第09练 阅读理解题型解答必备能力过关练-2024年高一英语夯基培优暑假作业(人教版2019)

2024年高一英语夯基培优暑假作业(人教版2019) 第09练 阅读理解题型解答必备能力过关练 目 录 01、阅读理解技巧点拨 02、15篇精选阅读理解 01.阅读理解技巧点拨 1. 应用文 2. ( 阅读理解常见文体 )记叙文 3. 说明文 4. 议论文 文体1:应用文 应用文阅读材料大多来自于真实的生活,充满浓郁的时代气息,具有鲜明的语言特色。他们种类繁多,涵盖面广,包括广告、书信、海报、指南、产品介绍、启示、招聘、书评等。 文体特点和阅读策略: (1)语言特点: 语言简练,就其用词来看,文章里有大量生僻的专有名词,如地名、人名、机构名、组织名、书名、作品名等。 (2)结构特点: 应用文主要用于传递信息,高考卷中所采用的应用文通常有2种行文方式。一种是文中的吉泽信息构成平行并列结构,即每一则信息中的项目及其位置有一致性和对应性,几则信息前优势具有用一个段落对文章信息做整体的说明,每个段落围绕小标题呈现某一方面的信息。 (3)答题策略: A.快速浏览知道主题 B.快速读题干,跳读定位信息 应用文范例: Through My Modern Met Academy, our online learning platform, you’ll be inspired in classes taught by industry experts. Learn mixed media skills to take your work to a new level! Intermediate Embroidery (刺绣) With the help of artist Floor Giebels, you’ll get gradual instructions on how to craft embroidery on printed cloth. Giebels will show you how to combine embroidery with cloth decorated with a photograph. Using that as the base, she’ll go into techniques for stitching (缝) over the image and finishing your frame for display. Cost/Time: $34.95/1.3h Architectural Illustration for Everyone Artist Demi Lang will take you through the process of drawing structures step-by-step. You’ll learn how to choose your tools and paper, and analyze the project’s photo. The final assignment is a row of three buildings, which Lang will go through first in line drawing lessons, then inking over the sketch (素描), and adding color to bring it to life. Cost/Time: $45.95/ 3.3h Beyond Botanicals In Anna Zakirova’s class, she shares the secrets to creating flawless pressed flowers and leaves and using them as the basis for original artwork. Intended for beginners, her class starts with a detailed introduction to the proper tools and continues with an example of how to turn several types of flowers into an artwork. Cost/Time: $34.95/ 56min Introduction to Pet Photography Taught by pet photographer Belinda Richards, this class offers in-depth guidance of shooting a gorgeous picture of your dog in a studio setting. Richards will break down how to work with your dog, photograph it, and edit your image. This class is meant for someone who already owns a DSLR camera and has a basic understanding of Photography. 1.What will you learn with Demi Lang? A.Crafting embroidery. B.Drawing buildings. C.Pressing flowers. D.Photographing pets. 2.Which course best suits nature lovers? A.Intermediate Embroidery. B.Architectural Illustration for Everyone. C.Beyond Botanicals. D.Introduction to Pet Photography. 3.What do the courses have in common? A.They are for beginners. B.They involve using photos. C.They are free of charge. D.They offer detailed guidance. 【答案】1.B 2.C 3.D 【导语】这是一篇应用文,文章主要介绍了在线学习平台My Modern Met Academy的情况。 1.细节理解题。根据文章“Architectural Illustration for Everyone”部分的“Artist Demi Lang will take you through the process of drawing structures step-by-step. You’ll learn how to choose your tools and paper, and analyze the project’s photo. The final assignment is a row of three buildings, which Lang will go through first in line drawing lessons, then inking over the sketch (素描), and adding color to bring it to life.(艺术家Demi Lang将带您逐步完成绘制结构的过程。您将学习如何选择工具和纸张,并分析项目的照片。最后的任务是一排三栋建筑,Lang将首先在线条绘制课程中进行,然后在草图上涂墨水,并添加颜色以使其栩栩如生。)”可知从Demi Lang身上可以学到绘制建筑。故选B项。 2.推理判断题。