上·福建开学考试）After nearly 70 years of space exploration, Earth is now surrounded by space junk. Recently, an accident made the cleanup more difficult to start. According to the European Space Agency (ESA) , scientists plan on testing their “junk truck”, ClearSpace-1, in 2025. It’s a spacecraft with four arms that can catch debris (碎片) and bring it back to Earth. They have chosen to bring back VESPA, a 113-kilogram, two-meter-wide rocket part. However, in August, it was hit by another piece of space junk, creating new pieces. The ESA is now revising its cleanup plan. Most satellites today are sent into Earth’s low orbit, which reaches up to around 2, 000 kilometers above the Earth. There, spacecraft are most likely to crash with each other. There may be as many as 170 million pieces of space junk in orbit. Big or small, any of the pieces can cause harm to a spacecraft. In terms of the cleanup, scientists have some other ideas. One popular plan is to equip a spacecraft with harpoons (叉) and magnets (磁铁) . The craft would shoot the harpoon to stick into the debris before “throwing” it back to Earth. Magnets could move the debris, changing its direction. The debris would burn after entering Earth’s atmosphere so there wouldn’t be much left when it reaches Earth. Scientists are also considering shooting lasers (激光) from spacecraft to heat up the debris’ surface, creating a small push that would change the debris’ orbit. This change would allow the debris to be caught by Earth’s gravity. Space junk can be very dangerous, and space agencies around the world are testing and planning the cleanup. But why haven’t they done anything yet? One reason is the expense. It would take between $4, 000 and $60, 000 per kilogram to catch one piece of debris larger than 10 cm. And around $300 million is needed to develop the laser technology. 5．What’s the mission of ClearSpace-1? A．To mark Earth’s low orbit. B．To monitor space debris. C．To study the harm of space junk. D．To bring VESPA back to Earth. 6．How do lasers work in cleaning up space debris? A．By burning it up in space. B．By pushing it into deeper space. C．By moving it towards a spacecraft. D．By redirecting it into the atmosphere. 7．What’s a disadvantage of the cleanup according to the last two paragraphs? A．It’s complex. B．It’s risky. C．It’s costly. D．It’s changeable. 8．What might be a suitable title? A．Escaping from Crowded Space B．Looking for Ways to Clean up Space C．Dangerous Space Debris D．Exceptional Space Exploration 三、 （23-24高二上·湖南·期中练习）The specific cultural values of a country may determine whether concern about environmental issues actually leads individuals to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors, according to research published in Psychological Science. Kimin Eom, a psychological scientist of the University of California, Santa Barbara, was inspired to investigate the links between culture, environmental concern, and environmental action after noticing that both public discussion and academic research on environmental behavior typically focus on people from Western countries. It is worth noticing because Western countries tend to have cultural values that prioritize individuals’ own attitudes and beliefs and encourage expression of them. “The theory seemed to be that once individuals are led to believe in the urgency of environmental issues and have stronger concerns about sustainability (持续性), they will change and act to address the issues,” explains Eom. But this relationship might not hold for individuals living in more collectivistic (集体主义的) societies, which place more emphasis on social harmony and uniformity than on self-expression, Eom and his team assumed. To examine what drives environmental action in individualistic and collectivistic cultures, the researchers conducted a study with participants from the United States (an individualistic culture) and Japan (a collectivistic culture). They found environmental concern was closely connected with environmental behavior — in this case, choosing environmentally friendly products — but only among American participants. On the other hand, believing that a large percentage of people engage in environmentally friendly behaviors was associated with making eco-friendly choices among Japanese participants, but not American participants. The findings suggest that personal concerns are more likely to motivate people to take environmental action if they live in individualistic countries, while social norms (准则) are more likely to drive people to engage in environmentally friendly behavior if they live in collectivistic countries. “Getting citizens actively engaged is critical to addressing urgent social challenges, such as climate change,” says Eom. “Our research suggests that scientists, policymakers, and activists need to understand how culture shapes the psychological factors of action to develop policies, campaigns, and interventions (干预) that address important social issues.” 9．What does Eom find about previous research on environmental behavior? A．Its study participants are too limited. B．Its results need a while to be achieved. C．It prioritizes individuals’ attitudes and beliefs. D．It draws much evidence from public discussion. 10．Under which condition will a Japanese man most likely take environmental action? A．If he sees many others do so. B．If he is affected by collectivistic values. C．If he moves to an individualistic country. D．If he worries about the environment personally. 11．What does Eom say about their research in the last paragraph? A．It fails to take participants’ psychological factors into account. B．It encourages scientists and policymakers to make joint efforts. C．It has a further study direction towards urgent social challenges. D．It provides insights into promoting public engagement in social issues. 12．What is the best title for the text? A．Social Norms Play a Part in Addressing Pollution B．Environmental Issues Originate from National Cultures C．Motivating Eco-Friendly Behaviors Depends on Cultural Values D．