2024-2025学年上教版（2020）高一英语暑假预习 学案

Unit 1 Our world 词汇部分： 1. digital adj.数字信息系统的；数码的；数字式的 2. typical adj.典型的；有代表性的；不出所料的；特有的 3. event n.发生的事情；（尤指）重要的事情，大 4. onto (与动词连用，表示朝某处或某位置运动)向，朝 5. midnight n. 子夜，午夜 6. routine n. 常规，正常顺序 7. scene n. 场面；片段，镜头 8. earn. v. 挣得，赚得，挣钱 9. death n. 死亡，死 10. button n. 扣子；纽扣 11. type n.类型；种类 12. unique adj. 独特的；唯一的 13. respond adj. 反应 14. select v. 挑选；选择 15. organization n. 组织；机构；团体 16. goal n. 目标，目的 17. partner. n. 搭档，同伴；配偶；v. 结成伙伴 18. improve v. (使)改进，（使）改善； 19. currently adv. 当前，现在； 20. schedule n. 工作计划，日程安排 21. conference n. 会议 22. quality n. 质量；品质 23. deliver n. 给与，递送 24. inspire v. 鼓励；鼓舞 25. tip n. 指点，实用的提示 26. acquire v. 获得；习得 27. challenge n. 挑战 v. 向…发起挑战 28. volunteer n.志愿者，义务工作者； v. 自愿做，义务做 29. location n. 地方，地点，位置 30. length n. 长度，（持续）时间的长短 31. electricity n. 电 32. material n. (某一活动所需的)材料 33. senior adj. 年长的；高级的；n. 较年长的人 34. junior adj. 初级的； 35. freedom. n. (权利或状态)自由 36. dorm n. 集体宿舍；学生宿舍 37. aspect n.方面；层面 38. exploration n. 探究，研究；探测 39. edit v. 编辑，校订(文章、书籍等) 40. particular adj. 专指的；特指的 41. element n. 元素，要素 42. behavior n. 行为 43. related adj.相关的；有联系的 44. lantern n.灯笼 45. tradition n.传统 46. reflect v.显示，表明，表达 47. attitude n.态度；看法 48. respect n.尊重 49. description n.描述 短语部分： 50. video clip 视频片段；视频剪辑 51. time capsule 时间文物贮藏器（收藏具有时代特征的物品）；时间胶囊 52. in all 总共 53. hula hoop 呼啦圈 54. well off 富有的；富裕的 55. be keen on 喜爱，对……着迷；有兴趣 56. paper towel 厚纸巾 57. be ashamed of 为……感到羞愧 58. on behalf of 代表…… 59. refer to 描述；涉及；与……相关 60. Chinese knot 中国结 61. dragon boat 龙舟；龙船 课文部分： Life in a day What do you love? What do you fear? What’s in your pocket? These are the questions from the film Life in a Day. Director Kevin Macdonald asked people around the world to answer the questions and send in a video clip from a typical day. He was interested in creating a picture of the world, a digital time capsule for the future. On 24 July 2010, people from Africa, Europe, America, Antarctica and Asia recorded events on their mobile phones and digital cameras and uploaded them onto the Internet. In all there were 81,000 video clips. It took Macdonald and a team of researchers seven weeks to make them into a film. 【参考译文】 你喜欢什么?你害怕什么?在你的口袋里是什么?这些问题来自电影《一天的生活》。导演凯文·麦克唐纳要求世界各地的人们回答这些问题，并发送一条有代表性一天的视频片段。他对创造一幅世界图景感兴趣，一个未来的数字时间胶囊。2010年7月24日，来自非洲、欧洲、美洲、南极洲和亚洲的人们用手机和数码相机记录下日常琐事并上传到互联网上。总共有81000个视频片段。麦克唐纳和一组研究人员花了7周的时间将其拍成电影。 The film starts at midnight. The moon is high in the sky, elephants are washing themselves in a river in Africa and a baby is sleeping. At the same time, in other parts of the world, people are getting up, brushing their teeth and making breakfast. In the next minutes of the one-and-a-half-hour-long film, we watch everyday routines from more than 140 different countries and see the connections between them. In one short scene an American girl is playing with her hula hoop. In another, a child is working at a shoeshine stand in Peru. One looks well off, the other is poor, but then the shoeshine boy shows us his favorite thing—his notebook computer. He’s very proud of it because he earned the money to pay for it. 参考译文： 电影于午夜开始。月亮高高地挂在天空中，大象在非洲的一条河里洗澡，一个婴儿在睡觉。与此同时，在世界的其他地方，人们起床，刷牙，做早餐。在这部长达一个半小时的影片中，接下来的几分钟，我们将看到来自140多个国家的人们的日常生活，以及它们之间的联系。在一个简短的场景中，一个美国女孩正在玩她的呼啦圈。在另一幅画中，秘鲁的一个小孩在擦鞋摊工作。一个看起来很富裕，另一个很穷，但是后来擦鞋童向我们展示了他最喜欢的东西——他的笔记本电脑。他很自豪，因为是他自己挣钱买来的。 “We all care about the same things,” says the director and in some ways he’s right. Family and friends are the things most people love and many of them are keen on sports, like football. But then one man says he loves his cat and another loves his fridge because it doesn’t talk back! 参考译文: “我们都关心同样的事情，”导演说，在某些方面他是对的。家人和朋友是大多数人所喜欢的，他们中的许多人热衷于运动，比如足球。但是，一个人说他爱他的猫，另一个人说他爱他的冰箱，因为它不会顶嘴! Monsters, dogs and death are the things most people fear. （该句为定语从句，省略了作为宾语成分的关系代词that）One young girl is worried about growing up and a man in Antarctica says, “I’m afraid of losing this place.” But when asked, “What’s in your pocket?”, the answers are surprising. We don’t see an ID card, a shopping list, or a bus ticket. Instead, one person has a paper towel, and another shows us a button. A poor man says he has nothing. He’s not ashamed of his poverty—he’s simply happy to be alive. 参考译文： 怪物、狗和死亡是大多数人害怕的东西。一个年轻的女孩担心长大，一个在南极洲的男人说:“我害怕失去这个地方。但是当被问到“你口袋里有什么?”，答案令人惊讶。我们看不到身份证、购物清单或公交车票。相反，一个人拿着纸巾，另一个人给我们看一枚纽扣。穷人说他一无所有。他并不为自己的贫穷感到羞耻——他仅因为能活着就感到高兴了。 The film ends just before midnight, with a young woman in her car. It’s raining outside and she’s recording a short clip on her phone. “I just want people to know that I’m here,” she says. In other words, she wants to show that her life matters（mattter是高中阶段常考的几个不及物动词之一，翻译成“有关系；重要”）. 参考译文： 电影在午夜前结束，一个年轻的女人在她的车里。外面下着雨，她正在用手机录一段短片。“我只是想让人们知道我在这里，”她说。换句话说，她想表明她的生命很重要。 Even though their lives are very different, the people in Life in a Day have one thing in common: each of them is able to find meaning and happiness, no matter what his or her life is like（该句为no matter引导的让步状语从句，此处no matter what可以将其替换为 whatever，翻译时注意把后句提前翻译。）. 参考译文： 即使他们的生活是非常不同的，人们在一天的生活中有一个共同点:他们每个人都能找到意义和幸福，无论他或她的生活是什么样子。 【课堂练习】 I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary. A. volunteer B. routine C. particular D. inspire E. challenge F. scene G. reflect H. acquire I. typical J. unique K. domestic 1. The carvings represent a hunting . 这些雕刻作品描绘了一幅狩猎的场面。 2. The new government's first is the economy. 新政府面临的第一项挑战是经济。 3. The ocean would more heat and light. 海洋会反射更多的光和热。 4. Ted was very about the colours he used. 特德对于他使用的颜色是非常挑剔的。 5. Aunt Mary to clean up the kitchen. 玛丽姨妈主动要求打扫厨房。 6. Administrative personnel should also some technical skills. 管理人员也应该学几门手艺。 7. The window had been replaced last week during maintenance. 那窗在上星期的例行检修中已被换掉了。 8. This success will me to greater efforts. 这次成功大大地鼓励了我下次更加努力。 9. This painting is a work of Rembrandt(伦勃朗). 这幅画是一幅典型的伦勃朗作品。 10. Mary is a very interesting person who has her interpretation of life. 玛丽是一个非常有趣的人，她对生活有着独特的理解。 II.Fill in the blanks with the phrases from the box below. well off; be keen on; be ashamed of; in all ; on behalf of ; refer to 1.They would never ___________ that matter again. 2. You should ______________ yourself for telling such lies. 3. In addition, a hero must be optimistic and diligent and__________ his hard work. 4. It won't be long before the Chinese people will become _______________. 5. Please allow me to thank you for your offer of help ________________my colleagues. Grammar 现在进行时的被动语态 现在进行时的被动语态由“be being＋及物动词的过去分词”构成, 助动词be有人称和数的变化(am, is are ). 1. 表示此刻正在进行的被动动作。   The project is being discussed at the meeting.   A new film is being shown in the theater.   My house is being painted now.  2. 表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作，但此动作不一定在此时此刻发生。   Many interesting experiences are being carried out these days.   A modern school is being built in our hometown. A computer center is being built for the students? 3. 表示经常的被动行为，常和always, often, constantly 等词连用。(表达某种感情色彩)   He is always being praised by the teacher. 一. 注意不可遗漏being 现在进行时的被动语态表示说话时正在进行的一个被动的动作,强调主语是动作的承受者,其构成为“am / is / are + being+动词的过去分词”。如果我们把being漏掉,就成为一般现在时的被动语态或系表结构。 如: Look! The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 瞧!那些孩子正由他们的姑妈照看着。 区别：Children are taken good care of at school. 孩子们在学校被照看得很好。(指通常情况) 二. 注意不可忽视 “现阶段” 现在进行时的被动语态也可表示目前这一阶段正在进行的一个被动的动作。 如: Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days. 如今许多有趣的实验正在被进行着。(说话时, 并不一定在进行) 3. 注意没有现在进行时的被动语态的动词 一些表示“状态、心理活动、拥有、存在”等的动词, 一般不用现在进行时的被动语态, 而常用一般现在时的被动语态。如: Xiao Wang, come here. You are wanted on the phone. 小王, 过来, 有你的电话。 Football is becoming more and more popular. In other words, it is loved by more and more people. 足球现在越来越流行了, 换句话说,它被越来越多的人喜爱。 四. 注意“be +under/ in等介词+名词”结构可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。 如:The problem is under discussion (is being discussed) at the meeting. 这个问题正在会上讨论。 The telephone is in use (=is being used) now. 这部电话正在使用中。 当堂检测 I. 单项选择 1. The milu deer ______ at the research center at present. A. was being studied B. will be studied C. is being studied D. have been studied 2. We can hear that the papers _______ quickly on fast-moving printing machines. A. will be printed B. were being printed C. have been printed D. are being printed 3. Money _______ for the nature project. A. was collected B. have been collected C. is being collected D. are being collected 4. He said his father ______ abroad the next year. A. has been sent B. is being sent C. will be sent D. would be sent 5. The plan that he made a few days ago ______ now. A. has been carried out B. is being carried out C. will be carried out D. was being carried out 6. —Where is the panda? —It______ by the doctor. A. was being examined B. is being examined C. will be examined D. has been examined 7. We can't watch TV tonight because it _______. A. has been repaired B. hasn't been repaired C. was being repaired D. hadn't been repaired 8. Every boy and every girl ______ equally in China now. A. is being treated B. are being treated C. treat D. are treated 9. More than one patient ______ by the nurse at the moment. A. are being taken care of B. is being taken care of C. are taken care of D. is take care of 10. The meeting ______ now is of great importance. A. held B. being held C. is being held D. will be held 11. She is one of the girls in our class who ______ for the coming sports meeting now. A. is being trained B. are trained C. is training D. are being trained 12. All that ______ about right now should not be let out. A. are talked B. is being talked C. is talked D. are being talked 13. The poor _______ to live on their own labour at the very moment. A. is helped B. are helped C. are being helped D. is being helped 14. The world_______ by man himself now. A. is being destroyed B. are being destroyed C. has been destroyed D. will be destroyed 15. A pair of shoes _______ ; they can't be used now. A. are being mended B. is being mended C. is mended D. are mended 16. ---- Hi, Tom, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?   --- Sorry. _____. A. It’s repaired         B. It has been repaired   C. It’s being repaired   D.It had been repaired II. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1. New functions _________________ (add) to the camera at present. 2. Many speeches _________________ (hold) in our school these days. 3. I don’t know what time it is now. My watch _________________ (repair) 4. A new stadium ___________________ (build). They hope to finish it next month. 5. --- Do you like the material? -- Yes, it ____________ (feel) very soft. 6. The bridge which ______________ (build) last year ____________ (look) beautiful. 7. The camera you _______________ (use) now ______________ (belong) to me. 8. One third of the class ___________________ (question) by the teachers now. 9.  ---- What’s that noise? ---- Oh, I forgot to tell you.  The new machine _______________ (test). 10. Look! The foreign guests ____________________ (show) around the factory by Mr. Zhang.     III. Translation（使用被动语态） 1. 熊猫正受到人们的保护。 2. 这个事件正受到更多的关注。 3. 这个学校正接受市长的检查。 4. 你知道你的眼睛正受到电脑的危害吗？ 5. 看！越来越多的人正被你的话影响。 Unit 1 课后练习 I、 词汇填空 A) challenge B) honor C)financially D) shock E) controlling F)broaden G) manage H) pushed I) experiences J) abroad K）appreciating Each year, thousands of Chinese middle school students go to study in foreign countries such as the US, the UK, Australia and Japan. “Chinese children hope very much to go abroad to get a wider view, less competition in studying, or family ___1____” said ChenYi, a Chinese writer, who had lived in the US for 16 years. In the talk, Chen told more than 300 parents and their children that life in foreign countries could be hard for young people. “They have to face a culture ___2___ and language problems.” However, these are not always the most difficult things. To most children, ___3____ themselves while studying alone in a foreign country is a big ____4_____. Zhang Jia, a 16-year-old student entered a high school in Melbourne, Australia last October. To his surprise, his teachers there hardly ___5_____ students to study. And usually there wasn’t any homework. “In this educational system, we have more free time and space to think,” said Zhang. “But if you don’t know how to ___6____ your time and money, you will not live an easy life.” Some of his friends spent their whole year’s money in the first two months of the new term. And they didn’t pass their exams either. “Studying ____7_____ at an early age can help students learn foreign languages quickly and ___8____ their minds. But the students and parents should know about the challenges,” Chen said. “If you want to study abroad, try to talk to someone with ___9___ in foreign countries. Make sure that you are ready for it both mentally and ___10_____” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II、完形填空 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. A recent study has shown that levels of __50__ illness in children are rising. The study claims that mental problems such as depression and anxiety are affecting one in five __51__. One of the reasons given for this is the current preoccupation ( 极其关注) of parents with their children’s __52__. Parents today consider the streets too dangerous for their children so children are taken from home to __53__ and back, and their parents rarely let them go out __54__ their own. This preoccupation has two causes: fear of __55 accidents and anxiety about child molesters ( 骚扰者) and murderers on the streets. Parents’ fears make their children anxious about the outside world and children in turn __56__ the normal adventures of everyday life. __57__, they don’t learn how to form __58__ with other children. Anxiety makes children often become victims of bullies and their fears are, therefore, realized and even increased. It is a vicious (恶性的) __59__. It is a fact, however, that children could be experiencing these fears unnecessarily. __60__ parents may think a child molester lurks ( 潜藏) round every corner, this is not __61__ by statistics: very few children are attacked by people they don’t know. The fear of traffic accidents is certainly more real but it is something that needs to be addressed by society in general. Some cities in the Netherlands, for example, have created traffic-free zones and pedes-trian-friendly zones, __62__ cars, if allowed, must give priority to people and bicycles. Children can, therefore, play more safely in these areas. There are, however, critics of this study. Many child psychologists believe that this lack of __63__ is not enough to cause mental problems. They consider the problems more __64__ to be a result of family breakdown in modern society. 50. A. serious B. mental C. bodily D. brief 51. A. days B. cases C. youngsters D. parents 52. A. study B. job C. life D. safety 53. A. home B. office C. company D. school 54. A. by B. on C. for D. with 55. A. air B. railway C. traffic D. sudden 56. A. meet B. take C. miss D. find 57. A. In addition B. In contrast C. In fact D. In particular 58. A. habit B. care C. study D. relationships 59. A. circle B. way C. sign D. source 60. A. If B. Where C. While D. What 61. A. raised B. supported C. decided D. improved 62. A. with B. when C. whether D. where 63. A. courage B. attention C. focus D. independence 64. A. likely B. like C. probably D. possibly III、阅读理解 A Secretary Jenny loves office work but it’s hard on her figure. All those sandwich lunches and her sweet tooth added up to extra pounds till Jenny started slimming (减食疗法) with Bisks. Every lunchtime she’d have a Bisks chocolate bar with a glass of milk. It filled her up and satisfied her longings for sweet things. And it was also convenient. She watched what she ate at her other meals and soon she was losing weight. Now Jenny’s feeling and looking so good even her boss notices the difference. That was her proof that Bisks work. Housewife A lively little lady called Elizabeth and her hungry husband always cooked big, filling meals. And when he cooked them, she couldn’t resist eating them, which led to her weight getting out of hand. So Elizabeth tried slimming with Bisks. Bisks offered her 24 different flavors of biscuits and chocolate. Some sweet and some delicious. When she ate them instead of a meal, they were really filling and satisfying. She hardly ever felt hungry and soon she began to lose weight. Now Elizabeth’s back to what she weighed at her wedding. And she knows that Bisks work. Student Sue’s first year at college was her first opportunity to cook for herself. But she didn’t. She ate whatever the dining-room had offered. Pretty soon, Sue had a weight problem, a problem she worked out with Bisks. Sue had Bisks instead of a meal because there was nothing to cook. The Bisks flavors were so delicious. She really enjoyed them. And she ate more sensibly at her other meals. In a few weeks Sue had lost weight. Now she’s even taking a class in cooking. That’s her proof that Bisks work. 1. What is the passage? A. A story. B. A book review. C. An advertisement. D. A scientific article. 2. Sue started going to cooking lessons when ____________. A. she entered college B. she had a weight problem C. she didn’t enjoy Bisks D. she’d lost her extra weight 3. The main purpose of the passage is to ______. A. give proof that Bisks work on slimming B. ask people to pay attention to their figures while working C. show people different flavors of biscuits D. show different people have different slimming ways B The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧运动). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. 4. The word “spas” most probably means “______”. A. sports activities B. places for physical exercise C. recreation centers D. athletic training programs 5. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for _____________. A. the promotion of aerobic exercise B. endurance and muscular development C. the improvement of women’s figures D. better performance in aerobic dancing 6. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement previously? A. Positive. B. Indifferent. C. Negative. D. Cautious 7. Recent studies have suggested that weight training ______. A. had become an essential part of people’s life B. may well affect the health of the trainees C. will attract more people in the days to come D. contributes to health improvement as well C Adding math talk to story time at home is a winning equation for children's math achievement, according to a new research from the University of Chicago. The study from psychologists Sian Beilock and Susan Levine shows a marked increase in math achievement among children whose families used Bedtime Math, an iPad app that delivers engaging math story problems for parents and children to solve together.   Even children who used the app with their parents as little as once a week saw gains in math achievement by the end of the school year. The app's effect was especially strong for children whose parents tend to be anxious or uncomfortable with math. Previous research from this group has demonstrated the importance of adults’ attitudes about math for children's math success. For example, a recent study found that math-anxious parents who help their children with math homework actually weaken their children’s math achievement.   The new findings demonstrate that structured, positive interactions around math at home can cut the link between parents’ uneasiness about math and children's low math achievement.  “Many Americans experience high levels of anxiety when they have to solve a math problem, with a majority of adults feeling at least some worries about math,” said Beilock, professor in Psychology and author of Choke, a book about stress and performance. “These math-anxious parents are probably less likely to talk about math at home, which affects how competent their children are in math. Bedtime Math encourages a dialogue between parents and kids about math, and offers a way to engage in high-quality math interactions in a low-effort, high-impact way.”   Study participants included 587 first-grade students and their parents. Families were given an iPad installed with a version of the Bedtime Math app, with which parents and their children read stories and answer questions involving math, including topics like counting, shapes and problem-solving. A control group received a reading app that had similar stories without the math content and questions related to reading comprehension instead. Children's math achievement was assessed at the beginning and end of the school year. Parents completed a questionnaire about their nervousness with math.   