根据文章“Beyond Botanicals”部分的“In Anna Zakirova’s class, she shares the secrets to creating flawless pressed flowers and leaves and using them as the basis for original artwork. Intended for beginners, her class starts with a detailed introduction to the proper tools and continues with an example of how to turn several types of flowers into an artwork.(在Anna Zakirova的课堂上,她分享了制作完美压制的花朵和树叶的秘密,并将其作为原创艺术品的基础。她的课程面向初学者,从详细介绍适当的工具开始,并以如何将几种类型的花朵变成艺术品为例继续进行。)”可知,Beyond Botanicals面向初学者,Anna Zakirova在课堂上分享制作完美压制的花朵和树叶的秘密,展示如何将几种类型的花朵变成艺术品;由此可推知,Beyond Botanicals最适合热爱大自然的人。故选C项。 3.细节理解题。根据文章“Intermediate Embroidery (刺绣)”部分的“With the help of artist Floor Giebels, you’ll get gradual instructions on how to craft embroidery on printed cloth. Giebels will show you how to combine embroidery with cloth decorated with a photograph. (在艺术家Floor Giebels的帮助下,您将逐步了解如何在印花布上制作刺绣。Giebels将向您展示如何将刺绣与装饰有照片的布料结合起来。)”、“Architectural Illustration for Everyone”部分的“Artist Demi Lang will take you through the process of drawing structures step-by-step.(艺术家Demi Lang将带您逐步完成绘制结构的过程。)”、“Beyond Botanicals”部分的“In Anna Zakirova’s class, she shares the secrets to creating flawless pressed flowers and leaves and using them as the basis for original artwork. Intended for beginners, her class starts with a detailed introduction to the proper tools and continues with an example of how to turn several types of flowers into an artwork.(在Anna Zakirova的课堂上,她分享了创造完美无瑕的花朵和叶子的秘密,并将它们用作原创艺术品的基础。针对初学者,她的课程开始于详细介绍适当的工具,并继续如何把几种类型的花变成艺术品的例子。)”以及“Introduction to Pet Photography”部分的“Taught by pet photographer Belinda Richards, this class offers in-depth guidance of shooting a gorgeous picture of your dog in a studio setting.(由宠物摄影师贝琳达 理查兹教授,本课程提供了在工作室环境中拍摄狗的华丽照片的深入指导。)”可知这些课程的相同之处在于他们都提供详细的指导。故选D项。 文体2:记叙文 记叙文是一种记载和叙述时间由来,描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。高考英语阅读理解中的记叙文类文章一般包括人物传记、哲理或者故事等。人物传记类文章描述某个人的生平事迹,奋斗历程;故事类文章通过一个小故事,说明一个道理。 (1)考察角度: 从命题上看,记叙文阅读理解以细节理解题和推理判断题为主,以观点态度题、写作意图题、词义猜测题和代词指代词题为辅,难度总体上属于中等难度。记叙文阅读理解题要求考生能理清记叙文的顺序与所讲故事的情节,能准确把握任务的情感态度和作者的写作目的。 文体特点与阅读策略: (1)文体和结构特点: 英语记叙文以描写叙述为主,主要描写人物、事件、地点或过程。其特点是:主题往往隐藏在字里行间,没有直接地表达出来;文章主旨要通过任务事件来提炼。文章大多数按照时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。 (2)答题误区: 记叙文阅读理解题的易错点往往在多个事件的先后顺序与人物的情感态度上。 (3)阅读策略: 在做此类题目时,首先要通读全文,弄清六要素和记叙的顺序,特别要注意文章中所提到的多个事件、地点和人物,理清事件的起因、经过和结果;然后阅读题干,在文章中查找相关的信息;最后根据查找到的相关信息做出正确的选择。如果文中所涉及的人物较多,还要弄清人物之间的关系。在答记叙文的七选五阅读理解题时,弄清事件的起因、经过和结果尤其重要,还要注意上下文之间的逻辑关系、句际之间的指代和同词复现等。 记叙文范例: When people ask about my experience of learning Cantonese, I recount a journey driven by unending curiosity and a strong desire to connect with a dynamic culture. Growing up in a Russian family, my fascination with languages grew thanks to my father, a language expert. It’s during a cultural appreciation class in junior high that I was first introduced to the world of Hong Kong films, famous for their characteristic action-packed dramas and storytelling styles. However, what really amazed me was the uniqueness of the language, Cantonese, which sparked a urgent need within me to explore it and the rich culture behind. This marked the beginning of a thrilling linguistic journey. Learning Cantonese posed challenges, such as unfamiliar characters, complex tones, and different grammar structures, yet I persevered. Immersed in textbooks and available online courses, I practiced the tones everyday until my pronunciation flowed naturally. Cantonese dramas and music also played a role in familiarizing me with its rhythm. To truly grasp the essence of Cantonese, I knew that studying alone wasn’t