More Environmental Concerns Usually Mean More Green Action 四、 （23-24高二上·浙江宁波·月考）Three-dimensional printing, a technology that creates objects layer by layer, has revolutionized (变革) the way we make things. Recently, a group of Chinese scientists took things a step further by using this technology to create realistic replicas (复制品) of human organs. Previously, it was challenging to create a single material that could print different human organs due to their complexity. The research team from Chinese Academy of Sciences started by using hydrogel (水凝), a soft gel-like material as the main ingredient. Human organs have various textures (质地), with our brains being the softest. To replicate the hardness of materials like bone, the researchers added metallic elements to the hydrogel and adjusted their ratio (比例) to create the texture of each organ. Besides, to make sure the printing results are correct, the team used light-curing (光固化) technology in the 3D printing process. A special lamp was placed under the printing machine, causing the gel to become solid right after it was printed. According to the team’s paper published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, they are able to produce organ models including the brain, lungs, and intestines (肠). These 3D printed organ models are essential for medical researches, such as testing medical equipment and demonstrating surgeries. Compared to live organs and animal models, they are also ethically (伦理上) acceptable since they are printed artificially. They can help researchers develop new treatments more efficiently, due to their lower relative cost, commented the Alliance of Advanced Biomedical Engineering website. However, this method is still developing, and experts are hoping it will be used in the medical field within a decade, according to CNN. 13．What was the main challenge in printing human organs? A．The complexity of human organs. B．The various textures of human organs. C．The difficulty in creating proper materials. D．The lack of appropriate printing technology. 14．How did the research team ensure the accuracy of the printing results? A．By controlling the number of metallic elements. B．By using light-curing technology before printing. C．By solidifying the gel immediately after printing. D．By putting a special lamp on the printing machine. 15．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．This technology is still in the period of theory. B．3D printed organs are of great medical significance. C．The printed organs are more effective in the treatment. D．Live organs and animal models are more acceptable ethically. 16．What is the best title for the text? A．The Power of 3D Printing B．Printing the Body Parts C．Revolutionary Technology D．Finding New Materials for Organs 五、 （23-24高二上·山东青岛·阶段练习）Never has there been a primate as big as Gigantopithecus blacki. Adults of this ancient ape (猿) stood about 10 feet tail and could weigh more than 500 pounds, wandering the thick forests of ancient China during the last Ice Age. Why this impressive animal went extinct has puzzled scientists since the ape was discovered nearly a century ago. But now, a new analysis suggests that the primate’s unique lifestyle left it vulnerable The new study combines geological dates, pollen records, and clues preserved inside fossil teeth to present a detailed timeline of when, and how, Gigantopithecus blacki went extinct. The results reveal the creature’s decline and ultimate demise in fine detail Kira Westaway, lead author of the new study and a geochronologist at Macquarie University in Sydney, worked to come up with more accurate dates for the sediments (沉积物) that Gigantopithecus fossils have been found in. Studies of fossil pollen from the Gigantopithecus sites also allowed researchers to study how the animal’s habitat was changing. Prior to 700,000 years ago, both Gigantopithecus and Pongo weidenreichi, another ancient ape, lived in forests where they ate leaves, fruits, and flowers available much of the year round. Due to the environmental changes, dense forests of pines, birches and chestnut relatives gave way to more open habitats with larger patches of grassland However, Gigantopithecus had a difficult time finding preferred foods. Meanwhile Pongo weidenreichi changed its diet to live on-fibrous-plants that were more readily available. “It was the response of G, blacki to these changes that sealed its fate, ” Westaway says. The giant apes were so big that they had to move on the ground and were limited in how far they could venture, trying to make the most of twigs, bark, and other tough foods that were still accessible. It wasn’t enough. Yet knowing the ending of the ape’s story hardly closes the case on the giant primate. Did these huge primates follow the same path to extinction, or did the story vary by location? This research opens new questions even as it explains the disappearance of Earth’s most huge ape. 17．What does the new research aim to do? A．To study the climate changes of ancient China. B．To analyze the geological features of the last Ice Age. C．To solve the mystery of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s extinction. D．To present some detailed findings of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s habitat. 18．What does the underlined word “demise” in the third paragraph mean? A．Change. B．Removal. C．Adaptation. D．Extinction. 19．What do we know about the study? A．The timing of the giant ape’s disappearance was worked out. B．Another ape was included to show their common habitat. C．The environmental shift had little impact on the giant ape’s habitat. D．Some fossil pollen were studied to reveal the giant ape’s diet preference. 20．What can be suggested from Westaway ’ s words about the giant ape? A．The giant ape responded to the change of its habitat easily. B．The inability to adapt quickly caused its disappearance. C．The giant ape had sufficient food resources on the grassland. D．The forested habitat was still accessible to the giant ape. 六、 （23-24高二上·浙江温州·期中）The road to a Nobel Prize, the most respected scientific award in the world, is growing ever longer, with almost half of winners now waiting more than 20 years from making a Nobel-worthy discovery to receiving the prize. One analysis shows that the average time between publishing the work and receiving one of the science prizes has nearly doubled in the past 60 years. Across the three science prizes, chemistry now has the longest “Nobel lag”—an average of 30 years over the past decade—and physiology or medicine has the shortest, at 26 years. Alfred Nobel’s will stated that the prizes should be awarded “to those who, during the previous year, shall have given the greatest benefit to mankind.” In reality this has only happened a few times. But in the first half of the twentieth century, it was common for Nobel prize winners to be in their 30s -and that is unheard of now, says Santo Fortunato, now a computational social scientist at Indiana University. There are a number of possible reasons for this, says Yian Yin, a computational social scientist at Cornell University. It could be that the overall number of breakthroughs is increasing each year, so awards cannot keep up with the number of people who deserve to be recognized, he says. It is also the case that the importance of some works, which Yin describes as “sleeping beauties” are only realized years or decades later. Besides, the lengthening gap could be a sign that there has been a decrease in “disruptive” science - important studies or discoveries that change the paradigm (范式) of their field. This could be causing the Nobel committees to focus more on the past. Fortunato points out that, if the gap continues to grow, outstanding scientists could miss out on the award owing to the Nobel Committee’s rule banning posthumous prizes (追授奖项). “It has to stop at some point,” he says, adding that a rethink of the posthumous-awarding ban would allow more people’s work to get the recognition that it deserves. 