The more times parents and children in the math group used the app, the higher children’s achievement on a math assessment at the end of the school year. Indeed, children who frequently used the math app with their parents outperformed similar students in the reading group by almost three months in math achievement at year's end. 8.Bedtime Math is an iPad app that _____. A. requires parents and children to answer reading comprehension questions B. assesses children’s math achievement and parents’ nervousness with math C. teaches children how to count, recognize shapes and solve practical problems D. encourages children together with their parents to solve math story problems 9.The previous study found that _____. A. help from math-anxious parents improves children’s math achievement B. children’ math achievement is related to parents’ attitude about math C. interactions around math at home will cut off the family relationship D. children can achieve more success if they see the importance of math 10.We can infer from the passage that ______. A. children using app for three months can see gains in math achievement B. children whose parents are uneasy about math outperform other students C. it is the math problems related to the stories that make the great difference D. the frequency of using the app has nothing to do with children’s achievement 11.Which is the best title for the passage? A. High-quality math interactions improve performance. B. Frequent use of app can develop problem solving ability. C. Low-effort activities create good parent-child relationship. D. High-anxiety parents influence children’s attitude about math. IV、阅读六选四 Directions: Read fee passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. You are only allowed to purchase a firearm if you have had a background check and meet certain legal requirements. B. There have been many enlightening articles on gun control in America. C. If you were to visit the United States for two months the only gun you might see is in a museum or on a police officer. D. Less than fifty percent of homes in the United States own weapons, and many of those homes are in rural areas where guns may have a greater use. E. More people are deciding to legalize their gun transactions instead of buying them on the black market. F. What alarms people the most about American gun culture are the illegal guns and shooting, which make some places feel unsafe． Guns have a special place in American culture, and though not everyone agrees on whether or not they are a good thing, there is no mistaking that they will be part of the cultural landscape for some time. To answer the question, no, not everyone has a gun. ___________67___________ Americans use guns for one of two uses: either for sport, where they can use them on firing ranges or for hunting in approved areas, or for self-protection. The latter is where most people begin to take sides, either arguing for the removal of guns from society or allowing more people to have them. There are organizations and community groups for both sides and both sides have strong feelings. Legally, there are restrictions on gun owners. ___________68___________ Only certain kinds of weapons can be purchased by the public, and that excludes automatic weapon and military grade weaponry. Gun owners must transport their weapon in a safe way, unloaded and in most cases, out of sight. Special―concealed carry permits from the police station must be obtained for people who want to wear weapon, and most people are rejected for this kind of permit. ___________69___________ Criminals steal guns or buy them illegally to commit crimes, and the news is full of terrible stories of what happened next. Occasionally a child will get a hold of legal weapon and accidentally hurt themselves or others. It is important to remember, however, that the news stories that make the United States seem like a dangerous place are deceiving; guns are not everywhere or constant. ___________70___________ After all, America is a safe place to live. V、Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1. 多亏了你及时的帮助，我们才成功地完成了任务。（thanks to） __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 你可以自由自在地去做任何你想做的事。( be free to ) __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 进一步争辩没有意义，起不了多大作用。（ point） __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. 我们的目的是让所有来我们商店的顾客满意。（aim at） __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 那个年轻人从他父亲的忠告中受益颇多。(benefit) __________________________________________________________________________________ VI、Guided Writing Directions: Write an English composition in about 120 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 以师生关系为题写一篇英语短文，内容要点如下： 1． 良好的师生关系对教和学两方面都非常重要。师生关系融洽才能合作好。 2． 理想的师生关系依赖于双方的共同努力。学生应尊重老师，有礼貌，而且应听从老师有益的建议；老师也应该善待学生，公平耐心地对待每一个学生，对教学负责并帮助有困难的学生。 3． 双方友好相处，可以消除误解并提高课堂效率。 Relationships between Teachers and Students ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unit 2 Places 词汇部分： 1. destination n.目的地 2. million num.一百万 3. amazing adj.令人大为惊奇的 4. historic adj.历史上重要的 5. site n.地点 6. former adj.以前的 7. poetry n.诗歌；诗作 8. basis n.基础；要素 9. court n.宫殿 10. originally adv.原先；起初 11. defence n.防御 12. nowadays adv.当前；目前 13. view n.景色，风景 14. memory n.回忆；记忆 15. contribute v.捐献 16. scientific adj.科学（上）的 17. admire v.钦佩 18. statue n.雕塑，雕像 19. fancy adj.昂贵的；奢华的 20. feature n.特色；特征；特点 21. position n.地位 22. opportunity n.机会；时机 23. transport n.交通运输系统 24. disappoint v.使失望 25. structure n.结构；构造 26. sculpture n.雕像；雕塑品 27. weapon n.武器；兵器 28. crowded adj.人多的；拥挤的 29. indicate v.表明；显示 30. afterwards adv.以后；后来 31. downtown adv.在市中心，往市中心 32. moment n.某一时刻 33. envelope n.信封 34. cafe n.咖啡馆，小餐馆 35. vote v.投票 36. chat v.闲聊；聊天 37. nowhere adv.无处；哪里都不 38. embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的 39. shocked adj.震惊的 40. opinion n.意见；想法；看法 41. blog n.博客 42. settle v.定居 43. adventure n.冒险；冒险的经历 44. energetic adj.精力充沛的 45. origin n.起源；源头 46. desert n.沙漠 47. entrance n.入口 48. battle n.战役；战斗 49. altogether adv.总共，一共 短语部分： 50. belong to 属于某人；归某人所有 51. in case 以防；以防万一 52. in the distance 在远方 53. a variety of 各种各样的 54. prime minister 首相；总理 课文部分： Where history comes alive Xi’an, China Xi’an is no doubt one of the most popular tourist destinations in China. Every year, millions of travelers visit the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shihuang about 42 kilometres from the city centre, which is one of the most amazing historic sites in the world（该处是定语从句修饰前面的the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shihuang，虽然未紧跟先行词，但它依然是限定性定从，和非限定性定从注意形式和从意义上综合区分。）. 参考译文： 西安无疑是中国最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一。每年，数以百万计的游客参观距离市中心42公里处的秦始皇兵马俑，它是世界上最令人惊叹的历史遗迹之一。 As one of China’s great former capitals, Xi’an grew to be the largest city in the world during the Tang Dynasty, a golden age of art and poetry. （as翻译成作为时是介词；此外它还可以做连词，引导时间、原因状语从句；as又可作为关系代词，在一些固定搭配中引导定从，例如as we all know） Chang’an, as it was known at the time, was the starting point of the Silk Road, which connected China to the world. It was here that Xuan Zang set out on his famous travels, which became the basis of Journey to the West. Historic sites from that time include the two Wide Goose Pagodas and the remains of the Daming Palace, which was the centre of the Tang court. 参考译文： 作为中国伟大的前首都之一，西安在唐朝发展成为世界上最大的城市，唐朝是艺术和诗歌的黄金时代。当时的长安是连接中国与世界的丝绸之路的起点。正是在这里，玄奘开始了他著名的旅行，这也成为了《西游记》的基础。从那时起，包括两个宽鹅塔和大明宫遗址的历史遗迹，便是唐代宫廷的中心。 Today, Xi’an is a modern city, at the heart of China’s Belt and Road initiative, but its long history can be seen everywhere: it is one of the few cities in the world that still have city walls. The wall, almost 14 kilometres in length, was originally built for the purpose of defence, but nowadays, it’s a great way to experience Xi’an: from here,you can get an amazing view of the city. 参考译文： 今天，西安是一座现代城市，处于中国“一带一路”倡议的中心，但它的悠久历史随处可见:它是世界上少数几个仍保留着城墙的城市之一。城墙长约14公里，最初是为了防御而建造的，但现在，它是体验西安的一个好方法:从这里，你可以看到这个城市令人叹为观止的景色。 Florence, Italy Florence, one of the famous historic cities in Italy,（插入语，也是同位语，解释说明弗洛伦萨，写作文时可以参考这种写法。） is the birthplace of many amazing ideas and discoveries! Florence’s history is alive with the memory of a time when art, culture and science were being “reborn”. (由关系副词when引导的定语从句。) In the late 13th century, the Renaissance began here before spreading to the rest of Europe. At that time, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo were some of the people living, working and studying in Florence. During this period, they, along with other great minds, contributed valuable artworks and made important scientific discoveries. 参考译文： 佛罗伦萨，意大利著名的历史名城之一，是许多惊人的想法和发现的诞生地! 佛罗伦萨的历史充满了对艺术、文化和科学“重生”时期的记忆。13世纪晚期，文艺复兴在蔓延到欧洲其他地区之前就在这里开始了。当时，米开朗基罗、达芬奇和伽利略就是在佛罗伦萨生活、工作和学习的一些人。在这一时期，他们和其他伟人一起贡献了有价值的艺术品，做出了科学上的重要发现。 Florence is filled with art, science and history museums and ancient buildings, as well as historic universities. (and的升级版，写作文时可以参考该用法。) You can visit many of these places to experience and admire the amazing work and discoveries that happened during the Renaissance period. An example is Michelangelo’s famous statue David, which he completed between 1501 and 1504. (用逗号隔开的定语从句，该处逗号的作用是表示停顿和强调。) Another must-see is the University of Florence. It was started in 1321 and many famous people studied there in the Renaissance period, including Leonardo da Vinci. 参考译文： 佛罗伦萨到处都是艺术、科学和历史博物馆和古建筑，还有历史悠久的大学。你可以参观这些地方，体验和欣赏文艺复兴时期的惊人工作和发现。米开朗基罗著名的大卫雕像就是一个例子，这是他在1501年到1504年间完成的。另一个必去的地方是佛罗伦萨大学。它始建于1321年，文艺复兴时期许多名人都在这里学习过，包括列奥纳多·达·芬奇。 In Florence today you can experience the old and the new. Historic sites are neighbours with fancy restaurants and high-end shops. (experience是动词经历、体验的意思，亦可做名词，表示经历和经验，做“经验”时是不可数名词；常用的固定搭配是“be experienced in…”在某方面有经验。) While you are trying the delicious local food, you can decide which interesting places to visit next. (while此处引导时间状语从句，表示当……的时候，表示正在发生的动作；做连词时它还有其他义项：表让步以及对比，此时多不翻译出来。) 参考译文： 在今天的佛罗伦萨，你可以体验旧与新。历史遗迹与高档餐厅和高档商店毗邻。当你在品尝美味的当地食物时，你可以决定参观下一个哪些有趣的地方。 【课堂练习】 I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary. structure contribute downtown embarrassed fancy deserve featured historic admire origin disappoint 1. I was really , but then I saw the funny side of it. 我确实感到尴尬，但接着我发现了事情好笑的一面。 2. Jon in one of the show's most thrilling episodes. 乔恩主演了该剧中最惊悚的几集之一。 3. What I is not what you have, but what you are. 我所羡慕的不是你所拥有的东西，而是你是什么。 4. On the social level, improvement in the quality of life can greatly to social harmony. 在社会层面，生活质量的提高非常有助于社会和谐。 5. The of the Dragon Boat Festival is to recall the soul of Qu Yuan. 龙舟节的起源是为了缅怀屈原的灵魂。 6. We are living in a great era. 我们正处在一个伟大的历史时代。 7. There is heavy traffic in the area tonight. 今夜闹市区交通繁忙。 8. The magazine was packaged in a plastic case with attractive graphics. 这本杂志装在一个带有漂亮图纹的别致塑料盒子里。 9. Her decision to cancel the concert is bound to her fans. 她决定取消这场音乐会，肯定会使她的歌迷失望。 10. Doctors study the of the human body. 医生研究人体构造。 II.Fill in the blanks with the phrases from the box below. belong to；contribute to; in case；in the distance；a variety of 1. People change their mind for ____________reasons. 2. The figures ______________ seemed to be drawing closer. 3. Extra boiling water should be kept at hand just __________ it is needed. 4. You can’t take away these magazines which ________ our school library. 5. On the social level, improvement in the quality of life can social harmony greatly. Grammar 过去将来时讲解与练习 过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用“would + 动词原形”或“was / were going to + 动词原形”来表达。 用 法 例 句 特别提示 表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 I didn’t know when he would go to the park. He said that he would wait for me at the school gate. 此种情况常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。 用“was / were going to + 动词原形”，“was / were about to + 动词原形”表示将来的动作或状态。 She told me she was going to fly to Yunnan. I was about to leave the house when the telephone rang. 和一般将来时一样，也可用相应的其他形式表示。 过去进行时态有时可用来表示过去将来。 He said the train was leaving at five the next morning. He said he was coming to see me. 常见于come, go等瞬间动词。 过去将来时的基本特征，也就是我么年今天所谈到的“立足过去，着眼未来”。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。 例如：Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane. 玛丽告诉我说她将要坐飞机去上海。 基本构成： A ) would + 动词原形 如：He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。 B ) was / were going to + 动词原形 如：No one knew when he was going to finish his homework. 没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。 C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形 如：He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。 She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了 D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。 如：She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。 基本用法: A ) 主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。 如：Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years. 没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。 We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们想知道她是否准备在会上发言。 B ) 在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。 如：It was a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left school. He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. 一个星期天的下午，一位名叫玛丽亚的年轻人刚离开学校。因为她准备下周开始工作，所以，决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。 C ) 过去将来时还可以用来表示非真实的动作或状态。 如：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University. 如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。 I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。 当堂检测 I. 选择填空 1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian _____to China next month.  A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come  2. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China.  A. spent  B. would spent  C. was going to spent  D. would spend  3. —What did your son say in the letter?  —He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day.  A. will visit          B. has visited        C. is going to visit    D. would visit  4. I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday.  A. to come   B. is coming  C. will come   D. was coming  5. Father said that he ______ me to Beijing the next year.  A. took    B. would take  C. takes    D. will take  6. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables.  A. are going to grow   B. were going to grow  C. will grow      D. have grown  7. She ______ to work when the telephone rang.  A. is going      B. will go     C. was about to go   D.  is to go  II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. Miss Zhang said she __________________(visit) the Great Wall next summer. 2. She told him that she __________________(not stay) here for long.  3. I wasn’t sure whether Lucy______________________(come) the next year. 4. The scientists said the world’s population ______________________ (slow) down in future. 5. She said the bus ___________________________ (leave) at five the next morning. 6. I wasn't sure whether he __________________________ (lend) me his book the next morning.  7. He was fifty-six. In two years he ___________________________(be) fifty-eight.  8. Whenever she has time, she __________________________(help) them in their work.  III.Translation 1. 医生说Jack几天内就会痊愈。(用过去将来时) 2. 贝蒂说下周六她要去参观长城。(用过去将来时) 3. 这家超市的特色是24小时服务。(feature) 4. 他们同意尽量通过谈判解决他们之间的纠纷。(settle) 5. 这是用这种语言创作的最具想像力的原创作品之一。(original) Unit 2 课后练习 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Are you on a diet? Then maybe you should consider (1)_________(sit) by the window the next time you eat out. A new book claims that (2)________ you sit in a restaurant can affect how much you consume. A new research found that people sitting farthest from the front door ate the fewest salads and were 73 percent (3)________(likely) to order dessert. Those seated at a dark table ate heavier food and ordered more of it (4)______ diners seated at bright bar tables ordered more salads and fewer desserts. According to the researchers, the darker it is, the more invisible you (5)______ feel, the less easy it is to see how much you’re eating and the less guilty you are when you eat more. In contrast, (6) ________(see) the sunlight, people or trees outside might make you more conscious of (7)________ you look, might make you think about walking or might make you want a green salad. The researchers also noted that slim diners chewed around 15 times per mouthful, three chews more than heavier diners. By eating more slowly, the diner consumes less in the time (8)_________ takes for the brain to register satisfaction. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. misleading B. relatively C. teamed D. doubled E. encouraging F. guidance G. reviews H. reasonable I. cultivate J. proposed K. annually No More Food Waste Last week Meituan co-published a proposal with a number of business organizations, including the China General Chamber of Commerce and China Cuisine Association, calling on restaurants to stop food waste and help (1)________new eating habits for customers. “Restaurants should innovate means of publicity using official accounts on social media and live-streaming to promote and advocate food-saving actions,” the proposal said. Meituan and the organizations are advocating that merchants offer (2)________ to consumers, including reminding them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients, portion sizes and other information about the dishes, to help them avoid food waste due to (3)________ information. Catering associations in more than 18 provinces have also joined the campaign to eliminate food waste. On Friday the China Cuisine Association announced that it had (4)________ up with Ele.me, the Alibaba Group Holding-owned food delivery platform, to launch a “half-dish plan”, (5) ________restaurants to provide customers with the option to order smaller portions. The Wuhan Catering Association (6)________ an “N-1” ordering code for restaurants in which a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people. More food is only brought to the table if required. To curb(限制) portrayals of food waste on social media platforms, popular Chinese video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou have stepped up content (7)________ of food-related live streams and implemented regulation of online eating shows. Now if users search certain keywords, such as “eating show” or “competitive eaters”, a cautionary message pops up to remind them to cherish food and maintain a (8)________diet. Across the country, about 40% of all the food Americans buy ends up in the trash. That food waste costs the average family of four about $1,500 (9)________. It also takes up valuable space in landfills. The state of Vermont has long been a leader in environmental issues. Now it has just (10)________down on its bid to get Vermonters to rethink their relationship with food and waste. As of July 1st, it became the first state in the nation to make it illegal for residents to throw their food scraps into the trash. That means everyone in the state from businesses to residents must now keep their food waste out of the garbage. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Scientists have already linked low-cost, __1__ foods to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more __2__ on how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health. What does processed food __3__? The researchers created a system that places foods into four groups. The system says highly processed foods are made __4__ of industrialized materials and additives. Sodas, packaged cookies, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can __5__ healthy, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt. What's wrong with processed foods? Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when __6__ mostly processed foods. That is compared with when the __7__ people were given less processed foods. The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be __8__. In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. A similar study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death __9__. What is it about processed foods? When given less processed foods, people in the study __10__ more of a hormone that controls hunger, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the __11__ is not clear. The scientists also found that people ate processed foods more quickly. Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods are __12__ softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might __13__. For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel full than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt. What should you eat? Avoiding processed foods can be hard, __14__ for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms. __15__, companies continually re-engineer products to make them seem healthier. The newest studies may provide more reasons to avoid processed foods. But, they also call attention to the difficulty of coming up with ways to do that. 1. A. organic B. delicious C. packaged D. cheap 2. A. examples B. clues C. hints D. signals 3. A. provide B. suggest C. mean D. infer 4. A. specially B. mostly C. naturally D. technically 5. A. remain B. taste C. become D. seem 6. A. consumed B. forced C. deprived D. fed 7. A. same B. normal C. different D. alternative 8. A. explained B. observed C. cured D. remedied 9. A. in general B. in particular C. in nature D. in advance 10. A. preferred B. produced C. compared D. processed 11. A. hunger B. procedure C. reaction D. physiology 12. A. supposedly B. hardly C. usually D. constantly 13. A. strike a balance B. run a risk C. pose a threat D. make a difference 14. A. especially B. generally C. specifically D. reasonably 15. A. By contrast B. In summary C. Above all D. In addition Section B (A) Beef, of course, is the meat from a cow, and probably no food is more popular in America than a hamburger made from beef. In the 1960s a businessman named Ray Kroc began building small restaurants that sold hamburgers at a low price. Kroc called his restaurant " McDonald's". Kroc cooked hamburgers quickly so people in a hurry could buy and eat them without waiting. By me end of the 1960s the McDonald's Company had been selling hamburgers in hundreds of restaurants from California to Maine. Not surprisingly, Ray Kroc became one of the richest businessmen in America. Other business people watched his success. Some of them opened their own hamburgers restaurants. One company, called " Wendy's", began to compete with McDonald's. Wendy' s said its hamburgers were bigger than those sold by McDonald's or anyone else. The Wendy's hamburgers were the biggest. It produced a television advertisement to sell this idea. The Wendy's television advertisement showed three old women eating hamburgers. The bread that covered the meat was very big, but inside there was only a tiny bit of meat. One of the women said she would not eat a hamburger with such a little piece of beef. " Where's the beef?" She shouted in a funny voice. These advertisements for Wendy's hamburger restaurants were a success from the first day they appeared on television. As we said, it seemed that everyone began using the expression "Where's the beef?" It was one of the most popular expressions in the United States. 65. McDonald is a restaurant . A.which sells fast food B.which sells cheap beef C.where people can eat whatever they like D.where people must eat in a hurry 66. " From California to Maine" means . A. all over the world B. all over America C. from east to west D. from north to south 67. The expression "Where is the beef?" means . A.try to find the best beef B.the beef can't be found C. the beef is not as good as it is said to be D.something is not as good as described 68. McDonald's is a restaurant first run by . A. McDonald B. Wendy C. a rich businessman D. Ray Kroc 69. Which of me following statement is True? A. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because hamburgers are easy to make. B. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because they wanted to make a lot of money. C. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because they could sell hamburgers from California to Maine. D. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because they thought hamburgers are good to eat. (B) Visitor Code · Arrive with nothing that can harm New Zealand If you are arriving from overseas, bring no food, animal or plant material into the country. If in doubt declare it to Customs. · Protect plants and animals Never allow dogs or other pets to run freely in areas of nesting birds, other wildlife, or where sign posted. · Get rid of rubbish Always get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste (e.g. glass, paper) where possible. · Be considerate with other waste If using a portable toilet always throw away your toilet waste at a proper waste station. In the back country, bury your toilet waste in a shallow hole away from waterway. · Keep New Zealand’s water clean Because soaps and other wastes can harm waterways, be careful your washing water doesn’t pollute the sea lakes and rivers. · Take care with fires Always observe district fire bans. Be careful if you smoke or have an outdoor fire or barbecue, make sure ashes are cold before leaving. · Camp or picnic carefully When camping or picnicking, use facilities provided. · Keep to the track Keep to the track, where one exists, so you lessen the chance of damaging fragile plants. · Be considerate When driving, minimize noise and observe no smoking signs. 70. According to Visitor Code, visitors are expected to act_______. A. with care and respect B. with relief and pleasure C. with caution and calmness D. with attention and observation 71. What are you encouraged to do when travelling in New Zealand? A. Take your own camping facilities. B. Bury glass far away from rivers. C. Follow the track for the sake of plants. D. Observe signs to approach nesting birds. 72. What is allowed to take into New Zealand according to the Visitor Code? A. wild honey B. fresh grape fruit C. Chinese ham D. duty-free wine 73. The underlined word fragile probably means __________. A. breakable and delicate B. fragrant and beautiful C. rare and expensive D. healthy and strong Section C Directions: Read the following passages.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. Kids know when your praise is sincere and when it’s not. B. Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. C. But in fact, it may be just the opposite. D. Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. E. Children develop a sense of competence by seeing the consequences of their actions, not by being told about the consequences of their actions. F. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child put into it. Praising Kids Parents praise their kids whenever they do anything that seems to be something remarkable. Jenn Berman, PhD, a family therapist says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be stricter.” Parents have come to believe that by giving kids heaping portions of praise, they improve their self-esteem and confidence. ________74________ Too much praise can backfire, it seems, and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parent’s praise has put them. ________75________Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in stretching themselves for their accomplishments. So what is the right amount of praise? ________76________ If praise is sincere and genuine and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear, “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.” Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team, Donahue says. But if he’s out there every day, shooting baskets, running drills, and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses because it’s above and beyond the norm. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when he has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or complete a history assignment, Donahue adds. ________77________ III. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.由于种种不同的原因,大家赴宴都迟到了。(a variety of) Everyone arrived ________________________________. 2.像中国人一样，法国人喜欢花时间享受餐桌上的美味佳肴。（take time to） Just like Chinese people, Frenchmen _____________________________ at dinner. 3. 如今人们宁愿在家里与家人共进晚餐而不愿在饭店里吃饭。(prefer... rather than) Nowadays people ________________________________________ in the restaurant. 4. 那些痴迷于电脑游戏的人会整夜不眠在网上和人玩游戏。(be keen on) Those who _____________________________, playing games with others on the Net. 5. 均衡的膳食，适当的体育锻炼，对生活积极的态度有助于人们保持健康。（maintain） A well-balanced diet, proper physical exercise and positive attitudes towards life _____________. VI. Guided Writing 假设你是明启中学学生张华，最近你们学校的团组织响应市政府号召，正在开展午餐光盘（clean-plate)行动。现向全体学生征集减少食物浪费的可行性建议。你决定写一封信回应。在信中，你必须： 1.提出减少浪费食物的建议。 2.说明你的理由。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unit 3 Choices 单词部分： 1. convenience n.方便；便利 2. label n.标签 3. global adj.全球的；全世界的 4. snack n.点心；小吃；快餐 5. packaging n.包装材料 6. recycle v.回收利用 7. facility n.（供特定用途的）场所 8. plastic n.塑料 9. container n.容器 10. greenhouse n.温室 11. energy-efficient adj.节能的 12. amount n.数量；数额 13. gas n.气体 14. impact n.巨大影响；强大作用 15. determine v.决定 16. stress n.压力 17. cattle n.牛 18. frozen adj.冷冻的；冷藏的 19. link v.连接 20. teenager n.（13至19岁之间的）青少年 21. diet n.日常饮食；日常食物 22. details n.具体情况 23. yoghurt n.酸奶 24. slim adj.苗条的；纤细的 25. image n.形象；印象 26. source n.起源；根源；原因 27. expert n.专家；行家；能手 28. loss n.丧失；损失；丢失 29. actually adv.（在口语中用于强调事实）的确，真实地，事实上 30. tend v.往往会；常常就 31. moreover adv.此外，而且 32. equal adj.（大小、数量、价值等）相同的，同样的；相等的 33. comment n.评论；解释 34. host n.（电视或广播的）节目主持人 35. remind v.提醒；使想起 36. apologize v.道歉；谢罪 37. pudding n.（餐末的）甜食，甜点 38. decoration n.装饰品 39. consumer n.消费者；顾客；用户 40. despite prep.即使；尽管 41. prove v.证明；证实 42. retired adj.已退休的，已退职的 43. groceries n.食品杂货 44. establish v.查实；确定；证实 45. legally adv.合法地 46. permit v.允许；准许 47. assume v.假定；假设；认为 词组部分： 48. carbon footprint 碳足迹（日常活动所产生的碳排放量的量度方式） 49. rubbish dump 垃圾场；废物堆 50. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 51. put ... aside 忽视；不理睬；忘记 52. peanut butter 花生酱 53. baked potato （带皮）烤土豆 54. junk food 垃圾食品 55. vending machine （出售饮料等的）自动售货机 56. pay regard to 注意；关注；关心 57. traffic accident 交通事故 课文部分： The good, the bad and the really ugly by Jane Brown Today, in my fridge, there are a few grapes, some bananas and some fruit juice—things that are not expensive and that are good for me. (当先行词是不定代词something时，定语从句引导词选择关系代词that。注意常用that不用which的几种情况，详见单元配套语法讲解。) There is also a pizza, and some burgers—which are not so good. I know what this food does to my body, (what引导的宾语从句；what在宾语从句中充当宾语。) but what does it do to the world around me? It’s time to look at my carbon footprint and think about the difference between the good, the bad and the really ugly. (英语中ugly是比bad贬义程度更深的一个词) 参考译文： 今天，在我的冰箱里，有一些葡萄，一些香蕉和一些果汁——这些东西不贵，但对我有好处。还有一种披萨和一些不太好吃的汉堡。我知道这种食物对我的身体有什么影响，但是它对我周围的世界有什么影响呢?是时候看看我的碳足迹了，想想好的，坏的和真正丑陋的之间的区别。 Food miles My first stop is the label. Labels give us lots of information: how long we can keep our food, how healthy it is and where it comes from. A few hundred years ago, most of our food came from places we could walk to, (此处先行词虽然是place，但是它在从句中做介词宾语，故而不用where引导，而是用关系代词引导，作宾语省略掉了。) but today, food travels thousands of miles. We refrigerate it, and then transport it in planes and ships all over the world. This creates pollution and causes global warming. I look at the pizza and feel bad at once—not because it’s unhealthy, but because the seafood on it comes all the way from Thailand. I know seafood is also produced in the UK, but the local seafood is more expensive. I take out a banana—it’s from Brazil, but that’s not too bad. It came here by boat, so the carbon footprint of this healthy snack is small. 参考译文： 食物里程 我的第一站是标签。标签给了我们很多信息:我们的食物可以保存多久，它有多健康，从哪里来的。几百年前，我们大部分的食物来自我们可以步行去的地方，但是今天，食物要经过几千英里的旅行。我们把它冷藏起来，然后用飞机和轮船运到世界各地。这会造成污染并导致全球变暖。我一看披萨就觉得不舒服——不是因为它不健康，而是因为上面的海鲜是从泰国远道而来的。我知道英国也生产海鲜，但是当地的海鲜比较贵。我拿出一条香蕉——它来自巴西，但也不算太糟。它是乘船来的，所以这种健康零食的碳足迹很小。 Packaging The next stop is the packaging. In the UK, we don’t recycle all our packaging; we throw away more than 30% of it. This waste goes to the rubbish dump and not to the recycling facility. Luckily, we don’t need to package food like bananas, but food like grapes needs protection. I look at the grapes in my fridge—they’re in a plastic container and they’re from Spain. 参考译文： 包装 下一站是包装。在英国，我们不回收所有的包装，我们扔掉了超过30%的包装。这些垃圾都被扔进了垃圾场，而不是进了回收设施。幸运的是，我们不需要包装像香蕉这样的食物，但像葡萄这样的食物需要保护。我看了看冰箱里的葡萄——它们装在塑料容器里，来自西班牙。 Production So my grapes are from Spain, but at least they grew in natural sunlight. In the UK, people grow grapes in heated greenhouses, which means our grapes are less energy-efficient. But there is one other thing in my fridge, and if pizza and grapes are “bad”, then this food is “really ugly”. It’s the burgers. They have the biggest carbon footprint because they come from cows. (碳足迹，英文为Carbon Footprint，是指企业机构、活动、产品或个人通过交通运输、食品生产和消费以及各类生产过程等引起的温室气体排放的集合。它描述了一个人的能源意识和行为对自然界产生的影响，号召人们从自我做起。目前，已有部分企业开始践行减少碳足迹的环保理念。) In the USA, cows create the same amount of greenhouse gases as 20 million cars! As I close the fridge door, I make a checklist for my next trip to the supermarket: 1)Read the label; 2)Look at the packaging; 3)Don’t buy a lot of meat. Maybe I could grow my own vegetables too. It’s eco-friendly. I’d save some money and I wouldn’t feel bad about eating burgers! 参考译文： 生产 我的葡萄来自西班牙，但至少它们生长在自然阳光下。在英国，人们在加热的温室里种植葡萄，这意味着我们的葡萄不那么节能。但是我的冰箱里还有一件东西，如果披萨和葡萄“不好”，那么这种食物“真的很难看”。这是汉堡。它们的碳足迹最大，因为它们来自奶牛。在美国，奶牛产生的温室气体相当于2000万辆汽车产生的温室气体。 关上冰箱门，我为下次去超市做了一个清单: 1)阅读标签; 2)看看包装; 3)不要买很多肉。 也许我也可以自己种蔬菜。它是环保的。这样我就可以省点钱，吃汉堡也不会感觉不好! 【课堂练习】 I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary. global recycle establish assume permit apologize comment remind determine loss slim 1. The loss of glaciers due to warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. 由于全球变暖带来的冰川融化对农业造成了巨大的威胁。 2. If we try our best to the wastes, we can reduce pollution and conserve natural resources. 如果我们尽力回收废物，我们可以减少污染，保护自然资源。 3. A fleet sailed for New South Wales to ___________ the first European settlement in Australia. 一支舰队驶向新南威尔士去建立欧洲在澳大利亚的第一个移民地。 4. It is quite reasonable to __________ that modern science and technology will continue to advance. 人们认为科技会继续进步，这个预测是有道理的。 5. Cash machines __________ you to withdraw money at any time. 取款机可让你随时取款。 6. We __________ for the late arrival of the train. 我们为火车误点表示歉意。 7. You really can't _________ until you know the facts. 你的确不能在你知道事实之前进行评论。 8. They _________ me of the time when I used to live in Spain. 它们让我想起那些我在西班牙生活的日子。 9. An inquiry was set up to ___________ the cause of the accident. 已展开调查以确定事故原因。 10. The war brought massive devastation and _________ of life to the region. 战争给该地区造成巨大的破坏以及生命的丧失。 II.Fill in the blanks with the phrases from the box below. label as remind ...of established....as on a diet put aside pay regard to in detail have an impact on be determined to comment on amount to 1. Have you been _________? You've lost a lot of weight 2. His new research __________ him _______ a qualified professor. 3. They _________ me __________ the time when I used to live in Spain. 4. We examine the wording___________ before deciding on the final text. 5. Consumer spending on sports-related items ___________ $9.75 billion. 6. You must ___________ change your past bad lifestyle. 7. They say they expect the meeting to _________ marked ___________the future of the country. 8. Stratford police refuse to ________________ whether anyone has been arrested. 9. Social services should _____________ the needs of inner-city areas. 10. We should encourage children to ________ some of their pocket-money to buy Christmas presents. Grammar 本单元语法主要介绍定语从句的定义，以及关系代词的用法。 一、定语从句： 定语从句包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，是把作定语的从句和主句中被修饰的先行词连接在一起，而且在从句中充当一个句子成分。在本章中，将先讲述定语从句的定义，种类及各种关系代词的用法，之后讲解各种关系副词的用法以及由as引导的定语从句，最后总结使用定语从句需注意的事项，进一步帮助学生们学会正确使用定语从句。 典型例句：1.This is the teacher who often tells jokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。 2.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.想去长城的人在这里签名。 3.Water,which is a liquid,has many uses.水是一种液体，有很多用途。 1.定语从句概述 1.定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 2.定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane. 她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2.非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company. 那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ○表示限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ☆表示非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 关系代词 代表人 代表物 代表主句或部分主句的内容 主格 宾格 所有格 主格 宾格 所有格 who ○☆ ○☆ whom ○☆ which ○☆ ○☆ ☆ whose ○☆ ○☆ as ○ ○ ○ ○ ☆ of which ○☆ that ○ ○ ○ ○ 4.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 2.关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1.关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。 （关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。 （关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children. 我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 .关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3.关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away. 我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? 旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails. 做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. 我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across. 波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director. 莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden. 我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad. 这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. 我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 4.关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 当堂检测 1.If a shop has chairs _____ women can park their men, they will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where 2.The workers overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ______ is something we had not expected. A. what B. that C. which D. it 3.The English program normally attracts 1,000 students a year, ______ half will be from abroad. A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom 4.Do you know the man ___ just now? A. to who I nodded B. I nodded to C. whom I nodded D. whom I nodded to him. 5.This is the TV station ____ we visited last year A. where B. that C. to which D. in which 6.The reason _______ he has resigned is poor health. A. in which B. where C. why D. which 7.I am going to see the manager tomorrow, ____ he will be back from New York. A. when B. which C. in which D. on which 8.All the apples___fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs. A. they B. / C. that D. which 9.We often think of the days___we spent together on the island. A. when B. which C. in which D. during which 10.He has left Beijing,___a meeting is to be held. A when B. where C. as D. which 11.Can you solve such problems___raised by the audience? A. what were B. as were C. that were D. which were 12. Please pass me the dictionary _______cover is black. A. which B. its C. whose D. which of 13. This is the biggest lab__________we have ever built in our university. A. which B. what C. that D. Where 14. I have bought the same dress ________ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 自我检测 1. Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.   A. who              B. which             C. when             D. that 2. A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. A. who              B. whom             C. whose            D. whoever 3. They’ve won their last three matches. ________I find a bit surprising  A. that               B. when             C. what              D. which  4. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city        name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. A. which                     B. of which            C. that                       D. whose 5. My friend showed me round the town,       was very kind of him.    A. which             B. that               C. where            D. it  6. Yesterday she sold her car， ______ she bought a month ago. A. when                   B. where                C. that                 D. which 7. The Science Museum       we visited during a recent trip to Britain，is one of London’s tourist attractions. A. which                  B. what                  C. that                  D. where 8. His movie won several awards at the film festival，           was beyond his wildest dream. A. which                   B. that                  C. where                 D. it 9. Women            drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those           don’t. A. who;/                  B./;who                 C. who; who               D./;/ 10.  Look out! Don’t get too close to the house           roof is under repair. A. whose                  B. which              C. what              D. that III. Translation（定语从句） 1、打破窗户的那个男孩叫Jim。 2、他们种植一些不需要很多水的树。 3、今天早上我们买的那条鱼不够新鲜。 4、昨天我们在街上看到的那个女孩是Tom的妹妹。 5、 上个星期我去看了在地震中失去丈夫的那位老师。 Unit 3 课后练习 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. 21. It is reported that Americans eat too much protein every day, _______ as they actually need. A. twice as much B. as twice much C. much as twice D. as much twice 22. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _______ life has develop gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose 23. The number of deaths from cancer will be reduced greatly if people _______ to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade B. will persuade C. will be persuaded D. are persuaded 24. Before the ship sank, some of the passengers _______ leave in time for the lifeboats. A. could B. might C. were able to D. should 25. My little son _______ out alone at night. A. dare not to go B. dares not to go C. doesn’t dare to go D. dares not go 26. The man next door, ______ name I don’t know, is always making a lot of noise by singing pop songs at night. A. who B. whose C. of which D. whom 27. They will never forget the days _______ they spent together studying abroad. A. in which B. that C. on which D. during which 28. Who _______ has brains will make such a mistake as this? A. it B. ever C. that D. / 29. We cannot accept a society _______ the rich enjoy comfort _______ the poor have to suffer. A. which; while B. where; while C. which; / D. /; / 30. Li Ming, _______ to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. that I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D. I went with him Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. access B. estimates C. nutritious D. associated E. root F. issues G. address H. physical I. properly J. completely K. characterize Poorest countries facing both obesity and malnutrition A third of the poorest countries in the world are dealing with high levels of obesity as well as under-nourishment, which leaves people too thin, according to a report in The Lancet. It says the problem is caused by global 31 to ultra - processed foods, and people exercising less. The authors are calling for changes to the “modern food system” which they believe is the 32 of it. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are most affected. The report 33 that nearly 2.3 billion children and adults on the planet are overweight, and more than 150 million children have undersized growth. And many low and middle-income countries are facing these two 34 at the same time -- known as the ‘double burden of malnutrition’. This means that 20% of people are overweight, 30% of children under four are not growing 35 , and 20% of women are classified as thin. Failing food systems The report authors say action should be taken by governments, the United Nations and academics to 36 the problem, and it points the finger at changing diets. The way people eat, drink and move is changing. Increasing numbers of supermarkets, easy availability of less 37 food, as well as a decrease in 38 activity, are leading to more people becoming overweight. And these changes are affecting low and middle-income countries, as well as high-income ones. Although undersized growth of children in many countries is becoming less frequent, eating ultra-processed foods early in life is 39 with poor growth. “We are facing a new nutrition reality,” says lead author Dr Francesco Branca, director of the department of nutrition for health and development at the World Health Organization. “We can no longer 40 countries as low-income and undernourished, or high-income and only concerned with obesity. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Many of the most memorable advertisement campaigns around tend to be funny. Advertisers use this __34__ to attract customers to their product. Audiences like to be __35__. People will pay more attention to a humorous commercial than a factual or serious one, opening themselves up to be __36__. The best products to sell using humor tend to be those that consumers have to think the least about. Products that are relatively inexpensive, and often __37__, can be represented without providing a lot of facts, and that’s where there’s room for __38__. Candy, food, alcohol, __39__ and toys/entertainment related products have proven to benefit the most from humor in their campaigns. Another point to consider when using humor in advertising is that different things are __40__ to different people. A commercial that may leave one person laughing may leave a __41__ taste in another’s mouth. The __42__ market must always be considered. What’s funny in a client presentation may not be funny on an airplane, at a country club or in a hospital. Humor in advertising tends to improve __43__, but does not improve product recall, message credibility, or buying intentions. __44__, consumers may be familiar with and have good feelings towards the product, but their purchasing decisions will probably not be__45__. One of the major keys to a successful humorous campaign is __46__, once a commercial starts to wear out there’s no saving it without some variation on the concept. Humorous campaigns are often expensive because they have to be constantly __47__. Advertisers must remember that while making the customer laugh, they have to keep things interesting, because old jokes __48__ along with their products. 34. A. activity B. memory C. strategy D. product 35. A. surprised B. entertained C. inspired D. welcomed 36. A. influenced B. remembered C. understood D. noticed 37. A. available B. incredible C. consumable D. memorable 38. A. fun B. wisdom C. freedom D. humor 39. A. jewelry B. furniture C. tobacco D. computers 40. A. influential B. beneficial C. important D. funny 41. A. bad C. impressive C. strong D. flavorful 42. A. steady B. target C. competitive D. weak 43. A. company reputation B. brand recognition C. consumer image D.product quality 44. A. In other words B. In a word C. On the other hand D. On the contrary 45. A. stopped B. created C. affected D. chosen 46. A. contrast B. honesty C. variety D. imagination 47. A. changed B. reviewed C. launched D. criticized 48. A. live B. hide C. stay D. die Section B A The sun was shining quite brightly as Ms Grant left her house, and she saw no need to take an umbrella with her. She got on the bus to take her into the town and before long it came on to rain. It had not stopped raining when the bus arrived at the marketplace half an hour later. Ms Grant stood up and absentmindedly picked up the umbrella that was hanging on the seat in front of her. A cold voice said loudly: “That is mine, Madam!” Suddenly remembering that she had come out without her umbrella, Ms Grant went red with embarrassment and apologized, trying at the same time to pay no attention to the unpleasant look the owner of the umbrella was giving her. When she got off the bus, Ms Grant made straight for a shop where she could buy an umbrella.And it wasn’t long before she found a very pretty one. It was so pretty that she decided to buy another as a present for her daughter. She did the rest of her shopping and had lunch in a cafe. In the afternoon she got on the homeward bus with the two umbrellas under her arm, and sat down. Then she saw that, by a curious coincidence , she was sitting next to the woman who had made her feel so uncomfortable that morning. This woman now looked at her, then at the umbrellas, and said, “You’ve had quite a good day, I see!” 1. Ms Grant bought two umbrellas because ______. A. it was raining and she liked the umbrella very much B. her daughter had asked her for one C. she wanted to give it to the woman on the bus D. she believed that she needed two 2. What’s the purpose of Ms Grant’s trip to the town? A. For sightseeing. B. To do some shopping. C. To buy umbrella. D. To steal some umbrellas 3. The woman must have thought that Ms Grant was a(n) ______. A. umbrella collector B. absent-minded woman C. thief stealing umbrellas D. strange woman B Why is setting goals important? Because goals can help you do, and experience everything you want in life. Instead of just letting lives happen to you, goals allow yourself to make your life happen. Successful and happy people have a vision of how their life should be and they set lots of goals (both short-term and long-range) to help them reach their vision. By setting goals you are taking control of your life. It’s like having a map to show you where you want to go. Think of it this way. There are two drivers. One has a destination in mind (her goal) which is laid out for her on a map. She can drive straight there without any wasted time or wrong turns. The other driver has no goal or destination or map. She starts off at the same time from the same place as the first driver, but she drives aimlessly around, never getting anywhere, just using up gas and oil. Which driver do you want to be? Winners in life set goals and follow through on them. Winners decide what they want in life and then get there by making plans and setting goals. Unsuccessful people just let life happen by accident. Goals aren’t difficult to set, and they aren’t difficult to reach. It’s up to you to find out what your goals, ideals and visions really are. You are the one who must decide what to pursue and in what direction to aim your life. Research tells us that when we write a goal down we are more likely to achieve it. Written goals can be reviewed regularly, and have more power. Like a contract with yourself, they are harder to neglect or forget. Also when you write your goals in a particular fashion you are able to stimulate yourself to be continuously alert to situations that will further your goals. 4. The author gave the example of two drivers to show ________. 　　A. the foolishness of the first driver B. the importance of having a map and right direction 　　C. the foolishness of the second driver D. the importance of setting goals 5. According to this text, the most important thing in realizing one’s ideal is to ________. A. try to be realistic about one’s ability B. have a clear understanding of what he or she wants in life C. let others understand him or her first, then work together with them D. let others help him or her to make his or her dream come true 6. If people want to reach their goals, they should ________. A. write down their goals B. sign a contract with other people 　　C. face the difficulties in front of them 　D. discuss with others and ask for their help 7. What is the main idea of this passage? A. Success is possible only when a person has clearly set his or her goal. B. Winners never stop their efforts for success. C. Failure always accompanies the people who gave up easily. D. Whenever you set goals, you will succeed. C As much as we may want to protect children from all the terrible, horrible and very bad things in life, too often we don’t get a choice. These four new kids’ books serve as guides for a variety of difficulties and as important reminders that we have a choice in how we react to such trials. These stories introduce young readers to relatable characters who are processing and recovering from hardships and sorrows. Each book, in its own way, offers a guide for young readers who are facing their own struggles. Together, they teach a lesson for us all in resilience (还原能力）and hope. The Secret Horses Of Briar Hill By Megan Shepherd Twelve-year-old Emmaline has a secret: she can see winged horses in the mirrors at Briar Hill hospital, a British hospital for children during World War II. The magical adventures of the horses come to life as Emmaline recovers from her illness and must face the sickness of those she loves. Goodbye Days By JeffZentner Carver Briggs blames himself for the deaths of his three best friends (he sent the text message that likely caused the car accident resulting in their deaths). What’s more, he could face a criminal investigation into his role. The novel follows his journey as he tries his best to make peace with his loss and guilt. Stef Soto, Taco Queen By Jennifer Torres Now in middle school, Estefania Stef Soto has become embarrassed by her Mexican-American family’s food truck and is tired of being joked at school as the “taco (墨西哥煎玉米卷）queen.” But when the family business is threatened, she becomes one of its biggest protectors and learns to accept her identity (身份). Why Can't Grandma Remember My Name? By Kent L Karosen，illustrated by Chana Stiefel Dnven by questions from Ashley, a child whose grandmother has Alzheimer's (早老性痴呆病）—''Will Grandma get worse? How can I have familiar with Grandma?” 一 drawings in this P^e book are done by children and by Vlzheimer’s patients，offers an outline for families dealing with the illness 8. “Such trials” in paragraph 1 most probably refers to _______ . A. creative processes B. lovable characters C.painful reminders D. difficult experiences 9. Suppose you have just moved from Asia to America and your kids have trouble getting aim with others at school, which of the following books are you going to pick for your children? A. The Secret Horses Of Briar Hill B. Goodbye Days C. Stef Soto, Taco Queen D. Why Can’t Grandma Remember My Name? 10. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. The secret horses help Emmaline solve her problems. B. Carver Briggs tries everything to prove his innocence. C. Estefania fights very hard to protect her identity. D. Little Ashley makes an outline for the book. 11. The author writes this passage to______________. A. share some new parental skills with parents B. teach kids how to write some dramatic stories C. start a discussion on the topics of the new books D. introduce some newly published books for kids Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. The products which contain real fruit are popular with people. B. Even products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit. C. They found that about 60 percent of them didn't contain any fruit at all. D. If companies can cut their costs by using flavoring,they are likely to do so.E.It is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the products. F. Actually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all. Most drinks stating that they are fruit-flavoredcontain no fruit at all, while most of the rest contain only a small quantity of fruit,according to a study carried by the British Food Commission. "Shoppers need to check the labels before buying drinks,though sometimes the actual content can be non-existent,"said Food Commission spokesperson Lan Tokelove. "Food production is highly competitive. ______48______. It will increase profits,and consumers won't always realize they are being tricked." Flavorings are focused on the flavors of natural food products such as fruits,meats and vegetables, or creating flavor for food products that do not have the desired flavors. Researchers analyzed the contents of28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores.______49______. Of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit.In addition,each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar. ______50______. Let's take jam as an example. Some strawberry-flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all. The Food Commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging. Consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have bought.Under current UK law, Food packages do no not have to distinguish between natural and artificial flavoring. “Describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packed with pictures of strawberries is misleading. ______51______. Unfortunately,it is also legal and widespread," Takeover said. III. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1. 她的回答把我弄糊涂了。(puzzled) 2. 这个歌星变得越来越受欢迎。(increasingly) 3. 我不否认那对他来说有多重要。(deny) 4. 我并没有这个意思，我只是开玩笑而已。(kid) 5. 我想与她联系，却没有她的联系号码。(contact ) VI、Guided Writing 假定你是高中生李华，你所在的班级将要举办一次主题为“What Can We Do for Our Community?”的英语演讲比赛。 请写一篇英语演讲稿，要求从以下四方面中任选几个方面进行阐述。 1. 关心、帮助他人; 2. 保护、美化环境; 3. 受护社区设施; 4. 营造良好的人居氛围。 注意： 1. 不要出现学校校名和本人真实姓名， 2. 词数：100左右; 3. 开头和结尾已经写好，且不记入词数。 What Can We Do for Our Community? Hello, everyone. It’s nice to speak about what we can do for our community, and I think each of us can do something. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for listening! Unit 4 My space 词汇部分： 1. experiment n.实验；试验 2. capable adj.有能力的 3. survive v.生存；存货；继续存在 4. unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地；可惜地；可悲地 5. labour -saving 省力的；节省劳力的；降低劳动强度的 6. device n.装置；仪器；器具；设备 7. immediately adv.立即；马上；即刻 8. disappear v.消失；不见 9. regularly adv.有规律地 10. bomb n.炸弹 11. goods n.商品；货品 12. petrol n.汽油 13. boil v.（使）沸腾；煮沸；烧开 14. aim n.目的；目标 15. narrow adj.狭窄的；窄小的 16. suffer v.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受难，受折磨 17. argue v.论证；说理；争辩 18. decrease v.（使大小、数量等）减少，减小，降低 19. apartment n.（通常指在同一楼层的）公寓套房 20. definitely adv.肯定；当然；确实 21. stuff n.东西，物品 22. downstairs adj.楼下的 23. piano n.钢琴 24. talent n.天才；天资；天赋 25. curtain n.窗帘 26. gather v.搜集，收集（情报） 27. data n.数据；资料；材料 28. download v.下载 29. software n.软件 30. company n.公司；商号；商行 31. load v.（把大量……）装上，装入 32. file n.文件 33. percentage n.百分率；百分比 34. recommend v.推荐 35. prefer v.较喜欢；喜欢……多于…… 36. responsibility n.职责；义务；任务 37. arrange v.整理；排列；布置 38. poster n.海报 39. extremely adv.极其；极端；非常 40. slightly adv.略微；稍微 41. technique n.技术；技能 42. grab v.引人注意；吸引 43. brochure n.资料（或广告）手册 44. intended adj.意欲达到的；打算的；计划的 45. ceiling n.天花板；顶棚 46. occasion n.特别的事情（或仪式、庆典） 47. upper-class adj.上流社会的 48. adult n.成年人 49. soul n.灵魂 50. time-honoured adj.古老而受到尊重的；历史悠久的；由来已久的 51. style n.风格；体 短语部分： 52. hang on 等等（好像有什么不对或新的情况出现） 53. take cover 躲避；隐蔽 54. domestic chore 家务琐事 55. to somebody’s credit 使值得表扬；使受尊重 56. science fiction 科幻小说（或影片等） 57. be attractive to 对……有吸引力的 课文部分： The 1940 house “There were many times when I thought,” (when引导的定语从句修饰many times.) I can’t do this. I am a 21st century woman. I don’t work eighteen-hour days’. But then I’d stop and say, ‘Hang on. In the 1940s, women didn’t say they couldn’t do it. They just got on with it. ’” (get on with… 继续干。此外还有以下义项①在……获得成功；②与……友好相处。)These are the words of 50-year-old Lyn Hymers, who took part in an experiment called The 1940s House. The purpose of the experiment was to see if a modern-day family would be capable of surviving in the 1940s. (can的升级版，写作时可以参照。) 参考译文： 有很多次我想，“我做不到。”我是一个21世纪的女人。我不是每天工作18个小时。但我会停下来说，‘等等。在20世纪40年代，女性并没有说她们不能这样做。他们就这么干了。这是50岁的琳恩·海莫斯说的话，她参加了一项名为“1940年代的房子”的实验。实验的目的是看一个现代家庭是否有能力在20世纪40年代生存下来。 In March, Lyn, her husband Michael, her daughter and two grandsons arrived at a three-bedroomed house in south London. Unfortunately, when they opened the door, all 21st century labour-saving devices immediately disappeared. There was no central heating or fridge in the house, but luckily they had a coal fire to keep them warm. 参考译文： 今年3月，琳恩和她的丈夫迈克尔、女儿以及两个外孙来到伦敦南部一所有三间卧室的房子里。不幸的是，当他们打开大门时，所有21世纪的省力设备立刻消失了。房子里没有中央暖气或冰箱，但幸运的是，他们有一堆煤火来取暖。 But food and warmth were not as important as safety—their first task was to quickly dig a hole in the garden. (不定式做表语，表示即将去做)The family needed to have a place to take cover: World War II started in 1939, and German planes were regularly dropping bombs over London. Although the war wasn’t real for the Hymers, they spent a lot of time down in the hole. They wanted the experiment to seem as real as possible. 参考译文： 但是食物和温暖并不像安全那么重要——他们的第一个任务是在花园里迅速挖一个洞。这个家庭需要一个隐蔽的地方:1939年第二次世界大战开始了，德国飞机经常在伦敦上空投下炸弹。虽然战争对Hymers来说并不真实，但他们在洞里呆了很长时间。他们希望这个实验看起来尽可能真实。 The war wasn’t real, but the difficulties of everyday life were. (后面省略了real。在上下文两个句子中，后面的宾语或表语，如果和上文一致，为了避免重复，一般可省略。例如：Tom doesn’t like football, but I like.)In the 1940s, there was rationing of goods such as food and petrol. (ration v. 配给；定量供应；限定……的量 n. 定量；口粮；配给量；正常量；一定数量；应得份额)There wasn’t much meat or milk, or many eggs, and the food was really boring. As a result, the family were often hungry, especially the children. Before the experiment, the children often had snacks, but now they ate dry sandwiches for lunch. 参考译文： 战争是不真实的，但日常生活的困难是真实的。20世纪40年代，食品和汽油等商品实行定量配给。没有多少肉和牛奶，也没有很多鸡蛋，而且食物真的很无聊。结果，家里经常挨饿，尤其是孩子们。实验前，孩子们经常吃零食，但现在他们午餐吃干三明治。 Domestic chores were a challenge too. In the 1940s, these chores were like a full-time job. While Michael went out to work, Lyn and her daughter spent most of their time preparing meals, doing the dishes and cleaning the floor. Things that Lyn did easily before, (thing做先行词时，定语从句一般用that引导) now became terribly difficult. She missed her washing machine most of all. “We had to boil the clothes and when the weather wasn’t good, it was impossible to dry anything,” said Lyn. 参考译文： 家务琐事也是个挑战。在20世纪40年代，这些家务就像是一份全职工作。当迈克尔出去工作时，琳恩和她的女儿大部分时间都在做饭、洗碗和擦地板。以前琳很容易做到的事情，现在变得异常困难。她最想念她的洗衣机。林恩说:“我们不得不把衣服煮了，天气不好的时候，什么都不可能烘干。” Today, Lyn is back in her modern, open-plan home, but surprisingly, she misses the 1940s house. The family grew closer, she feels, (grow是表示变化的系动词) becaus$$ Unit 1 Our world 词汇部分： 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. digital adj.数字信息系统的；数码的；数字式的 2. typical adj.典型的；有代表性的；不出所料的；特有的 3. event n.发生的事情；（尤指）重要的事情，大 4. onto (与动词连用，表示朝某处或某位置运动)向，朝 5. midnight n. 子夜，午夜 6. routine n. 常规，正常顺序 7. scene n. 场面；片段，镜头 8. earn. v. 挣得，赚得，挣钱 9. death n. 死亡，死 10. button n. 扣子；纽扣 11. type n.类型；种类 12. unique adj. 独特的；唯一的 13. respond adj. 反应 14. select v. 挑选；选择 15. organization n. 组织；机构；团体 16. goal n. 目标，目的 17. partner. n. 搭档，同伴；配偶；v. 结成伙伴 18. improve v. (使)改进，（使）改善； 19. currently adv. 当前，现在； 20. schedule n. 工作计划，日程安排 21. conference n. 会议 22. quality n. 质量；品质 23. deliver n. 给与，递送 24. inspire v. 鼓励；鼓舞 25. tip n. 指点，实用的提示 26. acquire v. 获得；习得 27. challenge n. 挑战 v. 向…发起挑战 28. volunteer n.志愿者，义务工作者； v. 自愿做，义务做 29. location n. 地方，地点，位置 30. length n. 长度，（持续）时间的长短 31. electricity n. 电 32. material n. (某一活动所需的)材料 33. senior adj. 年长的；高级的；n. 较年长的人 34. junior adj. 初级的； 35. freedom. n. (权利或状态)自由 36. dorm n. 集体宿舍；学生宿舍 37. aspect n.方面；层面 38. exploration n. 探究，研究；探测 39. edit v. 编辑，校订(文章、书籍等) 40. particular adj. 专指的；特指的 41. element n. 元素，要素 42. behavior n. 行为 43. related adj.