enough — I needed firsthand experience. So, I took a gap year to pack my bags for Hong Kong, a city featuring the lively heartbeat of Cantonese culture. Buried in its busy streets and daily conversations, from casual chats to food ordering, I found myself enveloped in a linguistic wonderland. Within a few months, my Cantonese proficiency flourished, fueling a surge of confidence. My explorations extended beyond the streets. I enrolled in formal language classes that offered professional guidance. Through hard work, I successfully completed all the courses in Cantonese Linguistics. From then on, I’ve been passionately committed to spreading the Cantonese culture, ensuring its richness reaches a wider audience. Today, I continue my Cantonese voyage with unflagging enthusiasm. It has transformed into more than just a linguistic pursuit; it grants me a passport to sincere connections, profound insights, and heartfelt admiration for its one-of-a-kind culture. 1.What motivated the author to start his linguistic journey? A.His father’s intentional arrangement. B.His teacher’s positive encouragement. C.His strong interest in Chinese movies. D.His great passion for cultural exploration. 2.Why did the author head to Hong Kong during the gap year? A.To participate in a language workshop. B.To take a bite of the diverse local food. C.To fully comprehend the spirit of Cantonese. D.To stay well informed about studying abroad. 3.Which best describes the author’s learning process of Cantonese? A.Demanding but strategic. B.Effortless and enjoyable. C.Challenging but creative. D.Adventurous and eventful. 4.What message does the text mainly convey? A.Education is the passport to the future. B.Language is the road map of a culture. C.Opportunity favors the prepared mind. D.Success belongs to those with curiosity. 【答案】1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者学习粤语的经历,这是一段充满好奇心和强烈渴望融入充满活力的文化的旅程,粤语的独特性激发了作者探索这门语言及其背后丰富文化的渴望,他采用了各种方法来学习粤语,还前往香港让自己沉浸在粤语的语言环境中,如今他依旧饱有热情地探索着粤语及其文化。 4.细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, what really amazed me was the uniqueness of the language, Cantonese, which sparked a urgent need within me to explore it and the rich culture behind. This marked the beginning of a thrilling linguistic journey. (然而,真正让我惊讶的是粤语的独特性,这激发了我对探索它及其背后丰富文化的迫切需求。这标志着一段激动人心的语言之旅的开始)”可知,促使作者开始他的语言之旅的是他对粤语文化探索的极大热情。故选D项。 5.细节理解题。根据第四段中“To truly grasp the essence of Cantonese, I knew that studying alone wasn’t enough — I needed firsthand experience. So, I took a gap year to pack my bags for Hong Kong, a city featuring the lively heartbeat of Cantonese culture. (要真正掌握粤语的精髓,我知道光靠学习是不够的,我需要亲身体验。因此,我花了一年的时间收拾行李,前往香港,一个以粤语文化的活力中心为特色的城市)”可知,作者在间隔年期间前往香港是为了充分体会粤语的精髓。故选C项。 6.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Learning Cantonese posed challenges, such as unfamiliar characters, complex tones, and different grammar structures, yet I persevered. (学习粤语有很多挑战,比如不熟悉的汉字、复杂的声调和不同的语法结构,但我坚持了下来)”可知,作者学习粤语的过程中面临很多挑战,因此这个过程是费力的。再结合第三段中“Immersed in textbooks and available online courses, I practiced the tones everyday until my pronunciation flowed naturally. Cantonese dramas and music also played a role in familiarizing me with its rhythm. (沉浸在课本和在线课程中,我每天练习音调,直到我的发音自然流畅。粤语剧和音乐也让我熟悉了粤语的节奏)”、第四段中“Buried in its busy streets and daily conversations, from casual chats to food ordering, I found myself enveloped in a linguistic wonderland. (沉浸在繁忙的街道和日常对话中,从闲聊到点餐,我发现自己被笼罩在一个语言仙境中)”和第五段中“My explorations extended beyond the streets. I enrolled in formal language classes that offered professional guidance. (我的探索超越了街道。