21．Why does the writer mention the numbers in the first two paragraphs? A．To explain a rule. B．To present a fact. C．To clarify a concept. D．To make a prediction. 22．What can we learn about the Nobel prize winners from the paragraph 3? A．None of them are in their 30s nowadays. B．Their names are unheard of by the public. C．None of them receive the prizes several times. D．They must make contributions the year before. 23．Why might be a cause of the Nobel lag? A．The change in standards. B．The requirement of the award. C．The increase in breakthroughs. D．The tradition of the committees. 24．What does Fortunato suggest in the last paragraph? A．Reconsidering the current rule. B．Establishing a better committee. C．Stopping the award presentation. D．Recognizing more people’s work. ( 10 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第05讲 阅读理解主旨大意题、推理判断题 ( 学习目标 ) 内容 要求 阅读理解 1. 阅读理解主旨大意题解题方法 2. 阅读理解推理判断题解题方法 3. 阅读理解说明文语议论文解题思路 ( 知识讲解 ) 一、阅读理解推理判断题 推理判断题是阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一，包括推理和判断两个方面，是考生失分率较高的题型。考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章陷含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。 1：推断隐含意义 解题技巧： 1）．Scanning，找到相关信息点 2）．Study reading，不但理解表层，而且要由表及里、由浅入深地分析 3）．推理，以文中提供的信息为依据，结合常识，作出符合逻辑的推断 2：推断观点态度 解题技巧： 根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。 3：推断写作目的Question Forms : 解题技巧： 1）. 找主旨 2）. 看文体――根据文章结构和措辞 (1) to entertain readers 常见于故事类的文章 (2) to persuade readers 常见于广告类的文章 (3) to inform readers/offer information/tips 多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章. 4：推断文章出处Question Forms : 解题技巧： 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处: A.报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。 B.广告:因其格式特殊,容易辨认。 C.产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。 D.网站：文中会出现click(点击)，online(在线), web(网络), website(网址)等字眼。 5：推断下续内容 解题技巧： 1）．把握作者写作思路 2）．把握文章结构，注意最后一段内容，特别是最后几句话。 典例一 （2023·湖南高二湖南师大附中校考期中）Disorders of the brain are a growing worry. Twelve mental—health conditions affect about 970 million people around the world according to the Global Burden of Disease Project: more than one in ten of the population. This figure could well be an underestimate. Neurological(神经学的)problems such as stroke, migraine (偏头痛),Parkinson’s and brain injury are collectively the leading global source of disability. Ageing populations with unhealthy ways of life are likely to make this problem much worse everywhere. In an ideal world, science would be coming to the rescue. But the brain is a complex organ sometimes described as the most complex structure in the known universe. A private company spent an estimated $43 bn on research into therapies for Alzheimer’s disease between 1998 and 2017 and came up empty—handed. That big failure is perhaps the biggest reason why, in the 2010s, many drug firms abandoned or cut back on neuroscience(神经科学)research. Happily, there are signs of a change. In our Technology Quarterly this week we report on a renaissance(复兴)in neuroscience, with many drug companies, some of them big ones, showing renewed interest in the field. This fresh energy is coming from a variety of techniques and ideas. More precise diagnosis and well—confirmed biomarkers which reveal the course of disease, are improving clinical trials. New kinds of treatment such as gene therapy, are expanding the range of diseases that can be tackled. Other advances are an increasing amount of data, which is proving critical to understanding the biological roots of neurological problems. As hopes rise for tackling this final frontier of bio—medicine, it is worth remembering that the secrets to a healthy brain are not only going to come from a pill or psychotherapist’s treatments. The health of the brain is influenced by what goes on outside it such as nutrition, exercise, the abuse of alcohol, education, social connections and pollution. None of this should be surprising: The health of the brain is tied to the health and the well—being of the body that it sits in. Efforts to ensure better brain health are an investment that will keep bringing advantages to individuals, and to societies, for decades to come. 12．What does the writer suggest in both the first and last paragraphs to prevent brain diseases? A．Less worry. B．More financial aid. C．Magic medicine. D．Healthy lifestyles. 13．What contribute to the renewed interest in neuroscience research? A．Profits and fame. B．Advances in technology. C．Larger range of diseases. D．More clinical trials. 14．What is most likely to be the writer’s job? A．A journal editor. B．A librarian. C．A sponsor. D．A clinical doctor. 15．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Complex brain health. B．An epic research failure. C．Renewed neuroscience research. D．Defeating brain disorders. 【答案】12．D    13．B    14．A    15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着科学技术的发展以及新的治疗手段的出现，人们重燃对神经科学领域研究的兴趣。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Ageing populations with unhealthy ways of life are likely to make this problem much worse everywhere.( 生活方式不健康的老龄化人口可能会使这一问题在各地变得更加严重。)” 以及后一段第二句 “The health of the brain is influenced by what goes on outside it such as nutrition, exercise, the abuse of alcohol, education, social connections and pollution.(大脑的健康受到外界因素的影响，如营养、锻炼、酗酒、教育、社会关系和污染。)”可知，健康的生活方式可以预防脑部疾病。故选 D。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In our Technology Quarterly this week we report on a renaissance(复兴)in neuroscience, with many drug companies, some of them big ones, showing renewed interest in the field. This fresh energy is coming from a variety of techniques and ideas.(在本周的《科技季刊》中，我们报道了神经科学的复兴，许多制药公司，其中一些是大公司，对这一领域重新表现出兴趣。这种新鲜的能量来自于各种各样的技术和想法。)”可知，科技的进步有助于重新激发对神经科学研究的兴趣即科学技术的发展促使人们对神经科学领域重新表现出兴趣。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“ In our Technology Quarterly this week we report on a renaissance(复兴)in neuroscience, with many drug companies, some of them big ones, showing renewed interest in the field. (在本周的《科技季刊》中，我们报道了神经科学的复兴，许多制药公司，其中一些是大公司，对这一领域重新表现出兴趣。)”