相关的；有联系的 44. lantern n.灯笼 45. tradition n.传统 46. reflect v.显示，表明，表达 47. attitude n.态度；看法 48. respect n.尊重 49. description n.描述 短语部分： 50. video clip 视频片段；视频剪辑 51. time capsule 时间文物贮藏器（收藏具有时代特征的物品）；时间胶囊 52. in all 总共 53. hula hoop 呼啦圈 54. well off 富有的；富裕的 55. be keen on 喜爱，对……着迷；有兴趣 56. paper towel 厚纸巾 57. be ashamed of 为……感到羞愧 58. on behalf of 代表…… 59. refer to 描述；涉及；与……相关 60. Chinese knot 中国结 61. dragon boat 龙舟；龙船 课文部分： Life in a day What do you love? What do you fear? What’s in your pocket? These are the questions from the film Life in a Day. Director Kevin Macdonald asked people around the world to answer the questions and send in a video clip from a typical day. He was interested in creating a picture of the world, a digital time capsule for the future. On 24 July 2010, people from Africa, Europe, America, Antarctica and Asia recorded events on their mobile phones and digital cameras and uploaded them onto the Internet. In all there were 81,000 video clips. It took Macdonald and a team of researchers seven weeks to make them into a film. 【参考译文】 你喜欢什么?你害怕什么?在你的口袋里是什么?这些问题来自电影《一天的生活》。导演凯文·麦克唐纳要求世界各地的人们回答这些问题，并发送一条有代表性一天的视频片段。他对创造一幅世界图景感兴趣，一个未来的数字时间胶囊。2010年7月24日，来自非洲、欧洲、美洲、南极洲和亚洲的人们用手机和数码相机记录下日常琐事并上传到互联网上。总共有81000个视频片段。麦克唐纳和一组研究人员花了7周的时间将其拍成电影。 The film starts at midnight. The moon is high in the sky, elephants are washing themselves in a river in Africa and a baby is sleeping. At the same time, in other parts of the world, people are getting up, brushing their teeth and making breakfast. In the next minutes of the one-and-a-half-hour-long film, we watch everyday routines from more than 140 different countries and see the connections between them. In one short scene an American girl is playing with her hula hoop. In another, a child is working at a shoeshine stand in Peru. One looks well off, the other is poor, but then the shoeshine boy shows us his favorite thing—his notebook computer. He’s very proud of it because he earned the money to pay for it. 参考译文： 电影于午夜开始。月亮高高地挂在天空中，大象在非洲的一条河里洗澡，一个婴儿在睡觉。与此同时，在世界的其他地方，人们起床，刷牙，做早餐。在这部长达一个半小时的影片中，接下来的几分钟，我们将看到来自140多个国家的人们的日常生活，以及它们之间的联系。在一个简短的场景中，一个美国女孩正在玩她的呼啦圈。在另一幅画中，秘鲁的一个小孩在擦鞋摊工作。一个看起来很富裕，另一个很穷，但是后来擦鞋童向我们展示了他最喜欢的东西——他的笔记本电脑。他很自豪，因为是他自己挣钱买来的。 “We all care about the same things,” says the director and in some ways he’s right. Family and friends are the things most people love and many of them are keen on sports, like football. But then one man says he loves his cat and another loves his fridge because it doesn’t talk back! 参考译文: “我们都关心同样的事情，”导演说，在某些方面他是对的。家人和朋友是大多数人所喜欢的，他们中的许多人热衷于运动，比如足球。但是，一个人说他爱他的猫，另一个人说他爱他的冰箱，因为它不会顶嘴! Monsters, dogs and death are the things most people fear. （该句为定语从句，省略了作为宾语成分的关系代词that）One young girl is worried about growing up and a man in Antarctica says, “I’m afraid of losing this place.” But when asked, “What’s in your pocket?”, the answers are surprising. We don’t see an ID card, a shopping list, or a bus ticket. Instead, one person has a paper towel, and another shows us a button. A poor man says he has nothing. He’s not ashamed of his poverty—he’s simply happy to be alive. 参考译文： 怪物、狗和死亡是大多数人害怕的东西。一个年轻的女孩担心长大，一个在南极洲的男人说:“我害怕失去这个地方。但是当被问到“你口袋里有什么?”，答案令人惊讶。我们看不到身份证、购物清单或公交车票。相反，一个人拿着纸巾，另一个人给我们看一枚纽扣。穷人说他一无所有。他并不为自己的贫穷感到羞耻——他仅因为能活着就感到高兴了。 The film ends just before midnight, with a young woman in her car. It’s raining outside and she’s recording a short clip on her phone. “I just want people to know that I’m here,” she says. In other words, she wants to show that her life matters（mattter是高中阶段常考的几个不及物动词之一，翻译成“有关系；重要”）. 参考译文： 电影在午夜前结束，一个年轻的女人在她的车里。外面下着雨，她正在用手机录一段短片。“我只是想让人们知道我在这里，”她说。换句话说，她想表明她的生命很重要。 Even though their lives are very different, the people in Life in a Day have one thing in common: each of them is able to find meaning and happiness, no matter what his or her life is like（该句为no matter引导的让步状语从句，此处no matter what可以将其替换为 whatever，翻译时注意把后句提前翻译。）. 参考译文： 即使他们的生活是非常不同的，人们在一天的生活中有一个共同点:他们每个人都能找到意义和幸福，无论他或她的生活是什么样子。 【课堂练习】 I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary. A. volunteer B. routine C. particular D. inspire E. challenge F. scene G. reflect H. acquire I. typical J. unique K. domestic 1. The carvings represent a hunting . 这些雕刻作品描绘了一幅狩猎的场面。 2. The new government's first is the economy. 新政府面临的第一项挑战是经济。 3. The ocean would more heat and light. 海洋会反射更多的光和热。 4. Ted was very about the colours he used. 特德对于他使用的颜色是非常挑剔的。 5. Aunt Mary to clean up the kitchen. 玛丽姨妈主动要求打扫厨房。 6. Administrative personnel should also some technical skills. 管理人员也应该学几门手艺。 7. The window had been replaced last week during maintenance. 那窗在上星期的例行检修中已被换掉了。 8. This success will me to greater efforts. 这次成功大大地鼓励了我下次更加努力。 9. This painting is a work of Rembrandt(伦勃朗). 这幅画是一幅典型的伦勃朗作品。 10. Mary is a very interesting person who has her interpretation of life. 玛丽是一个非常有趣的人，她对生活有着独特的理解。 答案：1-5：scene; challenge; reflect; particular; volunteered 6-10: acquire; routine; inspire; typical; unique II.Fill in the blanks with the phrases from the box below. well off; be keen on; be ashamed of; in all ; on behalf of ; refer to 1.They would never ___________ that matter again. 2. You should ______________ yourself for telling such lies. 3. In addition, a hero must be optimistic and diligent and__________ his hard work. 4. It won't be long before the Chinese people will become _______________. 5. Please allow me to thank you for your offer of help ________________my colleagues. 答案：1.refer to 2.be ashamed of 3. be keen on 4. well off 5.on behalf of Grammar 现在进行时的被动语态 现在进行时的被动语态由“be being＋及物动词的过去分词”构成, 助动词be有人称和数的变化(am, is are ). 1. 表示此刻正在进行的被动动作。   The project is being discussed at the meeting.   A new film is being shown in the theater.   My house is being painted now.  2. 表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作，但此动作不一定在此时此刻发生。   Many interesting experiences are being carried out these days.   A modern school is being built in our hometown. A computer center is being built for the students? 3. 表示经常的被动行为，常和always, often, constantly 等词连用。(表达某种感情色彩)   He is always being praised by the teacher. 一. 注意不可遗漏being 现在进行时的被动语态表示说话时正在进行的一个被动的动作,强调主语是动作的承受者,其构成为“am / is / are + being+动词的过去分词”。如果我们把being漏掉,就成为一般现在时的被动语态或系表结构。 如: Look! The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 瞧!那些孩子正由他们的姑妈照看着。 区别：Children are taken good care of at school. 孩子们在学校被照看得很好。(指通常情况) 二. 注意不可忽视 “现阶段” 现在进行时的被动语态也可表示目前这一阶段正在进行的一个被动的动作。 如: Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days. 如今许多有趣的实验正在被进行着。(说话时, 并不一定在进行) 3. 注意没有现在进行时的被动语态的动词 一些表示“状态、心理活动、拥有、存在”等的动词, 一般不用现在进行时的被动语态, 而常用一般现在时的被动语态。如: Xiao Wang, come here. You are wanted on the phone. 小王, 过来, 有你的电话。 Football is becoming more and more popular. In other words, it is loved by more and more people. 足球现在越来越流行了, 换句话说,它被越来越多的人喜爱。 四. 注意“be +under/ in等介词+名词”结构可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。 如:The problem is under discussion (is being discussed) at the meeting. 这个问题正在会上讨论。 The telephone is in use (=is being used) now. 这部电话正在使用中。 当堂检测 I. 单项选择 1. The milu deer ______ at the research center at present. A. was being studied B. will be studied C. is being studied D. have been studied 2. We can hear that the papers _______ quickly on fast-moving printing machines. A. will be printed B. were being printed C. have been printed D. are being printed 3. Money _______ for the nature project. A. was collected B. have been collected C. is being collected D. are being collected 4. He said his father ______ abroad the next year. A. has been sent B. is being sent C. will be sent D. would be sent 5. The plan that he made a few days ago ______ now. A. has been carried out B. is being carried out C. will be carried out D. was being carried out 6. —Where is the panda? —It______ by the doctor. A. was being examined B. is being examined C. will be examined D. has been examined 7. We can't watch TV tonight because it _______. A. has been repaired B. hasn't been repaired C. was being repaired D. hadn't been repaired 8. Every boy and every girl ______ equally in China now. A. is being treated B. are being treated C. treat D. are treated 9. More than one patient ______ by the nurse at the moment. A. are being taken care of B. is being taken care of C. are taken care of D. is take care of 10. The meeting ______ now is of great importance. A. held B. being held C. is being held D. will be held 11. She is one of the girls in our class who ______ for the coming sports meeting now. A. is being trained B. are trained C. is training D. are being trained 12. All that ______ about right now should not be let out. A. are talked B. is being talked C. is talked D. are being talked 13. The poor _______ to live on their own labour at the very moment. A. is helped B. are helped C. are being helped D. is being helped 14. The world_______ by man himself now. A. is being destroyed B. are being destroyed C. has been destroyed D. will be destroyed 15. A pair of shoes _______ ; they can't be used now. A. are being mended B. is being mended C. is mended D. are mended 16. ---- Hi, Tom, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?   --- Sorry. _____. A. It’s repaired         B. It has been repaired   C. It’s being repaired   D.It had been repaired 答案：1-5 CDCDB 6-10 BBABB 11-16 BBCABC II. 用所给词的适当形式填空 1. New functions _________________ (add) to the camera at present. 2. Many speeches _________________ (hold) in our school these days. 3. I don’t know what time it is now. My watch _________________ (repair) 4. A new stadium ___________________ (build). They hope to finish it next month. 5. --- Do you like the material? -- Yes, it ____________ (feel) very soft. 6. The bridge which ______________ (build) last year ____________ (look) beautiful. 7. The camera you _______________ (use) now ______________ (belong) to me. 8. One third of the class ___________________ (question) by the teachers now. 9.  ---- What’s that noise? ---- Oh, I forgot to tell you.  The new machine _______________ (test). 10. Look! The foreign guests ____________________ (show) around the factory by Mr. Zhang.     答案： 1. are being added 2. are being held 3 is being repaired. 4. is being built 5. feels 6. was built looks 7. are using belongs 8. are being questioned 9.  is being tested  10. are being shown III. Translation（使用被动语态） 1. 熊猫正受到人们的保护。 2. 这个事件正受到更多的关注。 3. 这个学校正接受市长的检查。 4. 你知道你的眼睛正受到电脑的危害吗？ 5. 看！越来越多的人正被你的话影响。 答案： 1. Pandas are being protected by people. 2. More attention is being paid to the incident./ The incident is being paid more attention to. 3. The school is being inspected by the mayor. 4. Do you know that your eyes are being harmed by the computer? 5. Look! More and more people are being affected by your words. Unit 1 课后练习 I、 词汇填空 A) challenge B) honor C)financially D) shock E) controlling F)broaden G) manage H) pushed I) experiences J) abroad K）appreciating Each year, thousands of Chinese middle school students go to study in foreign countries such as the US, the UK, Australia and Japan. “Chinese children hope very much to go abroad to get a wider view, less competition in studying, or family ___1____” said ChenYi, a Chinese writer, who had lived in the US for 16 years. In the talk, Chen told more than 300 parents and their children that life in foreign countries could be hard for young people. “They have to face a culture ___2___ and language problems.” However, these are not always the most difficult things. To most children, ___3____ themselves while studying alone in a foreign country is a big ____4_____. Zhang Jia, a 16-year-old student entered a high school in Melbourne, Australia last October. To his surprise, his teachers there hardly ___5_____ students to study. And usually there wasn’t any homework. “In this educational system, we have more free time and space to think,” said Zhang. “But if you don’t know how to ___6____ your time and money, you will not live an easy life.” Some of his friends spent their whole year’s money in the first two months of the new term. And they didn’t pass their exams either. “Studying __7___ at an early age can help students learn foreign languages quickly and ___8___ their minds. But the students and parents should know about the challenges,” Chen said. “If you want to study abroad, try to talk to someone with __9__ in foreign countries. Make sure that you are ready for it both mentally and __10____” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II、完形填空 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. A recent study has shown that levels of __50__ illness in children are rising. The study claims that mental problems such as depression and anxiety are affecting one in five __51__. One of the reasons given for this is the current preoccupation ( 极其关注) of parents with their children’s __52__. Parents today consider the streets too dangerous for their children so children are taken from home to __53__ and back, and their parents rarely let them go out __54__ their own. This preoccupation has two causes: fear of __55 accidents and anxiety about child molesters ( 骚扰者) and murderers on the streets. Parents’ fears make their children anxious about the outside world and children in turn __56__ the normal adventures of everyday life. __57__, they don’t learn how to form __58__ with other children. Anxiety makes children often become victims of bullies and their fears are, therefore, realized and even increased. It is a vicious (恶性的) __59__. It is a fact, however, that children could be experiencing these fears unnecessarily. __60__ parents may think a child molester lurks ( 潜藏) round every corner, this is not __61__ by statistics: very few children are attacked by people they don’t know. The fear of traffic accidents is certainly more real but it is something that needs to be addressed by society in general. Some cities in the Netherlands, for example, have created traffic-free zones and pedes-trian-friendly zones, __62__ cars, if allowed, must give priority to people and bicycles. Children can, therefore, play more safely in these areas. There are, however, critics of this study. Many child psychologists believe that this lack of __63__ is not enough to cause mental problems. They consider the problems more __64__ to be a result of family breakdown in modern society. 50. A. serious B. mental C. bodily D. brief 51. A. days B. cases C. youngsters D. parents 52. A. study B. job C. life D. safety 53. A. home B. office C. company D. school 54. A. by B. on C. for D. with 55. A. air B. railway C. traffic D. sudden 56. A. meet B. take C. miss D. find 57. A. In addition B. In contrast C. In fact D. In particular 58. A. habit B. care C. study D. relationships 59. A. circle B. way C. sign D. source 60. A. If B. Where C. While D. What 61. A. raised B. supported C. decided D. improved 62. A. with B. when C. whether D. where 63. A. courage B. attention C. focus D. independence 64. A. likely B. like C. probably D. possibly III、阅读理解 A Secretary Jenny loves office work but it’s hard on her figure. All those sandwich lunches and her sweet tooth added up to extra pounds till Jenny started slimming (减食疗法) with Bisks. Every lunchtime she’d have a Bisks chocolate bar with a glass of milk. It filled her up and satisfied her longings for sweet things. And it was also convenient. She watched what she ate at her other meals and soon she was losing weight. Now Jenny’s feeling and looking so good even her boss notices the difference. That was her proof that Bisks work. Housewife A lively little lady called Elizabeth and her hungry husband always cooked big, filling meals. And when he cooked them, she couldn’t resist eating them, which led to her weight getting out of hand. So Elizabeth tried slimming with Bisks. Bisks offered her 24 different flavors of biscuits and chocolate. Some sweet and some delicious. When she ate them instead of a meal, they were really filling and satisfying. She hardly ever felt hungry and soon she began to lose weight. Now Elizabeth’s back to what she weighed at her wedding. And she knows that Bisks work. Student Sue’s first year at college was her first opportunity to cook for herself. But she didn’t. She ate whatever the dining-room had offered. Pretty soon, Sue had a weight problem, a problem she worked out with Bisks. Sue had Bisks instead of a meal because there was nothing to cook. The Bisks flavors were so delicious. She really enjoyed them. And she ate more sensibly at her other meals. In a few weeks Sue had lost weight. Now she’s even taking a class in cooking. That’s her proof that Bisks work. 1. What is the passage? A. A story. B. A book review. C. An advertisement. D. A scientific article. 2. Sue started going to cooking lessons when ____________. A. she entered college B. she had a weight problem C. she didn’t enjoy Bisks D. she’d lost her extra weight 3. The main purpose of the passage is to ______. A. give proof that Bisks work on slimming B. ask people to pay attention to their figures while working C. show people different flavors of biscuits D. show different people have different slimming ways B The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧运动). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. 4. The word “spas” most probably means “______”. A. sports activities B. places for physical exercise C. recreation centers D. athletic training programs 5. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for _____________. A. the promotion of aerobic exercise B. endurance and muscular development C. the improvement of women’s figures D. better performance in aerobic dancing 6. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement previously? A. Positive. B. Indifferent. C. Negative. D. Cautious 7. Recent studies have suggested that weight training ______. A. had become an essential part of people’s life B. may well affect the health of the trainees C. will attract more people in the days to come D. contributes to health improvement as well C Adding math talk to story time at home is a winning equation for children's math achievement, according to a new research from the University of Chicago. The study from psychologists Sian Beilock and Susan Levine shows a marked increase in math achievement among children whose families used Bedtime Math, an iPad app that delivers engaging math story problems for parents and children to solve together.   Even children who used the app with their parents as little as once a week saw gains in math achievement by the end of the school year. The app's effect was especially strong for children whose parents tend to be anxious or uncomfortable with math. Previous research from this group has demonstrated the importance of adults’ attitudes about math for children's math success. For example, a recent study found that math-anxious parents who help their children with math homework actually weaken their children’s math achievement.   The new findings demonstrate that structured, positive interactions around math at home can cut the link between parents’ uneasiness about math and children's low math achievement.  “Many Americans experience high levels of anxiety when they have to solve a math problem, with a majority of adults feeling at least some worries about math,” said Beilock, professor in Psychology and author of Choke, a book about stress and performance. “These math-anxious parents are probably less likely to talk about math at home, which affects how competent their children are in math. Bedtime Math encourages a dialogue between parents and kids about math, and offers a way to engage in high-quality math interactions in a low-effort, high-impact way.”   Study participants included 587 first-grade students and their parents. Families were given an iPad installed with a version of the Bedtime Math app, with which parents and their children read stories and answer questions involving math, including topics like counting, shapes and problem-solving. A control group received a reading app that had similar stories without the math content and questions related to reading comprehension instead. Children's math achievement was assessed at the beginning and end of the school year. Parents completed a questionnaire about their nervousness with math.   