我参加了提供专业指导的正式语言课程)”可知,作者通过各种手段和媒介来学习粤语,包括课本、在线课程、影视剧、音乐、真实的语言环境、正式的语言课程,因此这个过程也是有策略的。故选A项。 7.推理判断题。通读全文,尤其是最后一段中“It has transformed into more than just a linguistic pursuit; it grants me a passport to sincere connections, profound insights, and heartfelt admiration for its one-of-a-kind culture. (它已经不仅仅是一种语言追求;它给了我真诚的联系、深刻的见解和对其独特文化的由衷钦佩的通行证)”可知,文章主要围绕作者学习粤语的经历展开,粤语的独特性激发了作者探索这门语言及其背后丰富文化的渴望,他采用了各种方法来学习粤语,还前往香港让自己沉浸在粤语的语言环境中,如今他依旧饱有热情地探索着粤语及其文化,这段旅程充满好奇心和融入充满活力的文化的强烈渴望。由此可知,语言和文化贯穿了作者的这份经历,文章主要想表达语言是一种文化的路线图,帮助作者了解其背后的文化。故选B项。 文体3:说明文 说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。他通过对实体事物科学的解说,对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事物进行阐述,使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有科学的认识,从而获得有关的知识。 文体特点与阅读策略: (1) 语言特点 阅读理解主要考察考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文由于句式复杂等特点,相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。 (2) 结构特点 客观。简练,文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。说明文通常采用以下结构形式: 总进式。通常用总-分式、总-分-总式和分-总式结构,完整的“总-分-总”式说明文先总体概括,再分说,最后再总结。 递进式。事理说明文常用这种结构形式,通常由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质,逐层递进,一层一层地剖析事理。 并列式。文章各部分的内容没有主次轻重之分。 对照式。通过两个事物的比较和对照说明其异同。 (3)备考误区 A.阅读方法错误 B.基础知识不牢固 (4)阅读策略 A.细读重点 B.有选择的略读或跳读 a.繁琐的例证 b.并列多项列举 c.无关大局的生僻词汇 d.较长的人名、地名 说明文范例: Throughout our daily lives, we have known plenty of people and will know more. But how can we tell if someone is worth our trust? In a paper published recently in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researcher gave us the answer. The researchers asked 401 adults from the United States to fill out a questionnaire measuring their guilt-proneness (内疚倾向) in different situations as well as several other qualities, and then play a short online game. In this game, Player 1 is given 1, which they can choose to give to Player 2. Any money given to Player 2 is then automatically increased to 2.50. Player 2 can then decide whether to keep all of the money or behave in a trustworthy way by returning a part of the money to Player 1. The researchers found more guilt-prone people were more likely to share the money with Player 1. Actually, in follow-up studies, guilt-proneness predicted trustworthiness better than other personality qualities the researchers measured. Why might guilt lead to trustworthy behavior? The researchers found people who were guilt-prone also reported feeling a must to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互动) with their partners in the game. People who are guilt-prone tend to avoid engaging in behavior that might harm or disappoint others. If they do something bad, guilt encourages them to try to make things right again. Then, how can we use this research to ascertain whether someone is trustworthy? “One way to do this might be observe how they respond to experience regret,” lead author Emma Levine, assistant professor at the University of Chicago Levine, explains. Another way is to ask them to describe a difficult dilemma they faced in the past, suggests co-author Taya Cohen, associate professor at Carnegie Mellon University. This is particularly effective, Cohen and her colleagues have found, because it allows us to see if they’re concerted about the effects their actions have on others. 