可知，在本周的《科技季刊》中，作者的杂志报道了神经科学的复兴，许多制药公司，其中一些是大公司，对这一领域重新表现出兴趣。由此可知，作者的身份与该杂志有关系，同时作者对神经科学领域的研究做了较为客观的叙述。因此，作者的职业很可能是某期刊的编辑，负责文章的编辑和整理工作。故选A。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了随着科学技术的发展以及新的治疗手段的出现，人们重燃对神经科学领域研究的兴趣。故选C。 二、 阅读理解主旨大意题 阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。 1、利用主题段来概括标题 主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。 2、利用主题句来概括标题 解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误： (1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)； (2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)； (3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。 规律方法2：如何概括文章大意？ 1. 做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。 2. 在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。 规律方法3：如何总结段落大意？ 段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。 典例二 （2023·福建福州·高二福建省福州外国语学校校考期中）For many years there’s been a debate about rewarding our children. Does it work? Is it effective? Some people think we should establish a standard with our kids and give them something for meeting this standard as a reward. Punishment is given out in much the same way, but it’s used when certain standards of performance, behavior, etc. have not been met. Kids will often become more dutiful when threatened with punishment, and work harder when promised a valuable reward. The problem is what happens when you aren’t around. To develop responsible, self-disciplined (自律) kids, parents need to promote certain ideas. One of these ideas is that everyone joins in and helps in your family. Another idea is that there can be enjoyment in doing any task if we choose to make it so. When a task is for a worthy cause (our family can enjoy the house more because I helped clean it), this message can have a big impact. This is how we help our kids develop a sense of responsibility. When our children develop this responsibility, they’ll be more disciplined, and they’ll control their emotions better. When we give rewards to our kids, we reduce the sense of responsibility. We also create children who may temporarily perform to a certain standard, but who aren’t likely to continue the performance without the carrot hanging in front of them. “Rewards and punishment can change behavior for a while, but they cannot change the person who engages in the behavior,” said Alfie Kohn, author of Punished by Rewards. “Good values have to be grown from the inside out.” Parents can help give their children a sense of shared responsibility and discipline which can last a life time. The real rewards that your children receive will be their readiness for the complex and demanding world that waits for them—a world that rewards those who have learned the secrets of discipline and responsibility. So keep those shiny rewarding to yourself, and let your kids find their own rewards. 35．According to the passage, when children are threatened with punishment, ________. A．they may lose interest in their work B．they may appear to be well-behaved C．they may change to another person D．the results will be worse than usual 36．The underlined part “the carrot” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to ________. A．rewards B．aims C．apologies D．doubts 37．According to the passage, Alfie Kohn would agree that parents should ________. A．never pay attention to the way their children do things B．show their children how to behave by example C．never punish their children D．help their children establish good values 38．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Do you often reward your children? B．Should parents reward their children? C．When should parents reward their children? D．What can parents reward their children with? 【答案】35．B    36．A    37．D    38．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了父母该如何奖励孩子的话题。并提出了父母应该帮助孩子设立正确的价值观。 35．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Kids will often become more dutiful when threatened with punishment, and work harder when promised a valuable reward.”（当受到惩罚的威胁时，孩子们通常会变得更加尽职尽责，当得到有价值的奖励时，孩子们会更加努力学习。）可知，当孩子们受到惩罚的威胁时，他们可能表现得很乖。故选B项。 36．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“When we give rewards to our kids, we reduce the sense of responsibility.”（当我们给孩子奖励时，我们减少了责任感。）以及划线单词句中“We also create children who may temporarily perform to a certain standard, but who aren’t likely to continue the performance…”（我们还创造了一些孩子，他们可能暂时表现得符合某种标准……他们不太可能继续表现下去。）可知，根据上文提到的rewards以及上下文句意关系可知，当给孩子奖励时，他们暂时表现得符合某种标准，但是当不给奖励时，他们不太可能继续表现下去，故可猜测，划线单词the carrot指的是“奖励”。故选A项。 37．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Rewards and punishment can change behavior for a while, but they cannot change the person who engages in the behavior,” said Alfie Kohn, author of Punished by Rewards. “Good values have to be grown from the inside out.” Parents can help give their children a sense of shared responsibility and discipline which can last a life time.”（《奖赏的惩罚》一书的作者阿尔菲·科恩说：“奖惩可以在一段时间内改变行为，但它们无法改变做出这种行为的人。”“良好的价值观必须由内而外培养。”父母可以帮助他们的孩子培养一种共同的责任感和纪律感，这种责任感和纪律感会伴随孩子一生。）可知，阿尔菲·科恩同意父母应该帮助他们的孩子建立良好的价值观。故选D项。 38．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“For many years there’s been a debate about rewarding our children. Does it work? Is it effective?”（多年来，关于奖励孩子的问题一直存在争论。这有用吗？有效吗？）和最后一句“So keep those shiny rewarding to yourself, and let your kids find their own rewards.”（所以，把那些闪亮的奖励留给自己，让你的孩子自己去寻找。）可知，这篇文章作者最终探讨的是家长是否该给孩子奖励。故文章最好的标题是“父母应该奖励孩子吗？”。故选B项。 ( 巩固练习 ) 一、 （23-24高二上·辽宁·开学考试）Tired of standing in line? Wait a bit longer, and you may never have to again. Amazon has opened 24 of its Amazon Go stores, which use cameras and artificial intelligence (AI) to see what you’ve taken off shelves and charge you as you walk out. Some companies are closely copying Amazon’s approach to using Al-powered cameras fixed in ceilings. But others are trying an entirely different way to skip the checkout: smart shopping carts, companies have added cameras and sensors to the carts, and are using AI to tell what you’ve put in them. Customers pay by entering a credit card, or through an online payment system. When a customer exits the store, a green light on the shopping cart shows that their order is complete, and they’re charged. The companies behind the smart carts, including Caper and Veeve, say it’s much easier to add technology to the shopping cart than to an entire store. Amazom’s Go stores rely on hundreds of cameras in the ceiling. The shelves also include sensors to tell when an item is removed. Ahmed Beshry, co-founder of Caper, believes the technology to run Go is too expensive to use in a large-format grocery store. Neither Caper nor Veeve have said how much their smart shopping carts will cost, making it difficult to compare the different formats. Shariq Siddiqui, CEO of Veeve, said, “We’re always happy when Amazon is doing something. They force retailers to get out of their old school thinking.” Each time a business uses artificial intelligence and cameras, it raises questions about customers’ privacy and the effect on jobs. Beshry notes that the cameras in his shopping cart point down into the cart, so only a customer’s hand and part of their arm will be captured (拍摄) on camera. 