The more times parents and children in the math group used the app, the higher children’s achievement on a math assessment at the end of the school year. Indeed, children who frequently used the math app with their parents outperformed similar students in the reading group by almost three months in math achievement at year's end. 8.Bedtime Math is an iPad app that _____. A. requires parents and children to answer reading comprehension questions B. assesses children’s math achievement and parents’ nervousness with math C. teaches children how to count, recognize shapes and solve practical problems D. encourages children together with their parents to solve math story problems 9.The previous study found that _____. A. help from math-anxious parents improves children’s math achievement B. children’ math achievement is related to parents’ attitude about math C. interactions around math at home will cut off the family relationship D. children can achieve more success if they see the importance of math 10.We can infer from the passage that ______. A. children using app for three months can see gains in math achievement B. children whose parents are uneasy about math outperform other students C. it is the math problems related to the stories that make the great difference D. the frequency of using the app has nothing to do with children’s achievement 11.Which is the best title for the passage? A. High-quality math interactions improve performance. B. Frequent use of app can develop problem solving ability. C. Low-effort activities create good parent-child relationship. D. High-anxiety parents influence children’s attitude about math. IV、阅读六选四 Directions: Read fee passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. You are only allowed to purchase a firearm if you have had a background check and meet certain legal requirements. B. There have been many enlightening articles on gun control in America. C. If you were to visit the United States for two months the only gun you might see is in a museum or on a police officer. D. Less than fifty percent of homes in the United States own weapons, and many of those homes are in rural areas where guns may have a greater use. E. More people are deciding to legalize their gun transactions instead of buying them on the black market. F. What alarms people the most about American gun culture are the illegal guns and shooting, which make some places feel unsafe． Guns have a special place in American culture, and though not everyone agrees on whether or not they are a good thing, there is no mistaking that they will be part of the cultural landscape for some time. To answer the question, no, not everyone has a gun. ___________67___________ Americans use guns for one of two uses: either for sport, where they can use them on firing ranges or for hunting in approved areas, or for self-protection. The latter is where most people begin to take sides, either arguing for the removal of guns from society or allowing more people to have them. There are organizations and community groups for both sides and both sides have strong feelings. Legally, there are restrictions on gun owners. ___________68___________ Only certain kinds of weapons can be purchased by the public, and that excludes automatic weapon and military grade weaponry. Gun owners must transport their weapon in a safe way, unloaded and in most cases, out of sight. Special―concealed carry permits from the police station must be obtained for people who want to wear weapon, and most people are rejected for this kind of permit. ___________69___________ Criminals steal guns or buy them illegally to commit crimes, and the news is full of terrible stories of what happened next. Occasionally a child will get a hold of legal weapon and accidentally hurt themselves or others. It is important to remember, however, that the news stories that make the United States seem like a dangerous place are deceiving; guns are not everywhere or constant. ___________70___________ After all, America is a safe place to live. V、Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1. 多亏了你及时的帮助，我们才成功地完成了任务。（thanks to） __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 你可以自由自在地去做任何你想做的事。( be free to ) __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 进一步争辩没有意义，起不了多大作用。（ point） __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. 我们的目的是让所有来我们商店的顾客满意。（aim at） __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 那个年轻人从他父亲的忠告中受益颇多。(benefit) __________________________________________________________________________________ VI、Guided Writing Directions: Write an English composition in about 120 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 以师生关系为题写一篇英语短文，内容要点如下： 1． 良好的师生关系对教和学两方面都非常重要。师生关系融洽才能合作好。 2． 理想的师生关系依赖于双方的共同努力。学生应尊重老师，有礼貌，而且应听从老师有益的建议；老师也应该善待学生，公平耐心地对待每一个学生，对教学负责并帮助有困难的学生。 3． 双方友好相处，可以消除误解并提高课堂效率。 Relationships between Teachers and Students ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unit 1 参考答案 I、1-5. BDEAH 6~10. GJFIC II、50. B。从第二句中mental problem可得出。 51． C。文章一开始就指出问题存在于children中。 52． D。从第二段第一句dangerous for their children可得出。 53． D。推理，作为学生，肯定是去上学的。 54． B。词组on one’s own。 55. C。上面提到 “过马路”，由此得出。 56． C。根据句意，应为 “错过”。 57． A。上下内容呈递进关系。 58． D。形成一种关系。 59． A。恶性循环。 60． C。此为转折“然而”。 61． B。没有数据证明。 62． D 63． D。缺乏独立。 64． A。consider + adj.的结构，“认为更有可能……”。 III、1. C。全文把握可看出这是一则广告。 2．D。根据倒数第二段In a few weeks Sue had lost her weight. Now she’s even taking a class in cooking可知。 3．A 4. B。根据上下文推断。 5. B。从第二段第二句...was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts可得出。 6.C。从第二段第三句...since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits.可得出。 7. D。从最后一段第二句...in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well可得出。 8-11 D B C A IV、67-70 D A F C V、1.Thanks to your timely help, we managed to finish the task successfully. 2.You are free to do anything you would like to do. 3.There is no point in arguing further. It won’t help much. 4.We aim at pleasing all the customers coming to our shop. 5.The young man benefited greatly from his father’s advice. Unit 2 Places 词汇部分： 1. destination n.目的地 2. million num.一百万 3. amazing adj.令人大为惊奇的 4. historic adj.历史上重要的 5. site n.地点 6. former adj.以前的 7. poetry n.诗歌；诗作 8. basis n.基础；要素 9. court n.宫殿 10. originally adv.原先；起初 11. defence n.防御 12. nowadays adv.当前；目前 13. view n.景色，风景 14. memory n.回忆；记忆 15. contribute v.捐献 16. scientific adj.科学（上）的 17. admire v.钦佩 18. statue n.雕塑，雕像 19. fancy adj.昂贵的；奢华的 20. feature n.特色；特征；特点 21. position n.地位 22. opportunity n.机会；时机 23. transport n.交通运输系统 24. disappoint v.使失望 25. structure n.结构；构造 26. sculpture n.雕像；雕塑品 27. weapon n.武器；兵器 28. crowded adj.人多的；拥挤的 29. indicate v.表明；显示 30. afterwards adv.以后；后来 31. downtown adv.在市中心，往市中心 32. moment n.某一时刻 33. envelope n.信封 34. cafe n.咖啡馆，小餐馆 35. vote v.投票 36. chat v.闲聊；聊天 37. nowhere adv.无处；哪里都不 38. embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的 39. shocked adj.震惊的 40. opinion n.意见；想法；看法 41. blog n.博客 42. settle v.定居 43. adventure n.冒险；冒险的经历 44. energetic adj.精力充沛的 45. origin n.起源；源头 46. desert n.沙漠 47. entrance n.入口 48. battle n.战役；战斗 49. altogether adv.总共，一共 短语部分： 50. belong to 属于某人；归某人所有 51. in case 以防；以防万一 52. in the distance 在远方 53. a variety of 各种各样的 54. prime minister 首相；总理 课文部分： Where history comes alive Xi’an, China Xi’an is no doubt one of the most popular tourist destinations in China. Every year, millions of travelers visit the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shihuang about 42 kilometres from the city centre, which is one of the most amazing historic sites in the world（该处是定语从句修饰前面的the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shihuang，虽然未紧跟先行词，但它依然是限定性定从，和非限定性定从注意形式和从意义上综合区分。）. 参考译文： 西安无疑是中国最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一。每年，数以百万计的游客参观距离市中心42公里处的秦始皇兵马俑，它是世界上最令人惊叹的历史遗迹之一。 As one of China’s great former capitals, Xi’an grew to be the largest city in the world during the Tang Dynasty, a golden age of art and poetry. （as翻译成作为时是介词；此外它还可以做连词，引导时间、原因状语从句；as又可作为关系代词，在一些固定搭配中引导定从，例如as we all know） Chang’an, as it was known at the time, was the starting point of the Silk Road, which connected China to the world. It was here that Xuan Zang set out on his famous travels, which became the basis of Journey to the West. Historic sites from that time include the two Wide Goose Pagodas and the remains of the Daming Palace, which was the centre of the Tang court. 参考译文： 作为中国伟大的前首都之一，西安在唐朝发展成为世界上最大的城市，唐朝是艺术和诗歌的黄金时代。当时的长安是连接中国与世界的丝绸之路的起点。正是在这里，玄奘开始了他著名的旅行，这也成为了《西游记》的基础。从那时起，包括两个宽鹅塔和大明宫遗址的历史遗迹，便是唐代宫廷的中心。 Today, Xi’an is a modern city, at the heart of China’s Belt and Road initiative, but its long history can be seen everywhere: it is one of the few cities in the world that still have city walls. The wall, almost 14 kilometres in length, was originally built for the purpose of defence, but nowadays, it’s a great way to experience Xi’an: from here,you can get an amazing view of the city. 参考译文： 今天，西安是一座现代城市，处于中国“一带一路”倡议的中心，但它的悠久历史随处可见:它是世界上少数几个仍保留着城墙的城市之一。城墙长约14公里，最初是为了防御而建造的，但现在，它是体验西安的一个好方法:从这里，你可以看到这个城市令人叹为观止的景色。 Florence, Italy Florence, one of the famous historic cities in Italy,（插入语，也是同位语，解释说明弗洛伦萨，写作文时可以参考这种写法。） is the birthplace of many amazing ideas and discoveries! Florence’s history is alive with the memory of a time when art, culture and science were being “reborn”. (由关系副词when引导的定语从句。) In the late 13th century, the Renaissance began here before spreading to the rest of Europe. At that time, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo were some of the people living, working and studying in Florence. During this period, they, along with other great minds, contributed valuable artworks and made important scientific discoveries. 参考译文： 佛罗伦萨，意大利著名的历史名城之一，是许多惊人的想法和发现的诞生地! 佛罗伦萨的历史充满了对艺术、文化和科学“重生”时期的记忆。13世纪晚期，文艺复兴在蔓延到欧洲其他地区之前就在这里开始了。当时，米开朗基罗、达芬奇和伽利略就是在佛罗伦萨生活、工作和学习的一些人。在这一时期，他们和其他伟人一起贡献了有价值的艺术品，做出了科学上的重要发现。 Florence is filled with art, science and history museums and ancient buildings, as well as historic universities. (and的升级版，写作文时可以参考该用法。) You can visit many of these places to experience and admire the amazing work and discoveries that happened during the Renaissance period. An example is Michelangelo’s famous statue David, which he completed between 1501 and 1504. (用逗号隔开的定语从句，该处逗号的作用是表示停顿和强调。) Another must-see is the University of Florence. It was started in 1321 and many famous people studied there in the Renaissance period, including Leonardo da Vinci. 参考译文： 佛罗伦萨到处都是艺术、科学和历史博物馆和古建筑，还有历史悠久的大学。你可以参观这些地方，体验和欣赏文艺复兴时期的惊人工作和发现。米开朗基罗著名的大卫雕像就是一个例子，这是他在1501年到1504年间完成的。另一个必去的地方是佛罗伦萨大学。它始建于1321年，文艺复兴时期许多名人都在这里学习过，包括列奥纳多·达·芬奇。 In Florence today you can experience the old and the new. Historic sites are neighbours with fancy restaurants and high-end shops. (experience是动词经历、体验的意思，亦可做名词，表示经历和经验，做“经验”时是不可数名词；常用的固定搭配是“be experienced in…”在某方面有经验。) While you are trying the delicious local food, you can decide which interesting places to visit next. (while此处引导时间状语从句，表示当……的时候，表示正在发生的动作；做连词时它还有其他义项：表让步以及对比，此时多不翻译出来。) 参考译文： 在今天的佛罗伦萨，你可以体验旧与新。历史遗迹与高档餐厅和高档商店毗邻。当你在品尝美味的当地食物时，你可以决定参观下一个哪些有趣的地方。 【课堂练习】 I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary. structure contribute downtown embarrassed fancy deserve featured historic admire origin disappoint 1. I was really , but then I saw the funny side of it. 我确实感到尴尬，但接着我发现了事情好笑的一面。 2. Jon in one of the show's most thrilling episodes. 乔恩主演了该剧中最惊悚的几集之一。 3. What I is not what you have, but what you are. 我所羡慕的不是你所拥有的东西，而是你是什么。 4. On the social level, improvement in the quality of life can greatly to social harmony. 在社会层面，生活质量的提高非常有助于社会和谐。 5. The of the Dragon Boat Festival is to recall the soul of Qu Yuan. 龙舟节的起源是为了缅怀屈原的灵魂。 6. We are living in a great era. 我们正处在一个伟大的历史时代。 7. There is heavy traffic in the area tonight. 今夜闹市区交通繁忙。 8. The magazine was packaged in a plastic case with attractive graphics. 这本杂志装在一个带有漂亮图纹的别致塑料盒子里。 9. Her decision to cancel the concert is bound to her fans. 她决定取消这场音乐会，肯定会使她的歌迷失望。 10. Doctors study the of the human body. 医生研究人体构造。 1-5: embarrassed; featured; admire; contribute; origin 6-10: historic; downtown; fancy; disappoint; structure II.Fill in the blanks with the phrases from the box below. belong to；contribute to; in case；in the distance；a variety of 1. People change their mind for ____________reasons. 2. The figures ______________ seemed to be drawing closer. 3. Extra boiling water should be kept at hand just __________ it is needed. 4. You can’t take away these magazines which ________ our school library. 5. On the social level, improvement in the quality of life can social harmony greatly. 【答案】1.a variety of 2. in the distance 3. in case 4.belong to 5. contribute to Grammar 过去将来时讲解与练习 过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用“would + 动词原形”或“was / were going to + 动词原形”来表达。 用 法 例 句 特别提示 表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 I didn’t know when he would go to the park. He said that he would wait for me at the school gate. 此种情况常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。 用“was / were going to + 动词原形”，“was / were about to + 动词原形”表示将来的动作或状态。 She told me she was going to fly to Yunnan. I was about to leave the house when the telephone rang. 和一般将来时一样，也可用相应的其他形式表示。 过去进行时态有时可用来表示过去将来。 He said the train was leaving at five the next morning. He said he was coming to see me. 常见于come, go等瞬间动词。 过去将来时的基本特征，也就是我么年今天所谈到的“立足过去，着眼未来”。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。 例如：Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane. 玛丽告诉我说她将要坐飞机去上海。 基本构成： A ) would + 动词原形 如：He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。 B ) was / were going to + 动词原形 如：No one knew when he was going to finish his homework. 没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。 C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形 如：He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。 She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了 D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。 如：She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。 基本用法: A ) 主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。 如：Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years. 没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。 We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们想知道她是否准备在会上发言。 B ) 在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。 如：It was a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left school. He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. 一个星期天的下午，一位名叫玛丽亚的年轻人刚离开学校。因为她准备下周开始工作，所以，决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。 C ) 过去将来时还可以用来表示非真实的动作或状态。 如：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University. 如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。 I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。 当堂检测 I. 选择填空 1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian _____to China next month.  A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come  2. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China.  A. spent  B. would spent  C. was going to spent  D. would spend  3. —What did your son say in the letter?  —He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day.  A. will visit          B. has visited        C. is going to visit    D. would visit  4. I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday.  A. to come   B. is coming  C. will come   D. was coming  5. Father said that he ______ me to Beijing the next year.  A. took    B. would take  C. takes    D. will take  6. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables.  A. are going to grow   B. were going to grow  C. will grow      D. have grown  7. She ______ to work when the telephone rang.  A. is going      B. will go     C. was about to go   D.  is to go  答案： I.  C D D D B B C  II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. Miss Zhang said she __________________(visit) the Great Wall next summer. 2. She told him that she __________________(not stay) here for long.  3. I wasn’t sure whether Lucy______________________(come) the next year. 4. The scientists said the world’s population ______________________ (slow) down in future. 5. She said the bus ___________________________ (leave) at five the next morning. 6. I wasn't sure whether he __________________________ (lend) me his book the next morning.  7. He was fifty-six. In two years he ___________________________(be) fifty-eight.  8. Whenever she has time, she __________________________(help) them in their work.  答案：II. 1. would visit   2. would not stay  3. would come  4. would slow  5. was leaving  6. would lend  7. would be  8. would help III.Translation 1. 医生说Jack几天内就会痊愈。(用过去将来时) 2. 贝蒂说下周六她要去参观长城。(用过去将来时) 3. 这家超市的特色是24小时服务。(feature) 4. 他们同意尽量通过谈判解决他们之间的纠纷。(settle) 5. 这是用这种语言创作的最具想像力的原创作品之一。(original) 答案： 1. The doctor said Jack would be all right in a few days. 2. Betty said she would visit the Great Wall next Saturday. 3. This supermarket features round-the-clock service. 4. They agreed to try to settle their dispute by negotiation. 5. It is one of the most original works of imagination in the language. Unit 2 课后练习 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Are you on a diet? Then maybe you should consider (1)_________(sit) by the window the next time you eat out. A new book claims that (2)________ you sit in a restaurant can affect how much you consume. A new research found that people sitting farthest from the front door ate the fewest salads and were 73 percent (3)________(likely) to order dessert. Those seated at a dark table ate heavier food and ordered more of it (4)______ diners seated at bright bar tables ordered more salads and fewer desserts. According to the researchers, the darker it is, the more invisible you (5)______ feel, the less easy it is to see how much you’re eating and the less guilty you are when you eat more. In contrast, (6) ________(see) the sunlight, people or trees outside might make you more conscious of (7)________ you look, might make you think about walking or might make you want a green salad. The researchers also noted that slim diners chewed around 15 times per mouthful, three chews more than heavier diners. By eating more slowly, the diner consumes less in the time (8)_________ takes for the brain to register satisfaction. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. misleading B. relatively C. teamed D. doubled E. encouraging F. guidance G. reviews H. reasonable I. cultivate J. proposed K. annually No More Food Waste Last week Meituan co-published a proposal with a number of business organizations, including the China General Chamber of Commerce and China Cuisine Association, calling on restaurants to stop food waste and help (1)________new eating habits for customers. “Restaurants should innovate means of publicity using official accounts on social media and live-streaming to promote and advocate food-saving actions,” the proposal said. Meituan and the organizations are advocating that merchants offer (2)________ to consumers, including reminding them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients, portion sizes and other information about the dishes, to help them avoid food waste due to (3)________ information. Catering associations in more than 18 provinces have also joined the campaign to eliminate food waste. On Friday the China Cuisine Association announced that it had (4)________ up with Ele.me, the Alibaba Group Holding-owned food delivery platform, to launch a “half-dish plan”, (5) ________restaurants to provide customers with the option to order smaller portions. The Wuhan Catering Association (6)________ an “N-1” ordering code for restaurants in which a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people. More food is only brought to the table if required. To curb(限制) portrayals of food waste on social media platforms, popular Chinese video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou have stepped up content (7)________ of food-related live streams and implemented regulation of online eating shows. Now if users search certain keywords, such as “eating show” or “competitive eaters”, a cautionary message pops up to remind them to cherish food and maintain a (8)________diet. Across the country, about 40% of all the food Americans buy ends up in the trash. That food waste costs the average family of four about $1,500 (9)________. It also takes up valuable space in landfills. The state of Vermont has long been a leader in environmental issues. Now it has just (10)________down on its bid to get Vermonters to rethink their relationship with food and waste. As of July 1st, it became the first state in the nation to make it illegal for residents to throw their food scraps into the trash. That means everyone in the state from businesses to residents must now keep their food waste out of the garbage. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Scientists have already linked low-cost, __1__ foods to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more __2__ on how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health. What does processed food __3__? The researchers created a system that places foods into four groups. The system says highly processed foods are made __4__ of industrialized materials and additives. Sodas, packaged cookies, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can __5__ healthy, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt. What's wrong with processed foods? Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when __6__ mostly processed foods. That is compared with when the __7__ people were given less processed foods. The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be __8__. In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. A similar study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death __9__. What is it about processed foods? When given less processed foods, people in the study __10__ more of a hormone that controls hunger, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the __11__ is not clear. The scientists also found that people ate processed foods more quickly. Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods are __12__ softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might __13__. For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel full than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt. What should you eat? Avoiding processed foods can be hard, __14__ for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms. __15__, companies continually re-engineer products to make them seem healthier. The newest studies may provide more reasons to avoid processed foods. But, they also call attention to the difficulty of coming up with ways to do that. 1. A. organic B. delicious C. packaged D. cheap 2. A. examples B. clues C. hints D. signals 3. A. provide B. suggest C. mean D. infer 4. A. specially B. mostly C. naturally D. technically 5. A. remain B. taste C. become D. seem 6. A. consumed B. forced C. deprived D. fed 7. A. same B. normal C. different D. alternative 8. A. explained B. observed C. cured D. remedied 9. A. in general B. in particular C. in nature D. in advance 10. A. preferred B. produced C. compared D. processed 11. A. hunger B. procedure C. reaction D. physiology 12. A. supposedly B. hardly C. usually D. constantly 13. A. strike a balance B. run a risk C. pose a threat D. make a difference 14. A. especially B. generally C. specifically D. reasonably 15. A. By contrast B. In summary C. Above all D. In addition Section B (A) Beef, of course, is the meat from a cow, and probably no food is more popular in America than a hamburger made from beef. In the 1960s a businessman named Ray Kroc began building small restaurants that sold hamburgers at a low price. Kroc called his restaurant " McDonald's". Kroc cooked hamburgers quickly so people in a hurry could buy and eat them without waiting. By me end of the 1960s the McDonald's Company had been selling hamburgers in hundreds of restaurants from California to Maine. Not surprisingly, Ray Kroc became one of the richest businessmen in America. Other business people watched his success. Some of them opened their own hamburgers restaurants. One company, called " Wendy's", began to compete with McDonald's. Wendy' s said its hamburgers were bigger than those sold by McDonald's or anyone else. The Wendy's hamburgers were the biggest. It produced a television advertisement to sell this idea. The Wendy's television advertisement showed three old women eating hamburgers. The bread that covered the meat was very big, but inside there was only a tiny bit of meat. One of the women said she would not eat a hamburger with such a little piece of beef. " Where's the beef?" She shouted in a funny voice. These advertisements for Wendy's hamburger restaurants were a success from the first day they appeared on television. As we said, it seemed that everyone began using the expression "Where's the beef?" It was one of the most popular expressions in the United States. 65. McDonald is a restaurant . A.which sells fast food B.which sells cheap beef C.where people can eat whatever they like D.where people must eat in a hurry 66. " From California to Maine" means . A. all over the world B. all over America C. from east to west D. from north to south 67. The expression "Where is the beef?" means . A.try to find the best beef B.the beef can't be found C. the beef is not as good as it is said to be D.something is not as good as described 68. McDonald's is a restaurant first run by . A. McDonald B. Wendy C. a rich businessman D. Ray Kroc 69. Which of me following statement is True? A. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because hamburgers are easy to make. B. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because they wanted to make a lot of money. C. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because they could sell hamburgers from California to Maine. D. Some others wanted to open hamburger restaurants because they thought hamburgers are good to eat. (B) Visitor Code · Arrive with nothing that can harm New Zealand If you are arriving from overseas, bring no food, animal or plant material into the country. If in doubt declare it to Customs. · Protect plants and animals Never allow dogs or other pets to run freely in areas of nesting birds, other wildlife, or where sign posted. · Get rid of rubbish Always get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste (e.g. glass, paper) where possible. · Be considerate with other waste If using a portable toilet always throw away your toilet waste at a proper waste station. In the back country, bury your toilet waste in a shallow hole away from waterway. · Keep New Zealand’s water clean Because soaps and other wastes can harm waterways, be careful your washing water doesn’t pollute the sea lakes and rivers. · Take care with fires Always observe district fire bans. Be careful if you smoke or have an outdoor fire or barbecue, make sure ashes are cold before leaving. · Camp or picnic carefully When camping or picnicking, use facilities provided. · Keep to the track Keep to the track, where one exists, so you lessen the chance of damaging fragile plants. · Be considerate When driving, minimize noise and observe no smoking signs. 70. According to Visitor Code, visitors are expected to act_______. A. with care and respect B. with relief and pleasure C. with caution and calmness D. with attention and observation 71. What are you encouraged to do when travelling in New Zealand? A. Take your own camping facilities. B. Bury glass far away from rivers. C. Follow the track for the sake of plants. D. Observe signs to approach nesting birds. 72. What is allowed to take into New Zealand according to the Visitor Code? A. wild honey B. fresh grape fruit C. Chinese ham D. duty-free wine 73. The underlined word fragile probably means __________. A. breakable and delicate B. fragrant and beautiful C. rare and expensive D. healthy and strong Section C Directions: Read the following passages.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. Kids know when your praise is sincere and when it’s not. B. Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. C. But in fact, it may be just the opposite. D. Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. E. Children develop a sense of competence by seeing the consequences of their actions, not by being told about the consequences of their actions. F. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child put into it. Praising Kids Parents praise their kids whenever they do anything that seems to be something remarkable. Jenn Berman, PhD, a family therapist says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be stricter.” Parents have come to believe that by giving kids heaping portions of praise, they improve their self-esteem and confidence. ________74________ Too much praise can backfire, it seems, and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parent’s praise has put them. ________75________Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in stretching themselves for their accomplishments. So what is the right amount of praise? ________76________ If praise is sincere and genuine and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear, “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.” Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team, Donahue says. But if he’s out there every day, shooting baskets, running drills, and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses because it’s above and beyond the norm. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when he has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or complete a history assignment, Donahue adds. ________77________ III. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.由于种种不同的原因,大家赴宴都迟到了。(a variety of) Everyone arrived ________________________________. 2.像中国人一样，法国人喜欢花时间享受餐桌上的美味佳肴。（take time to） Just like Chinese people, Frenchmen _____________________________ at dinner. 3. 如今人们宁愿在家里与家人共进晚餐而不愿在饭店里吃饭。(prefer... rather than) Nowadays people ________________________________________ in the restaurant. 4. 那些痴迷于电脑游戏的人会整夜不眠在网上和人玩游戏。(be keen on) Those who _____________________________, playing games with others on the Net. 5. 均衡的膳食，适当的体育锻炼，对生活积极的态度有助于人们保持健康。（maintain） A well-balanced diet, proper physical exercise and positive attitudes towards life _____________. VI. Guided Writing 假设你是明启中学学生张华，最近你们学校的团组织响应市政府号召，正在开展午餐光盘（clean-plate)行动。现向全体学生征集减少食物浪费的可行性建议。你决定写一封信回应。在信中，你必须： 1.提出减少浪费食物的建议。 2.说明你的理由。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unit 2 参考答案 拓展提升 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A 1. sitting 2 where 3. more likely 4. while 5. may 6. seeing 7. how 8. it Section B 1-5 BKEAJ, 6-10. GDHFC II. Reading comprehension Section A 61~65 CBCBD 66~70 DABAB 71~75 CCDAD Section B (A) ABDDB (B) ACDA (C) C B D F III.Translation 1. Everyone arrived late at the party for a variety of reasons. 2. Just like Chinese people, Frenchmen are keen on taking time to enjoy the fine tastes at dinner. 3. Nowadays people prefer to enjoy their "dinner with family at home rather than eat in the restaurant. 4. Those who are keen on computer games will stay up all the night, playing games with others on the Net. 5. A well-balanced diet, proper physical exercise and positive attitudes towards life help people to maintain good health. VI、Guided Writing 【参考范文】 Dear sir or madam, Recently, clear-plate campaign is more and more popular in society, which advocates saving against wasting. Hearing that our school has also responded to the government’s call and is collecting students' opinions, I can't wait to express my ideas and suggestion as follows. As far as I am concerned, it's high time that we should fight against wasting. Firstly, I think our school should carry out various activities to arouse students' awareness of saving. Secondly, relevant rules and regulations are supposed to be made to punish those who waste things. Most importantly, we should form the habit of saving from now. It is everybody's duty to save resources. Why am I making these Suggestions?As we all know, the Chinese traditional virtue is to be thrifty even we are live in a better life. People should come to realize the importance of saving food and put an end to the expensive feasts and banquets.  All in all, I think this campaign should be moving on and everyone should take it seriously.   Yours, Zhang Hua Unit 3 Choices 单词部分： 1. convenience n.方便；便利 2. label n.标签 3. global adj.全球的；全世界的 4. snack n.点心；小吃；快餐 5. packaging n.包装材料 6. recycle v.回收利用 7. facility n.（供特定用途的）场所 8. plastic n.塑料 9. container n.容器 10. greenhouse n.温室 11. energy-efficient adj.节能的 12. amount n.数量；数额 13. gas n.气体 14. impact n.巨大影响；强大作用 15. determine v.决定 16. stress n.压力 17. cattle n.牛 18. frozen adj.冷冻的；冷藏的 19. link v.连接 20. teenager n.（13至19岁之间的）青少年 21. diet n.日常饮食；日常食物 22. details n.具体情况 23. yoghurt n.酸奶 24. slim adj.苗条的；纤细的 25. image n.形象；印象 26. source n.起源；根源；原因 27. expert n.专家；行家；能手 28. loss n.丧失；损失；丢失 29. actually adv.（在口语中用于强调事实）的确，真实地，事实上 30. tend v.往往会；常常就 31. moreover adv.此外，而且 32. equal adj.（大小、数量、价值等）相同的，同样的；相等的 33. comment n.评论；解释 34. host n.（电视或广播的）节目主持人 35. remind v.提醒；使想起 36. apologize v.道歉；谢罪 37. pudding n.（餐末的）甜食，甜点 38. decoration n.装饰品 39. consumer n.消费者；顾客；用户 40. despite prep.即使；尽管 41. prove v.证明；证实 42. retired adj.已退休的，已退职的 43. groceries n.食品杂货 44. establish v.查实；确定；证实 45. legally adv.合法地 46. permit v.允许；准许 47. assume v.假定；假设；认为 词组部分： 48. carbon footprint 碳足迹（日常活动所产生的碳排放量的量度方式） 49. rubbish dump 垃圾场；废物堆 50. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 51. put ... aside 忽视；不理睬；忘记 52. peanut butter 花生酱 53. baked potato （带皮）烤土豆 54. junk food 垃圾食品 55. vending machine （出售饮料等的）自动售货机 56. pay regard to 注意；关注；关心 57. traffic accident 交通事故 课文部分： The good, the bad and the really ugly by Jane Brown Today, in my fridge, there are a few grapes, some bananas and some fruit juice—things that are not expensive and that are good for me. (当先行词是不定代词something时，定语从句引导词选择关系代词that。注意常用that不用which的几种情况，详见单元配套语法讲解。) There is also a pizza, and some burgers—which are not so good. I know what this food does to my body, (what引导的宾语从句；what在宾语从句中充当宾语。) but what does it do to the world around me? It’s time to look at my carbon footprint and think about the difference between the good, the bad and the really ugly. (英语中ugly是比bad贬义程度更深的一个词) 参考译文： 今天，在我的冰箱里，有一些葡萄，一些香蕉和一些果汁——这些东西不贵，但对我有好处。还有一种披萨和一些不太好吃的汉堡。我知道这种食物对我的身体有什么影响，但是它对我周围的世界有什么影响呢?是时候看看我的碳足迹了，想想好的，坏的和真正丑陋的之间的区别。 Food miles My first stop is the label. Labels give us lots of information: how long we can keep our food, how healthy it is and where it comes from. A few hundred years ago, most of our food came from places we could walk to, (此处先行词虽然是place，但是它在从句中做介词宾语，故而不用where引导，而是用关系代词引导，作宾语省略掉了。) but today, food travels thousands of miles. We refrigerate it, and then transport it in planes and ships all over the world. This creates pollution and causes global warming. I look at the pizza and feel bad at once—not because it’s unhealthy, but because the seafood on it comes all the way from Thailand. I know seafood is also produced in the UK, but the local seafood is more expensive. I take out a banana—it’s from Brazil, but that’s not too bad. It came here by boat, so the carbon footprint of this healthy snack is small. 参考译文： 食物里程 我的第一站是标签。标签给了我们很多信息:我们的食物可以保存多久，它有多健康，从哪里来的。几百年前，我们大部分的食物来自我们可以步行去的地方，但是今天，食物要经过几千英里的旅行。我们把它冷藏起来，然后用飞机和轮船运到世界各地。这会造成污染并导致全球变暖。我一看披萨就觉得不舒服——不是因为它不健康，而是因为上面的海鲜是从泰国远道而来的。我知道英国也生产海鲜，但是当地的海鲜比较贵。我拿出一条香蕉——它来自巴西，但也不算太糟。它是乘船来的，所以这种健康零食的碳足迹很小。 Packaging The next stop is the packaging. In the UK, we don’t recycle all our packaging; we throw away more than 30% of it. This waste goes to the rubbish dump and not to the recycling facility. Luckily, we don’t need to package food like bananas, but food like grapes needs protection. I look at the grapes in my fridge—they’re in a plastic container and they’re from Spain. 参考译文： 包装 下一站是包装。在英国，我们不回收所有的包装，我们扔掉了超过30%的包装。这些垃圾都被扔进了垃圾场，而不是进了回收设施。幸运的是，我们不需要包装像香蕉这样的食物，但像葡萄这样的食物需要保护。我看了看冰箱里的葡萄——它们装在塑料容器里，来自西班牙。 Production So my grapes are from Spain, but at least they grew in natural sunlight. In the UK, people grow grapes in heated greenhouses, which means our grapes are less energy-efficient. But there is one other thing in my fridge, and if pizza and grapes are “bad”, then this food is “really ugly”. It’s the burgers. They have the biggest carbon footprint because they come from cows. (碳足迹，英文为Carbon Footprint，是指企业机构、活动、产品或个人通过交通运输、食品生产和消费以及各类生产过程等引起的温室气体排放的集合。它描述了一个人的能源意识和行为对自然界产生的影响，号召人们从自我做起。目前，已有部分企业开始践行减少碳足迹的环保理念。) In the USA, cows create the same amount of greenhouse gases as 20 million cars! As I close the fridge door, I make a checklist for my next trip to the supermarket: 1)Read the label; 2)Look at the packaging; 3)Don’t buy a lot of meat. Maybe I could grow my own vegetables too. It’s eco-friendly. I’d save some money and I wouldn’t feel bad about eating burgers! 参考译文： 生产 我的葡萄来自西班牙，但至少它们生长在自然阳光下。在英国，人们在加热的温室里种植葡萄，这意味着我们的葡萄不那么节能。但是我的冰箱里还有一件东西，如果披萨和葡萄“不好”，那么这种食物“真的很难看”。这是汉堡。它们的碳足迹最大，因为它们来自奶牛。在美国，奶牛产生的温室气体相当于2000万辆汽车产生的温室气体。 关上冰箱门，我为下次去超市做了一个清单: 1)阅读标签; 2)看看包装; 3)不要买很多肉。 也许我也可以自己种蔬菜。它是环保的。这样我就可以省点钱，吃汉堡也不会感觉不好! 【课堂练习】 I. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box below. Change the form where necessary. global recycle establish assume permit apologize comment remind determine loss slim 1. The loss of glaciers due to warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. 由于全球变暖带来的冰川融化对农业造成了巨大的威胁。 2. If we try our best to the wastes, we can reduce pollution and conserve natural resources. 如果我们尽力回收废物，我们可以减少污染，保护自然资源。 3. A fleet sailed for New South Wales to ___________ the first European settlement in Australia. 一支舰队驶向新南威尔士去建立欧洲在澳大利亚的第一个移民地。 4. It is quite reasonable to __________ that modern science and technology will continue to advance. 人们认为科技会继续进步，这个预测是有道理的。 5. Cash machines __________ you to withdraw money at any time. 取款机可让你随时取款。 6. We __________ for the late arrival of the train. 我们为火车误点表示歉意。 7. You really can't _________ until you know the facts. 你的确不能在你知道事实之前进行评论。 8. They _________ me of the time when I used to live in Spain. 它们让我想起那些我在西班牙生活的日子。 9. An inquiry was set up to ___________ the cause of the accident. 已展开调查以确定事故原因。 10. The war brought massive devastation and _________ of life to the region. 战争给该地区造成巨大的破坏以及生命的丧失。 答案： 1. global 2. recycle 3. establish 4. assume 5. permit 6. apologize 7. comment 8. remind 9. determine 10. loss II.Fill in the blanks with the phrases from the box below. label as remind ...of established....as on a diet put aside pay regard to in detail have an impact on be determined to comment on amount to 1. Have you been _________? You've lost a lot of weight 2. His new research __________ him _______ a qualified professor. 3. They _________ me __________ the time when I used to live in Spain. 4. We examine the wording___________ before deciding on the final text. 5. Consumer spending on sports-related items ___________ $9.75 billion. 6. You must ___________ change your past bad lifestyle. 7. They say they expect the meeting to _________ marked ___________the future of the country. 8. Stratford police refuse to ________________ whether anyone has been arrested. 9. Social services should _____________ the needs of inner-city areas. 10. We should encourage children to ________ some of their pocket-money to buy Christmas presents. 【答案】 1. on a diet 2. established..as 3. remind ...of 4. in detail 5. amounted to 6.be determined to 7. have a.... impact on 8.comment on 9. pay regard to 10. put aside Grammar 本单元语法主要介绍定语从句的定义，以及关系代词的用法。 一、定语从句： 定语从句包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，是把作定语的从句和主句中被修饰的先行词连接在一起，而且在从句中充当一个句子成分。在本章中，将先讲述定语从句的定义，种类及各种关系代词的用法，之后讲解各种关系副词的用法以及由as引导的定语从句，最后总结使用定语从句需注意的事项，进一步帮助学生们学会正确使用定语从句。 典型例句：1.This is the teacher who often tells jokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。 2.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.想去长城的人在这里签名。 3.Water,which is a liquid,has many uses.水是一种液体，有很多用途。 1.定语从句概述 1.定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 2.定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane. 她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2.非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company. 那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ○表示限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ☆表示非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 关系代词 代表人 代表物 代表主句或部分主句的内容 主格 宾格 所有格 主格 宾格 所有格 who ○☆ ○☆ whom ○☆ which ○☆ ○☆ ☆ whose ○☆ ○☆ as ○ ○ ○ ○ ☆ of which ○☆ that ○ ○ ○ ○ 4.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 2.关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1.关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。 （关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。 （关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children. 我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 2.关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3.关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away. 我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? 旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails. 做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. 我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across. 波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director. 莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden. 我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad. 这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. 我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 4.