1.What did guilt-prone player 2 tend to do in the online game? A.Keep all the money. B.Share the money with Player 1. C.Return the money to the researchers. D.Spend the money on themselves. 2.Why might guilt lead to trustworthy behavior? A.It encourages people to harm others. B.It makes people feel responsible to act ethically. C.It makes people want to disappoint others. D.It makes people avoid difficult dilemmas. 3.What does the underlined word “ascertain” in the last paragraph mean? A.Ask B.Express C.Describe D.Determine 4.How is the text organized and developed? A.By providing background. B.By making a lot of comparisons. C.By answering the raised questions. D.By analyzing effects of guilt-proneness. 【答案】1.B 2.B 3.D 4.C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。生活中,我们会遇到各种各样的人,那如何确定一个人是不是值得信任呢?科学家做了一个实验,发现内疚倾向性格的人更值得信任。内疚性格能驱使人的行为更加合乎道德,具有责任感。所以看一个人后悔时的表现以及通过让他描述一个两难事件,就可以确定这个人是否可靠。 12.细节理解题。根据第二段“The researchers found more guilt-prone people were more likely to share the money with Player 1. (研究人员发现,更容易感到内疚的人更有可能与玩家1分享这笔钱)”可知,Player 2如果是个容易感到内疚的人,他很有可能和Player 1分享这笔钱。故选B。 13.细节理解题。根据第三段“The researchers found people who were guilt-prone also reported feeling a must to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互动) with their partners in the game. (研究人员发现,那些容易内疚的人在与游戏中的伙伴互动时,也感到必须以道德和负责任的方式行事)”可知内疚感让人们感到有责任以合乎道德的方式行事,从而会做更值得信赖的行为。故选B。 14.词义猜测题。划线词所在的句子是问题,划线词后的内容是回答。根据最后一段Emma Levine所建议的“One way to do this might be observe how they respond to experience regret. (一种方法可能是观察他们对后悔经历的反应)”和Taya Cohen所建议的“Another way is to ask them to describe a difficult dilemma they faced in the past,… (另一种方法是让他们描述他们过去面临的一个困难的困境……)”可知,这两种方式都是在回答如何“决定,确定”一个人是否值得信赖,所以划线词“ascertain”和determine同义。故选D。 15.推理判断题。文章首段提出问题“But how can we tell if someone is worth our trust? (但是我们怎么知道一个人是否值得我们信任呢?)”,下文是通过研究发现内疚倾向的人行为更加可靠,又从心理学角度分析了为什么内疚倾向的人值得信赖。随后推荐给我们两种判断对方是否可靠的办法。最后一段的回答与首段中的问题呼应。故文章是通过问答方式编排的。故选C。 文体4:议论文 议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。文章通常由论点、论据、论证三部分构成,作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非的方法,来论证某种观点正确与否,肯定或否定某种主张。 1.命题特点 考察角度:以细节理解和推理判断为主,但不排除对观点的考查。 2.文体特点与阅读策略 (1)语言与结构特点: 议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性,通常采用三段式的结构,即“提出问题(引论)——分析问题(本轮)——解决问题(结论)”。 (2)答题误区: 易错点在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身 (3)阅读策略: 应该从结构和内容2方面同时入手,先通读全文,再区分事实和观点。通常来讲,议论文会采用三段式结构。 议论文范例: Intelligence is traditionally viewed as the ability to think and learn. Yet in a complex world, there’s another set of cognitive (认知的) skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink. Therefore, my aim in this book is to explore how rethinking happens by seeking out the most convincing evidence and some of the world’s most skilled rethinkers. The first section focuses on opening our own minds. You’ll find out why a forward-thinking businessman got trapped in the past, how a Nobel Prize-winning scientist welcomes the joy of being wrong, how the world’s best forecasters update their views, and how an Oscar-winning filmmaker has productive fights. The second section examines how we can encourage other people to think again. You’ll learn how an international debate champion wins arguments and an African-American musician persuades people to abandon discrimination (歧视). You’ll discover how a special kind of listening helped an officer convince the opposing side to join in peace talks. And if you’re a Yankees fan, I’m going to see if I can