1．What do we know about the smart shopping carts? A．They are linked to the cameras fixed in the ceilings. B．They are not able to recognize goods put in them. C．They flash the green light when the order is finished. D．They can tell customers where to find what they want. 2．What does Beshry think of the technology used in Amazon’s Go stores? A．It may reduce the cost of running a store greatly. B．It is likely to help retailers to think differently. C．It has attracted many more retailers than before. D．It costs much more than their shopping carts. 3．When it comes to AI and cameras, what makes the public worried most? A．That goods in the stores may be more expensive. B．That they can only buy goods online. C．That somebody may know their privacy. D．That they have to wait in a line for a longer time. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The new technology improves retail sale. B．Smart shopping carts will let you skip the line. C．Al-powered cameras are used in retail stores. D．Artificial intelligence affects the future of job market. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项新科技——智能购物车。它可以让人们免去长时间排队等待结账。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“When a customer exits the store, a green light on the shopping cart shows that their order is complete, and they’re charged. (当顾客离开商店时，购物车上的绿灯显示他们的订单已经完成，他们已经结账了。)”可知，订单一完成，购物车就会亮绿灯。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Ahmed Beshry, co-founder of Caper, believes the technology to run Go is too expensive to use in a large-format grocery store. (Caper的联合创始人Ahmed Beshry认为，运行Go的技术太贵，无法在大型杂货店使用。)”可知，Beshry认为把运用到Go商店的技术应用到大型杂货店里太昂贵了。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Each time a business uses artificial intelligence and cameras, it raises questions about customers’ privacy and the effect on jobs. (每当一家企业使用人工智能和摄像头时，就会引发有关客户隐私和对就业的影响的问题。)”可知，当提到 AI 技术和摄像机时，公众最担心的是隐私问题和对工作的影响。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。第一段“Tired of standing in line? Wait a bit longer, and you may never have to again. (厌倦了排队？再等一段时间，你可能再也不用等了。)”引出下文解决排队问题的新发明。第二段中的But引出本文的说明对象，根据第三句“But others are trying an entirely different way to skip the checkout: smart shopping carts, companies have added cameras and sensors to the carts, and are using AI to tell what you’ve put in them. (但其他人正在尝试一种完全不同的方式来跳过结账：智能购物车，公司在购物车中添加了摄像头和传感器，并使用人工智能来判断你在里面放了什么。)”可知，智能购物车可以让你免去长时间排队等待的问题。再通读全文可知，文章围绕智能购物车展开，B项“智能购物车会让你跳过排队”符合文意。故选B。 二、 （23-24高二上·福建开学考试）After nearly 70 years of space exploration, Earth is now surrounded by space junk. Recently, an accident made the cleanup more difficult to start. According to the European Space Agency (ESA) , scientists plan on testing their “junk truck”, ClearSpace-1, in 2025. It’s a spacecraft with four arms that can catch debris (碎片) and bring it back to Earth. They have chosen to bring back VESPA, a 113-kilogram, two-meter-wide rocket part. However, in August, it was hit by another piece of space junk, creating new pieces. The ESA is now revising its cleanup plan. Most satellites today are sent into Earth’s low orbit, which reaches up to around 2, 000 kilometers above the Earth. There, spacecraft are most likely to crash with each other. There may be as many as 170 million pieces of space junk in orbit. Big or small, any of the pieces can cause harm to a spacecraft. In terms of the cleanup, scientists have some other ideas. One popular plan is to equip a spacecraft with harpoons (叉) and magnets (磁铁) . The craft would shoot the harpoon to stick into the debris before “throwing” it back to Earth. Magnets could move the debris, changing its direction. The debris would burn after entering Earth’s atmosphere so there wouldn’t be much left when it reaches Earth. Scientists are also considering shooting lasers (激光) from spacecraft to heat up the debris’ surface, creating a small push that would change the debris’ orbit. This change would allow the debris to be caught by Earth’s gravity. Space junk can be very dangerous, and space agencies around the world are testing and planning the cleanup. But why haven’t they done anything yet? One reason is the expense. It would take between $4, 000 and $60, 000 per kilogram to catch one piece of debris larger than 10 cm. And around $300 million is needed to develop the laser technology. 5．What’s the mission of ClearSpace-1? A．To mark Earth’s low orbit. B．To monitor space debris. C．To study the harm of space junk. D．To bring VESPA back to Earth. 6．How do lasers work in cleaning up space debris? A．By burning it up in space. B．By pushing it into deeper space. C．By moving it towards a spacecraft. D．By redirecting it into the atmosphere. 7．What’s a disadvantage of the cleanup according to the last two paragraphs? A．It’s complex. B．It’s risky. C．It’s costly. D．It’s changeable. 8．What might be a suitable title? A．Escaping from Crowded Space B．Looking for Ways to Clean up Space C．Dangerous Space Debris D．Exceptional Space Exploration 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．C 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了经过近70年的太空探索，地球现在被太空垃圾包围，欧洲航天局为了带回太空垃圾碎片VESPA准备发射ClearSpace-1，它是一艘带有四只机械臂的航天器，可以捕捉太空垃圾并将其带回地球。然而最近发生的一起事故使得清理工作变得更加困难。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“According to the European Space Agency (ESA) , scientists plan on testing their “junk truck”, ClearSpace-1, in 2025. It’s a spacecraft with four arms that can catch debris (碎片) and bring it back to Earth. They have chosen to bring back VESPA, a 113-kilogram, two-meter-wide rocket part. (据欧洲航天局称，科学家计划在2025年测试他们的“垃圾卡车”ClearSpace-1。它是一种有四个臂的航天器，可以捕捉碎片并将其带回地球。他们选择带回VESPA，一个113公斤，两米宽的火箭部件。)”可知，ClearSpace-1的任务是把VESPA带回地球，故选A项。 6．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Scientists are also considering shooting lasers (激光) from spacecraft to heat up the debris’ surface, creating a small push that would change the debris’ orbit. This change would allow the debris to be caught by Earth’s gravity. (科学家们还在考虑从航天器发射激光来加热碎片的表面，从而产生一个小小的推动力，从而改变碎片的轨道。这种变化将使碎片被地球引力捕获。)”可知，激光通过加热太空垃圾的表面，改变其轨道，使其进入地球大气层，所以激光是通过将太空垃圾重定向进入地球大气层来清理太空垃圾，故选D项。 7．推理判断题。