关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 当堂检测 1.If a shop has chairs _____ women can park their men, they will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where 2.The workers overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ______ is something we had not expected. A. what B. that C. which D. it 3.The English program normally attracts 1,000 students a year, ______ half will be from abroad. A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom 4.Do you know the man ___ just now? A. to who I nodded B. I nodded to C. whom I nodded D. whom I nodded to him. 5.This is the TV station ____ we visited last year A. where B. that C. to which D. in which 6.The reason _______ he has resigned is poor health. A. in which B. where C. why D. which 7.I am going to see the manager tomorrow, ____ he will be back from New York. A. when B. which C. in which D. on which 8.All the apples___fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs. A. they B. / C. that D. which 9.We often think of the days___we spent together on the island. A. when B. which C. in which D. during which 10.He has left Beijing,___a meeting is to be held. A when B. where C. as D. which 11.Can you solve such problems___raised by the audience? A. what were B. as were C. that were D. which were 12. Please pass me the dictionary _______cover is black. A. which B. its C. whose D. which of 13. This is the biggest lab__________we have ever built in our university. A. which B. what C. that D. Where 14. I have bought the same dress ________ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 参考答案： 1.If a shop has chairs _____ women can park their men, they will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where 【答案】D 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：如果商店里有椅子供和妇女来购物的男人们使用，妇女们在商店中会呆更长的时间．”这是一个定语从句，先行词为chairs，表示地点，并且先行词在从句中做地点状语，所以定语从句须用where引导。故选D。 【点睛】判断一个从句是不是定语从句，要看一下从句之前是否出现相应的单词短语或句子作为被修饰语使用。如何选用关系词，只需看从句。在没有关系词的情况下，若从句结构不完整，缺少名词性成分（主语、宾语、表语），则应用关系代词。若从句为完整的句子，则应用关系副词。关系副词where, when和why引导定语从句时，在定语从句中分别作地点、时间和原因状语，起副词和介词短语的作用。所以由题中先行词chairs表示地点、从句缺地点状语可知，关系词应选用where。 2.The workers overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ______ is something we had not expected. A. what B. that C. which D. it 【答案】C 【解析】 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：他们战胜了种种困难，并提前两个月完成了任务，这是我们所没有预料到的。因为后面句子是用来修饰前面的句子的，所以是一个定语从句。空白处的词应指代整个上句，并在从句中做主语，且由于这句话属于非限定性定语从句，所以引导词只能是which。故选C。 【点睛】非限制性定语从句的引导词：关系代词和关系副词的选择方法与限制性定语从句一样：关系词在从句中做主语或宾语时，用关系代词；在从句中做状语是用关系副词。非限制性定语从句的关系代词无论指人还是指物，都不能用that。指人时，如果关系代词在从句中做主语，就用who；做宾语时就用whom。指物时要用which。这里要注意的是，关系代词在非限制性定语从句做宾语时也不能省略。例如本句中，先行词为前边整句话，指代一件事情，所以关系词只能用which。 3.The English program normally attracts 1,000 students a year, ______ half will be from abroad. A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom 【答案】D 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：这个英语课程正常一年吸引1000个学生，其中有一半是来自海外。这是一个定语从句，先行词为1,000 students（1000个学生），从句缺主语，且从句的主语与先行词之间有限定关系（half of the 1,000 students ），这种情况下，表示限定关系的介词短语是不可以省略的，介词可以提前放在which（指事物不能用that）或者whom（指人不能用who）之前，也可放于原来的位置。先行词1,000 students（指人）在这个短语中做宾语，所以用关系词whom。题干中有half，所以空格处应填of whom。故选D。 【点睛】“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句的一种复杂形式，这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which，whom，whose，它们既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。关系代词前该选用什么样的介词，要根据不同的语境、习语、惯用法等来决定。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以提前放在which（指事物不能用that）或者whom（指人不能用who）之前，也可放于原来的位置，但在含有介词的动词固定短语中，由于动词和介词的关系比较紧密，一般不能将介词与动词拆开而将介词提到关系代词之前。这类短语动词有listen to/look at/depend on/take care of/look into/break into/get rid of/look forward to等。例如本题中half of…就是一种习惯性搭配，先行词1,000 students（指人）在这个搭配中做宾语，所以用关系词whom。故选D。 4.Do you know the man ___ just now? A. to who I nodded B. I nodded to C. whom I nodded D. whom I nodded to him. 【答案】B 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：你认识我刚才同他点头的那个人吗？表达“向……点头”的意思时，nod为不及物动词，需要翻译为“nod to…”。本题句子是一个定语从句，先行词为the man，从句为I nodded to the man，由于the man做to的宾语，所以当to与关系词连用时，关系词用whom，当to不与关系词连用时，关系词用who/whom或者直接省略都可以。选项A中关系词应用whom，选项C中介词to不可以省略，选项D中关系词作宾语，就不可以再出现him。选项B是直接省略了关系词的表达法。故选B。 5.This is the TV station ____ we visited last year A. where B. that C. to which D. in which 【答案】B 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：这就是我们去年参观的那个电视台。这是一个定语从句，先行词为the TV station（电视台），指物，并且先行词在从句中做宾语，所以关系词应选用关系代词that/which或者可直接省略。visit是及物动词，可以直加接the TV station做宾语，不需要介词。故选B。 【点睛】判断一个从句是不是定语从句，要看一下从句之前是否出现相应的单词短语或句子作为被修饰语使用。在没有关系词的情况下，若从句结构不完整，缺少名词性成分（主语、宾语、表语），则应用关系代词。若从句为完整的句子，则应用关系副词。本句话中，从句与先行词the TV station之间是修饰关系，所以是定语从句。从句谓语动词visited后缺宾语，所以使用关系代词。选择定语从句中关系代词时，首先，确定先行词是人还是物，其次，确定定语从句中缺少的成分。当从句缺少主语时，若先行词指人，则关系词使用who/that，若先行词指物，关系词使用which/that。当从句缺少宾语时，若先行词指人，则关系词使用who/whom/that或者可以省略，若先行词指物，关系词使用which/that或者可以省略。如果从句缺少的是定语，若先行词指人，则关系词使用whose，若先行词指物，关系词使用whose或者of which。本题中关系词指物，从句缺宾语，所以关系词使用which/that或者可以省略。结合选项，故选B。 6.The reason _______ he has resigned is poor health. A. in which B. where C. why D. which 【答案】C 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：他离职的原因是身体不好。这是一个定语从句，先行词为The reason，且先行词在从句中做原因状语，所以使用关系词why，故选C。 7.I am going to see the manager tomorrow, ____ he will be back from New York. A. when B. which C. in which D. on which 【答案】A 【解析】 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：明天我会去见经理，他明天从纽约回来。这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为tomorrow，表示时间，且从句中缺少时间状语tomorrow，tomorrow直接做时间状语，前边不需要介词。故选A。 8.All the apples___fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs. A. they B. / C. that D. which 【答案】C 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：从树上落下来的所有苹果都被猪吃光了。这是一个定语从句，主句部份为：All the apples were eaten up by the pigs；从句部份为___fell down from the tree。先行词为the apples，且先行词在从句中做主语，所以关系词可使用which或that，但由于先行词被不定代词all修饰，所以关系词只能用that。故选C。 【点睛】选择定语从句中关系代词时，首先，确定先行词是人还是物，其次，确定定语从句中缺少的成分。当从句缺少主语时，若先行词指人，则关系词使用who/that，若先行词指物，关系词使用which/that。当从句缺少宾语时，若先行词指人，则关系词使用who/whom/that或者可以省略，若先行词指物，关系词使用which/that或者可以省略。但是在以下七种情况下，只能用that不能用which。①当先行词是anything, everything, nothing, none等不定代词时②先行词有every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时③先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时④先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时⑤先行词既有人，又有物时⑥当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时,用that以避免重复⑦关系代词在从句中做表语时。本题考查的就是先行词被不定代词修饰时，只能用that的情况。 9.We often think of the days___we spent together on the island. A. when B. which C. in which D. during which 【答案】B 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：我们经常想起我们在岛上一起度过日子。这是一个限制性定语从句，先行词为the days，指物，并且先行词在从句中做spent的宾语，所以关系词可用that/which或者不填。故选B。 【点睛】当表示时间、地点的先行词作先行词时，同学们要认真分析先行词在从句中作什么成份。如果先行词在从句中做主语或宾语，关系词要选用关系代词which/that，做宾语时还可以不填关系词。但是这些词还有可能在从句中做时间状语和地点状语，当先行词在从句中做状语时，要填关系副词when（表示时间）和where（表示地点）。例如本题先行词the days表示时间，但是分析从句，会发现它在从句中作宾语，所以选关系代词。 10.He has left Beijing,___a meeting is to be held. A when B. where C. as D. which 【答案】B 【解析】 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：他已经离开了北京，就是在那儿有一个会议将被举行。先行词为Beijing，表示地点，且这个先行词在从句中做地点状语，所以应使用关系副词where。故选B。 11.Can you solve such problems___raised by the audience? A. what were B. as were C. that were D. which were 【答案】B 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：你能解决被观众提出的这样的问题吗？这是一个定语从句，先行词为problems（问题），且从句中缺少主语，因此用关系代词。又由于such as是固定搭配，因此不用that或which做关系词，关系词应用as。故选B。 【点睛】as引导的限制性定语从句，主要出现在一些固定的结构中如such…as，the same…as等，此外它也可以单独使用，as在限制性定语从句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。此题考查的就是as引导的限制性定语从句。由于有先行词，从句缺少主语，所以这是一个定语从句。又由于such… as这个固定结构，所以本题的关系词只能填as。 12. Please pass me the dictionary _______cover is black. A. which B. its C. whose D. which of 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：考查定语从句。句意：请把那有着本黑色封皮的字典递给我。which作主语或宾语；its不能引导但也想家，排除B；关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语，限定后面的名词。of which相当于whose，whose+名词=" of" which the+名词="the" +名词 of which。排除D；whose在本句中修饰名词cover，故选C。 考点：考查定语从句 13. This is the biggest lab__________we have ever built in our university. A. which B. what C. that D. Where 【答案】C 【解析】 考查定语从句。句意：这是我们大学建的最大的实验室。先行词是the biggest lab，有最高级修饰先行词时，而且在定语从句中缺少宾语，定语从句用that引导。故选C。 14. I have bought the same dress ________ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析：考查定语从句。句意：我买了一条和她现在穿的一模一样的裙子。as在此引导限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作wearing 的宾语。as引导限制性定语从句时，常构成the same + n. + as + 定语从句，such + n. +as +定语从句。故选A。 考点：考查定语从句。 【名师点睛】限制性定语从句的先行词往往是某一个词，但非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至是整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句一般由which或as引导，as引导限制性定语从句时，常构成the same + n. + as + 定语从句，such + n. +as +定语从句。 自我检测 1. Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.   A. who              B. which             C. when             D. that 2. A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. A. who              B. whom             C. whose            D. whoever 3. They’ve won their last three matches. ________I find a bit surprising  A. that               B. when             C. what              D. which  4. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city        name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. A. which                     B. of which            C. that                       D. whose 5. My friend showed me round the town,       was very kind of him.    A. which             B. that               C. where            D. it  6. Yesterday she sold her car， ______ she bought a month ago. A. when                   B. where                C. that                 D. which 7. The Science Museum，        we visited during a recent trip to Britain，is one of London’s tourist attractions. A. which                  B. what                  C. that                  D. where 8. His movie won several awards at the film festival，           was beyond his wildest dream. A. which                   B. that                  C. where                 D. it 9. Women            drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those           don’t. A. who;/                  B./;who                 C. who; who               D./;/ 10.  Look out! Don’t get too close to the house           roof is under repair. A. whose                  B. which              C. what              D. that 参考答案： 1. B 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A 6. D 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. A III. Translation（定语从句） 1、打破窗户的那个男孩叫Jim。 2、他们种植一些不需要很多水的树。 3、今天早上我们买的那条鱼不够新鲜。 4、昨天我们在街上看到的那个女孩是Tom的妹妹。 5、 上个星期我去看了在地震中失去丈夫的那位老师。 【答案】 1. The boy who broke the window is called Jim. 2. They planted some trees which did not need much water. 3. The fish which we bought this morning were not fresh enough. 4. The girl whom we saw in the street yesterday was Tom’s sister. 5. Last week I went to see my teacher whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. Unit 3 课后练习 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. 21. It is reported that Americans eat too much protein every day, _______ as they actually need. A. twice as much B. as twice much C. much as twice D. as much twice 22. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _______ life has develop gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose 23. The number of deaths from cancer will be reduced greatly if people _______ to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade B. will persuade C. will be persuaded D. are persuaded 24. Before the ship sank, some of the passengers _______ leave in time for the lifeboats. A. could B. might C. were able to D. should 25. My little son _______ out alone at night. A. dare not to go B. dares not to go C. doesn’t dare to go D. dares not go 26. The man next door, ______ name I don’t know, is always making a lot of noise by singing pop songs at night. A. who B. whose C. of which D. whom 27. They will never forget the days _______ they spent together studying abroad. A. in which B. that C. on which D. during which 28. Who _______ has brains will make such a mistake as this? A. it B. ever C. that D. / 29. We cannot accept a society _______ the rich enjoy comfort _______ the poor have to suffer. A. which; while B. where; while C. which; / D. /; / 30. Li Ming, _______ to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. that I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D. I went with him Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. access B. estimates C. nutritious D. associated E. root F. issues G. address H. physical I. properly J. completely K. characterize Poorest countries facing both obesity and malnutrition A third of the poorest countries in the world are dealing with high levels of obesity as well as under-nourishment, which leaves people too thin, according to a report in The Lancet. It says the problem is caused by global 31 to ultra - processed foods, and people exercising less. The authors are calling for changes to the “modern food system” which they believe is the 32 of it. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are most affected. The report 33 that nearly 2.3 billion children and adults on the planet are overweight, and more than 150 million children have undersized growth. And many low and middle-income countries are facing these two 34 at the same time -- known as the ‘double burden of malnutrition’. This means that 20% of people are overweight, 30% of children under four are not growing 35 , and 20% of women are classified as thin. Failing food systems The report authors say action should be taken by governments, the United Nations and academics to 36 the problem, and it points the finger at changing diets. The way people eat, drink and move is changing. Increasing numbers of supermarkets, easy availability of less 37 food, as well as a decrease in 38 activity, are leading to more people becoming overweight. And these changes are affecting low and middle-income countries, as well as high-income ones. Although undersized growth of children in many countries is becoming less frequent, eating ultra-processed foods early in life is 39 with poor growth. “We are facing a new nutrition reality,” says lead author Dr Francesco Branca, director of the department of nutrition for health and development at the World Health Organization. “We can no longer 40 countries as low-income and undernourished, or high-income and only concerned with obesity. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Many of the most memorable advertisement campaigns around tend to be funny. Advertisers use this __34__ to attract customers to their product. Audiences like to be __35__. People will pay more attention to a humorous commercial than a factual or serious one, opening themselves up to be __36__. The best products to sell using humor tend to be those that consumers have to think the least about. Products that are relatively inexpensive, and often __37__, can be represented without providing a lot of facts, and that’s where there’s room for __38__. Candy, food, alcohol, __39__ and toys/entertainment related products have proven to benefit the most from humor in their campaigns. Another point to consider when using humor in advertising is that different things are __40__ to different people. A commercial that may leave one person laughing may leave a __41__ taste in another’s mouth. The __42__ market must always be considered. What’s funny in a client presentation may not be funny on an airplane, at a country club or in a hospital. Humor in advertising tends to improve __43__, but does not improve product recall, message credibility, or buying intentions. __44__, consumers may be familiar with and have good feelings towards the product, but their purchasing decisions will probably not be__45__. One of the major keys to a successful humorous campaign is __46__, once a commercial starts to wear out there’s no saving it without some variation on the concept. Humorous campaigns are often expensive because they have to be constantly __47__. Advertisers must remember that while making the customer laugh, they have to keep things interesting, because old jokes __48__ along with their products. 34. A. activity B. memory C. strategy D. product 35. A. surprised B. entertained C. inspired D. welcomed 36. A. influenced B. remembered C. understood D. noticed 37. A. available B. incredible C. consumable D. memorable 38. A. fun B. wisdom C. freedom D. humor 39. A. jewelry B. furniture C. tobacco D. computers 40. A. influential B. beneficial C. important D. funny 41. A. bad C. impressive C. strong D. flavorful 42. A. steady B. target C. competitive D. weak 43. A. company reputation B. brand recognition C. consumer image D.product quality 44. A. In other words B. In a word C. On the other hand D. On the contrary 45. A. stopped B. created C. affected D. chosen 46. A. contrast B. honesty C. variety D. imagination 47. A. changed B. reviewed C. launched D. criticized 48. A. live B. hide C. stay D. die Section B A The sun was shining quite brightly as Ms Grant left her house, and she saw no need to take an umbrella with her. She got on the bus to take her into the town and before long it came on to rain. It had not stopped raining when the bus arrived at the marketplace half an hour later. Ms Grant stood up and absentmindedly picked up the umbrella that was hanging on the seat in front of her. A cold voice said loudly: “That is mine, Madam!” Suddenly remembering that she had come out without her umbrella, Ms Grant went red with embarrassment and apologized, trying at the same time to pay no attention to the unpleasant look the owner of the umbrella was giving her. When she got off the bus, Ms Grant made straight for a shop where she could buy an umbrella.And it wasn’t long before she found a very pretty one. It was so pretty that she decided to buy another as a present for her daughter. She did the rest of her shopping and had lunch in a cafe. In the afternoon she got on the homeward bus with the two umbrellas under her arm, and sat down. Then she saw that, by a curious coincidence , she was sitting next to the woman who had made her feel so uncomfortable that morning. This woman now looked at her, then at the umbrellas, and said, “You’ve had quite a good day, I see!” 1. Ms Grant bought two umbrellas because ______. A. it was raining and she liked the umbrella very much B. her daughter had asked her for one C. she wanted to give it to the woman on the bus D. she believed that she needed two 2. What’s the purpose of Ms Grant’s trip to the town? A. For sightseeing. B. To do some shopping. C. To buy umbrella. D. To steal some umbrellas 3. The woman must have thought that Ms Grant was a(n) ______. A. umbrella collector B. absent-minded woman C. thief stealing umbrellas D. strange woman B Why is setting goals important? Because goals can help you do, and experience everything you want in life. Instead of just letting lives happen to you, goals allow yourself to make your life happen. Successful and happy people have a vision of how their life should be and they set lots of goals (both short-term and long-range) to help them reach their vision. By setting goals you are taking control of your life. It’s like having a map to show you where you want to go. Think of it this way. There are two drivers. One has a destination in mind (her goal) which is laid out for her on a map. She can drive straight there without any wasted time or wrong turns. The other driver has no goal or destination or map. She starts off at the same time from the same place as the first driver, but she drives aimlessly around, never getting anywhere, just using up gas and oil. Which driver do you want to be? Winners in life set goals and follow through on them. Winners decide what they want in life and then get there by making plans and setting goals. Unsuccessful people just let life happen by accident. Goals aren’t difficult to set, and they aren’t difficult to reach. It’s up to you to find out what your goals, ideals and visions really are. You are the one who must decide what to pursue and in what direction to aim your life. Research tells us that when we write a goal down we are more likely to achieve it. Written goals can be reviewed regularly, and have more power. Like a contract with yourself, they are harder to neglect or forget. Also when you write your goals in a particular fashion you are able to stimulate yourself to be continuously alert to situations that will further your goals. 4. The author gave the example of two drivers to show ________. 　　A. the foolishness of the first driver B. the importance of having a map and right direction 　　C. the foolishness of the second driver D. the importance of setting goals 5. According to this text, the most important thing in realizing one’s ideal is to ________. A. try to be realistic about one’s ability B. have a clear understanding of what he or she wants in life C. let others understand him or her first, then work together with them D. let others help him or her to make his or her dream come true 6. If people want to reach their goals, they should ________. A. write down their goals B. sign a contract with other people 　　C. face the difficulties in front of them 　D. discuss with others and ask for their help 7. What is the main idea of this passage? A. Success is possible only when a person has clearly set his or her goal. B. Winners never stop their efforts for success. C. Failure always accompanies the people who gave up easily. D. Whenever you set goals, you will succeed. C As much as we may want to protect children from all the terrible, horrible and very bad things in life, too often we don’t get a choice. These four new kids’ books serve as guides for a variety of difficulties and as important reminders that we have a choice in how we react to such trials. These stories introduce young readers to relatab$$