convince you to root for the Red Sox. The third section is about how we can create communities of lifelong learners. In social life, a lab that specializes in difficult conversations will cast light on how we can communicate better about debated issues like climate change. In schools, you’ll find out how educators teach kids to think again by treating classrooms like museums, and approaching projects like rewriting time-honored textbooks. I close by examining the importance of reconsidering our best-laid plans. This book is an invitation to let go of knowledge and opinions that are no longer serving you well, and to establish your sense of self in flexibility rather than consistency. If you can master the art of rethinking, I believe you’ll be better positioned for success at work and happiness in life. Thinking again can help you generate new solutions to old problems and revisit old solutions to new problems. It’s a path to learning more from the people around you and living with fewer regrets. 1.How does the author explain his or her ideas in the book? A.By quoting famous sayings. B.By reviewing traditional theories. C.By presenting research results. D.By providing various examples. 2.Which of the following is probably covered in the second section? A.Helping a student with a complex math problem. B.Walking an athlete through a detailed training plan. C.Talking a friend into trying a different dressing style. D.Guiding an employee to build a successful career path. 3.What does the author suggest readers do in the third section? A.Find faults in textbooks. B.Reflect on existing ideas. C.Engage in climate debates. D.Change classroom decorations. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Rethinking: Find New Ways to Success B.Intelligence: the Ability to Think and Learn C.How Can We Adapt to a Complex World? D.Why Does Rethinking Improve Intelligence? 【答案】1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者认为在传统观念中,智力被视为思考和学习的能力,但在现实世界中,重新思考的认知技能可能更加重要。 8.细节理解题。结合第二段“You’ll find out why a forward-thinking businessman got trapped in the past, how a Nobel Prize-winning scientist welcomes the joy of being wrong, how the world’s best forecasters update their views, and how an Oscar-winning filmmaker has productive fights.(你会发现为什么一个有远见的商人会被困在过去,一个诺贝尔奖得主科学家如何欢迎犯错的喜悦,世界上最好的预测家如何更新他们的观点,以及一个奥斯卡获奖电影制作人如何进行富有成效的斗争。)”,第三段中“You’ll learn how an international debate champion wins arguments and an African-American musician persuades people to abandon discrimination (歧视). You’ll discover how a special kind of listening helped an officer convince the opposing side to join in peace talks.(你会学到一个国际辩论冠军如何赢得争论,一个非裔美国音乐家如何说服人们放弃歧视。你会发现一种特殊的倾听方式是如何帮助一名军官说服对方加入和平谈判的)”和第四段中“In schools, you’ll find out how educators teach kids to think again by treating classrooms like museums, and approaching projects like rewriting time-honored textbooks(在学校里,你会发现教育工作者是如何通过把教室当作博物馆来教孩子重新思考的,以及通过改写历史悠久的教科书来实现这些项目的)”可知,作者举了几个例子,如一位诺贝尔奖获得者如何乐于接受犯错的喜悦、一位奥斯卡获奖电影制片人如何进行富有成效的斗争、一位国际辩论冠军如何赢得辩论以及一位非裔美国音乐家如何说服人们摒弃歧视等,来寻找最有说服力的证据。这表明作者在书中使用了各种不同的例子来支持和解释自己的观点。故选D。 9.推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The second section examines how we can encourage other people to think again.(第二部分探讨了我们如何鼓励其他人重新思考。)”以及段内的具体例子可知,第二部分将探讨如何鼓励他人重新思考。作者在该部分中举了国际辩论冠军如何赢得辩论、非裔美国音乐家如何说服人们摒弃歧视以及一位军官如何劝服对方参与和平谈判的例子。因此,“劝说朋友尝试不同的着装风格”可能会在第二部分中涉及。故选C。 10.考查推理判断题。