根据文章最后两段“Space junk can be very dangerous, and space agencies around the world are testing and planning the cleanup. But why haven’t they done anything yet? One reason is the expense. It would take between $4, 000 and $60, 000 per kilogram to catch one piece of debris larger than 10 cm. And around $300 million is needed to develop the laser technology. (太空垃圾可能非常危险，世界各地的航天机构正在测试和计划清理工作。但为什么他们还没有做任何事情呢？一个原因是费用。每公斤需要4，000到60，000美元才能捕获一块大于10厘米的碎片。开发激光技术需要大约3亿美元。)”可知，清理太空垃圾的一个缺点是费用高昂，故选C项。 8．主旨大意题。根据整篇文章内容可知，文章主要讨论了太空垃圾问题以及清理太空垃圾的方案和困难性，因此B项“Looking for Ways to Clean up Space(寻找清理太空垃圾的方法)”最适合作为标题，故选B项。 三、 （23-24高二上·湖南·期中练习）The specific cultural values of a country may determine whether concern about environmental issues actually leads individuals to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors, according to research published in Psychological Science. Kimin Eom, a psychological scientist of the University of California, Santa Barbara, was inspired to investigate the links between culture, environmental concern, and environmental action after noticing that both public discussion and academic research on environmental behavior typically focus on people from Western countries. It is worth noticing because Western countries tend to have cultural values that prioritize individuals’ own attitudes and beliefs and encourage expression of them. “The theory seemed to be that once individuals are led to believe in the urgency of environmental issues and have stronger concerns about sustainability (持续性), they will change and act to address the issues,” explains Eom. But this relationship might not hold for individuals living in more collectivistic (集体主义的) societies, which place more emphasis on social harmony and uniformity than on self-expression, Eom and his team assumed. To examine what drives environmental action in individualistic and collectivistic cultures, the researchers conducted a study with participants from the United States (an individualistic culture) and Japan (a collectivistic culture). They found environmental concern was closely connected with environmental behavior — in this case, choosing environmentally friendly products — but only among American participants. On the other hand, believing that a large percentage of people engage in environmentally friendly behaviors was associated with making eco-friendly choices among Japanese participants, but not American participants. The findings suggest that personal concerns are more likely to motivate people to take environmental action if they live in individualistic countries, while social norms (准则) are more likely to drive people to engage in environmentally friendly behavior if they live in collectivistic countries. “Getting citizens actively engaged is critical to addressing urgent social challenges, such as climate change,” says Eom. “Our research suggests that scientists, policymakers, and activists need to understand how culture shapes the psychological factors of action to develop policies, campaigns, and interventions (干预) that address important social issues.” 9．What does Eom find about previous research on environmental behavior? A．Its study participants are too limited. B．Its results need a while to be achieved. C．It prioritizes individuals’ attitudes and beliefs. D．It draws much evidence from public discussion. 10．Under which condition will a Japanese man most likely take environmental action? A．If he sees many others do so. B．If he is affected by collectivistic values. C．If he moves to an individualistic country. D．If he worries about the environment personally. 11．What does Eom say about their research in the last paragraph? A．It fails to take participants’ psychological factors into account. B．It encourages scientists and policymakers to make joint efforts. C．It has a further study direction towards urgent social challenges. D．It provides insights into promoting public engagement in social issues. 12．What is the best title for the text? A．Social Norms Play a Part in Addressing Pollution B．Environmental Issues Originate from National Cultures C．Motivating Eco-Friendly Behaviors Depends on Cultural Values D．More Environmental Concerns Usually Mean More Green Action 【答案】9．A 10．A 11．D 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表示，一个国家的特定文化价值观可能决定人们对环境问题的关注是否会促使个人做出环保行为。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Kimin Eom, a psychological scientist of the University of California, Santa Barbara, was inspired to investigate the links between culture, environmental concern, and environmental action after noticing that both public discussion and academic research on environmental behavior typically focus on people from Western countries.(加州大学圣芭芭拉分校的心理科学家Kimin Eom注意到，关于环境行为的公众讨论和学术研究通常都集中在西方国家的人身上，因此受到启发，开始调查文化、环境关注和环境行动之间的联系。)”可知，Kimin Eom注意到之前关于环境行为的公众讨论和学术研究通常都集中在西方国家的人身上，由此可推测出，这些研究的对象具有局限性。故选A。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“On the other hand, believing that a large percentage of people engage in environmentally friendly behaviors was associated with making eco-friendly choices among Japanese participants, but not American participants.(另一方面，在日本参与者中，相信很大一部分人进行环保行为与做出环保选择有关，但在美国参与者中则不然。)”可知，在日本参与者当中，当他们相信有很大一部分人做出了环保行为，他们也会做出环保选择。由此可推测出，当一个日本人看到许多其他人采取环保行动，那么他也会这么做。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Our research suggests that scientists, policymakers, and activists need to understand how culture shapes the psychological factors of action to develop policies, campaigns, and interventions(干预) that address important social issues.(我们的研究表明，科学家、政策制定者和活动家需要了解文化如何塑造行动的心理因素，以制定解决重要社会问题的政策、运动和干预措施。)”可推测出，该研究为促进公众参与解决社会问题提供了见解。故选D。 12．标题归纳题。通读全文可知，第一段“The specific cultural values of a country may determine whether concern about environmental issues actually leads individuals to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors, according to research published in Psychological Science.(根据发表在《心理科学》上的研究，一个国家的特定文化价值观可能决定对环境问题的关注是否真的会导致个人进行环保行为。)”引出主题，即一个国家的特定文化价值观可能决定人们对环境问题的关注是否真的会促使个人做出环保行动，所以C项“激励生态友好行为取决于文化价值观”最适合作本文标题。故选C。 四、 （23-24高二上·浙江宁波·月考）Three-dimensional printing, a technology that creates objects layer by layer, has revolutionized (变革) the way we make things. Recently, a group of Chinese scientists took things a step further by using this technology to create realistic replicas (复制品) of human organs. Previously, it was challenging to create a single material that could print different human organs due to their complexity. The research team from Chinese Academy of Sciences started by using hydrogel (水凝), a soft gel-like material as the main ingredient. Human organs have various textures (质地), with our brains being the softest. To replicate the hardness of materials like bone, the researchers added metallic elements to the hydrogel and adjusted their ratio (比例) to create the texture of each organ. Besides, to make sure the printing results are correct, the team used light-curing (光固化) technology in the 3D printing process. A special lamp was placed under the printing machine, causing the gel to become solid right after it was printed. According to the team’s paper published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, they are able to produce organ models including the brain, lungs, and intestines (肠). These 3D printed organ models are essential for medical researches, such as testing medical equipment and demonstrating surgeries. Compared to live organs and animal models, they are also ethically (伦理上) acceptable since they are printed artificially. They can help researchers develop new treatments more efficiently, due to their lower relative cost, commented the Alliance of Advanced Biomedical Engineering website. However, this method is still developing, and experts are hoping it will be used in the medical field within a decade, according to CNN. 13．What was the main challenge in printing human organs? A．The complexity of human organs. B．The various textures of human organs. C．The difficulty in creating proper materials. D．The lack of appropriate printing technology. 14．How did the research team ensure the accuracy of the printing results? A．By controlling the number of metallic elements. B．By using light-curing technology before printing. C．By solidifying the gel immediately after printing. D．By putting a special lamp on the printing machine. 15．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．This technology is still in the period of theory. B．3D printed organs are of great medical significance. C．The printed organs are more effective in the treatment. D．Live organs and animal models are more acceptable ethically. 16．What is the best title for the text? A．The Power of 3D Printing B．Printing the Body Parts C．Revolutionary Technology D．Finding New Materials for Organs 【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B 16．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一组中国科学利用三维打印技术制造出了逼真的人体器官复制品的过程和意义。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Previously, it was challenging to create a single material that could print different human organs due to their complexity. (以前，由于不同人体器官的复杂性，制造一种可以打印不同器官的单一材料是具有挑战性的。)”可知，打印人体器官的主要挑战是人体器官的复杂性。故选A项。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Besides, to make sure the printing results are correct, the team used light-curing (光固化) technology in the 3D printing process. A special lamp was placed under the printing machine, causing the gel to become solid right after it was printed. (此外，为了确保打印结果的正确性，团队在3D打印过程中使用了光固化技术。在印刷机下面放置一盏特殊的灯，使凝胶在打印后立即变成固体。)”可知，研究团队通过在打印后立即固化凝胶来保证打印结果的准确性。故选C项。 15．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“What can we infer from the last paragraph? This technology is still in the period of theory. 3D printed organs are of great medical significance. The printed organs are more effective in the treatment. Live organs and animal models are more acceptable ethically. (根据该团队发表在《高级功能材料》杂志上的论文，他们能够制造出包括大脑、肺和肠道在内的器官模型。这些3D打印器官模型对于医学研究至关重要，例如测试医疗设备和演示手术。与活体器官和动物模型相比，它们在伦理上也可以接受，因为它们是人工打印的。先进生物医学工程联盟在其网站上评论说，由于它们的相对成本较低，它们可以帮助研究人员更有效地开发新的治疗方法。然而，据CNN报道，这种方法仍在发展中，专家们希望在十年内将其用于医疗领域。)”可知，3D打印器官具有重要的医学意义。故选B。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Recently, a group of Chinese scientists took things a step further by using this technology to create realistic replicas of human organs. (最近，一组中国科学家又向前迈进了一步，他们利用这项技术制造出了逼真的人体器官复制品。)”可知，文章主要介绍一组中国科学利用三维打印技术制造出了逼真的人体器官复制品的过程和意义。选项B“Printing the Body Parts (打印身体部位)”符合题意。故选B。 五、 （23-24高二上·山东青岛·阶段练习）Never has there been a primate as big as Gigantopithecus blacki. Adults of this ancient ape (猿) stood about 10 feet tail and could weigh more than 500 pounds, wandering the thick forests of ancient China during the last Ice Age. Why this impressive animal went extinct has puzzled scientists since the ape was discovered nearly a century ago. But now, a new analysis suggests that the primate’s unique lifestyle left it vulnerable The new study combines geological dates, pollen records, and clues preserved inside fossil teeth to present a detailed timeline of when, and how, Gigantopithecus blacki went extinct. The results reveal the creature’s decline and ultimate demise in fine detail Kira Westaway, lead author of the new study and a geochronologist at Macquarie University in Sydney, worked to come up with more accurate dates for the sediments (沉积物) that Gigantopithecus fossils have been found in. Studies of fossil pollen from the Gigantopithecus sites also allowed researchers to study how the animal’s habitat was changing. Prior to 700,000 years ago, both Gigantopithecus and Pongo weidenreichi, another ancient ape, lived in forests where they ate leaves, fruits, and flowers available much of the year round. Due to the environmental changes, dense forests of pines, birches and chestnut relatives gave way to more open habitats with larger patches of grassland However, Gigantopithecus had a difficult time finding preferred foods. Meanwhile Pongo weidenreichi changed its diet to live on-fibrous-plants that were more readily available. “It was the response of G, blacki to these changes that sealed its fate, ” Westaway says. The giant apes were so big that they had to move on the ground and were limited in how far they could venture, trying to make the most of twigs, bark, and other tough foods that were still accessible. It wasn’t enough. Yet knowing the ending of the ape’s story hardly closes the case on the giant primate. Did these huge primates follow the same path to extinction, or did the story vary by location? This research opens new questions even as it explains the disappearance of Earth’s most huge ape. 17．What does the new research aim to do? A．To study the climate changes of ancient China. B．To analyze the geological features of the last Ice Age. C．To solve the mystery of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s extinction. D．To present some detailed findings of the Gigantopithecus blacki’s habitat. 18．What does the underlined word “demise” in the third paragraph mean? A．Change. B．Removal. C．Adaptation. D．Extinction. 19．What do we know about the study? A．The timing of the giant ape’s disappearance was worked out. B．Another ape was included to show their common habitat. C．The environmental shift had little impact on the giant ape’s habitat. D．Some fossil pollen were studied to reveal the giant ape’s diet preference. 20．What can be suggested from Westaway ’ s words about the giant ape? A．The giant ape responded to the change of its habitat easily. B．The inability to adapt quickly caused its disappearance. C．The giant ape had sufficient food resources on the grassland. D．The forested habitat was still accessible to the giant ape. 【答案】17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项新的研究揭示了步氏巨猿灭绝的原因以及时间。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“Why this impressive animal went extinct has puzzled scientists since the ape was discovered nearly a century ago. But now, a new analysis suggests that the primate’s unique lifestyle left it vulnerable.(自从近一个世纪前类人猿被发现以来，这种令人印象深刻的动物为什么会灭绝一直困扰着科学家。但现在，一项新的分析表明，这种灵长类动物独特的生活方式使其变得脆弱)”可知，这项新研究的目的是找出步氏巨猿为什么会灭绝的原因。故选C。 18．词句猜测题。根据第三段“The new study combines geological dates, pollen records, and clues preserved inside fossil teeth to present a detailed timeline of when, and how, Gigantopithecus blacki went extinct.(这项新研究结合了地质年代、花粉记录和保存在牙齿化石中的线索，给出了步氏巨猿灭绝的时间和方式的详细时间表)”可知，这项新的研究结合了地质年代、花粉记录和保存在牙齿化石中的线索，揭示了步氏巨猿衰退和最后灭绝的时间。所以划线单词的意思为“灭绝”。故选D。 19．细节理解题。根据第三段“The new study combines geological dates, pollen records, and clues preserved inside fossil teeth to present a detailed timeline of when, and how, Gigantopithecus blacki went extinct.The results reveal the creature’s decline and ultimate demise in fine detail(这项新研究结合了地质年代、花粉记录和化石牙齿内部保存的线索，提供了黑巨齿龙何时以及如何灭绝的详细时间线。研究结果详细揭示了这种生物的衰落和最终的死亡)”以及最后第一段“This research opens new questions even as it explains the disappearance of Earth’s most huge ape.(这项研究提出了新的问题，即使它解释了地球上最巨大的类人猿的消失)”可知，这项新的研究确定了步氏巨猿消失的时间。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““It was the response of G, blacki to these changes that sealed its fate,” Westaway says. The giant apes were so big that they had to move on the ground and were limited in how far they could venture, trying to make the most of twigs, bark, and other tough foods that were still accessible. It wasn’t enough.(Westaway说：“正是步氏巨猿对这些变化的反应决定了它的命运。”类人猿太大了，它们必须在地面上移动，而且它们的冒险距离有限，试图充分利用树枝、树皮和其他仍然可以获得的坚硬食物。这还不够)”可推知，从Westaway 关于巨猿的话中，我们可以得知步氏巨猿无法快速适应环境的改变，从而导致了灭绝。故选B。 六、 （23-24高二上·浙江温州·期中）The road to a Nobel Prize, the most respected scientific award in the world, is growing ever longer, with almost half of winners now waiting more than 20 years from making a Nobel-worthy discovery to receiving the prize. One analysis shows that the average time between publishing the work and receiving one of the science prizes has nearly doubled in the past 60 years. Across the three science prizes, chemistry now has the longest “Nobel lag”—an average of 30 years over the past decade—and physiology or medicine has the shortest, at 26 years. Alfred Nobel’s will stated that the prizes should be awarded “to those who, during the previous year, shall have given the greatest benefit to mankind.” In reality this has only happened a few times. But in the first half of the twentieth century, it was common for Nobel prize winners to be in their 30s -and that is unheard of now, says Santo Fortunato, now a computational social scientist at Indiana University. There are a number of possible reasons for this, says Yian Yin, a computational social scientist at Cornell University. It could be that the overall number of breakthroughs is increasing each year, so awards cannot keep up with the number of people who deserve to be recognized, he says. It is also the case that the importance of some works, which Yin describes as “sleeping beauties” are only realized years or decades later. Besides, the lengthening gap could be a sign that there has been a decrease in “disruptive” science - important studies or discoveries that change the paradigm (范式) of their field. This could be causing the Nobel committees to focus more on the past. Fortunato points out that, if the gap continues to grow, outstanding scientists could miss out on the award owing to the Nobel Committee’s rule banning posthumous prizes (追授奖项). “It has to stop at some point,” he says, adding that a rethink of the posthumous-awarding ban would allow more people’s work to get the recognition that it deserves. 21．Why does the writer mention the numbers in the first two paragraphs? A．To explain a rule. B．To present a fact. C．To clarify a concept. D．To make a prediction. 22．What can we learn about the Nobel prize winners from the paragraph 3? A．None of them are in their 30s nowadays. B．Their names are unheard of by the public. C．None of them receive the prizes several times. D．They must make contributions the year before. 23．Why might be a cause of the Nobel lag? A．The change in standards. B．The requirement of the award. C．The increase in breakthroughs. D．The tradition of the committees. 24．What does Fortunato suggest in the last paragraph? A．Reconsidering the current rule. B．Establishing a better committee. C．Stopping the award presentation. D．Recognizing more people’s work. 【答案】21．B 22．A 23．C 24．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了在过去的60年里，从发表论文到获得一个科学奖项的平均时间几乎翻了一番。在20世纪上半叶，诺贝尔奖得主通常都是30多岁，现在闻所未闻，文章分析了背后的原因和解决建议。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段“The road to a Nobel Prize, the most respected scientific award in the world, is growing ever longer, with almost half of winners now waiting more than 20 years from making a Nobel-worthy discovery to receiving the prize.(诺贝尔奖是世界上最受尊敬的科学奖项，通往诺贝尔奖的道路越来越长，几乎一半的获奖者现在从做出值得诺贝尔奖的发现到获得该奖等了20多年)”以及第二段“One analysis shows that the average time between publishing the work and receiving one of the science prizes has nearly doubled in the past 60 years. Across the three science prizes, chemistry now has the longest “Nobel lag”—an average of 30 years over the past decade—and physiology or medicine has the shortest, at 26 years. (一项分析显示，在过去的60年里，从发表论文到获得一个科学奖项的平均时间几乎翻了一番。在三个科学奖项中，化学现在拥有最长的“诺贝尔滞后”——在过去十年中平均为30年——而生理学或医学奖最短，为26年)”可推知，作者在前两段提到数字是为了陈述事实。故选B。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段“But in the first half of the twentieth century, it was common for Nobel prize winners to be in their 30s -and that is unheard of now, says Santo Fortunato, now a computational social scientist at Indiana University.(但在20世纪上半叶，诺贝尔奖得主通常都是30多岁，现在闻所未闻，现为印第安纳大学计算社会科学家的桑托·福尔图纳托说)”可知，如今诺贝尔奖得主都不是30多岁。故选A。 23．细节理解题。根据第四段“It could be that the overall number of breakthroughs is increasing each year, so awards cannot keep up with the number of people who deserve to be recognized, he says.(他说，这可能是因为每年的突破总数都在增加，所以奖项跟不上值得被认可的人的数量)”可知，突破的增加可能是诺贝尔奖滞后的一个原因。故选C。 24．细节理解题。根据最后一段““It has to stop at some point,” he says, adding that a rethink of the posthumous-awarding ban would allow more people’s work to get the recognition that it deserves.(“这必须在某个时候停止，”他说，并补充说，重新考虑追授禁令将使更多的人的工作得到应有的认可。)”可知，福尔图纳托在最后一段暗示了重新考虑现行规则。故选A。 ( 10 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$