根据第四段中“In social life, a lab that specializes in difficult conversations ...approaching projects like rewriting time-honored textbooks.(在社交生活中,专门研究困难对话的实验室将揭示我们如何更好地就气候变化等有争议的问题进行沟通。)”可知,在社交生活中,一个专门研究困难对话的实验室将有助于我们更好地就气候变化等有争议的问题进行沟通。在学校里,你会发现教育工作者是如何通过把教室当作博物馆,以及像重写历史悠久的教科书这样的项目来教导孩子们重新思考的。由此可知,在第三部分中,作者建议读者要反思现有的想法。故选B。 11.主旨大意题。通读全文内容可知,本文探讨了重新思考的重要性以及如何应用重新思考的技巧。作者通过引用实例和研究结果,呼吁读者放下不再有益的知识和观点。结合最后一段中的“If you can master the art of rethinking, I believe you’ll be better positioned for success at work and happiness in life.(如果你能掌握重新思考的艺术,我相信您将能够更好地获得工作成功和生活幸福。)”可知,重新思考的艺术对人的工作和生活都有重要意义。因此,A项“重新思考:寻找通往成功的新路径”适合作为文章标题。故选A。 阅读高频考点 超重点1 1 理解主旨要义——主旨大意题 1.考查形式:归纳文章标题、概括文章大意、总结段落大意。主旨大意题题干经常会出现下列词语: subject, topic, theme, title,main idea. 2.干扰项的特征: (1)以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄,只阐述了文章的一部分内容。 (2)断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。 (3)主题扩大。概括的范围过大,超过文章实际讨论的内容。 (4)似是而非。选项中的关键词在文章中出现了,但认真分析后发现他与文章的主旨毫无联系或者关联不大。 (5)张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。 3.解题的基本思路: 通过略读,捕捉并关联文中的关键词和主题句,把握文章的篇章结构。可采用的方法有。 (1)逆向法。此法特别适用于标题归纳题。对于四个选项,可以分别按照命题作者的思路将题目展开,思考提纲和主要内容,然后分别与原文对照,最相似者为最佳选项。 (2)归纳法。如果文章各段的主题句较醒目或易于归纳,此法尤其适用。主题句的位置一般在段首,考生可根据各段的主题句之间的逻辑关系,归纳出文章的主旨大意。 (3)选珠连串法。当文章的段落层次不是很清晰、段落主题句不易归纳时,可以罗列文章中的卓多案例或情节,从中选出共同的内容,能够串珠引线的就是主旨大意。 (4)逻辑排他法。思考作者行文时的逻辑选择:为什麽下一句就是这句话而不是那句话。阅读时,考生要学会找出句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系,这样就很容易归纳出段落和全文的主旨大意。 超重点2 做出推理和判断——推理判断题 推理判断题是高中英语阅读理解的重要题型,属于深层理解类试题,要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析,进行推理和判断,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题在阅读理解中属于难度较大的题型,通常占阅读理解总题数的20%-30%。仅次于细节理解题。主要的几种题型: 推断隐含意义;对文章内容进行预测和想象;推断人物性格,推断文章出处或读者对象;推断篇章结构。 预测2018年高考中推理判断题目仍将是考查的重点,题目的设置仍将以多层次细节推理判断和逻辑推理判断为主。 考点1 推断隐含意义 考点2 对文章的内容进行预测与想象 考点3 推断人物性格 考点4 推断文章出处或读者对象 考点5 推断篇章结构 超重点3 理解作者的意图、观点和态度-写作意图题、观点态度题 作者的意图、观点和态度题考生具有较高层次的阅读技能,包括在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路,在较高深的措辞中探索作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图。常见的意图、观点和态度题考查学生对文章的写作意图和作者及文中人物的主观态度题的把握以及分析作者描述某些细节的意图的能力。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。 考点1 写作意图题 此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述,推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的客观事实使读者信服某种想法或观点。这类题型要求考生不仅能理解文章的内容,还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及使用的写作手法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。 整篇文章的写作意图的常见设问方式有: (1)For what purpose did the author write the passage? (2)The writer writes this passage in order to _ (3)The purpose of the text is to_ 某处细节的写作目的的常见设问方式有: (1)What is the purpose of the last part of the text? (2)The writer uses...in the first paragraph to_ (3)The writer uses the example of ...to_ 考点2 观点态度题 观点态度题是高考的常考点。作者及文中人物的态度、思想倾向是指作者及文中人物对观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不决,对记叙和描写的人、物、事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠还是厌恶憎恨。作者及文中人物的这种思想往往隐含在文章的字里行间或者流露于修饰的词语中。因此,在做此类题时,应特别注意作者及文中人物的措辞。常见的标志是题目中出现attitude,opinion等词。常见的设问方式有: (1) The attitude of the author towards ...is_. (2) What is the author’ s opinion on...? (3) What is the writer’s attitude towards...? (4) What does ...think about...? 超重点4 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义-词义猜测题 考查范围主要在以下几个方面:生词、短语、熟词生义、句子和代词的指代。 常见的设问方式有以下几种: What does the underlined word...in Paragraph ...refer to? What does the underlined phrase...in Paragraph...refer to? What does the underlined word ...in Paragraph ...mean? What does the author mean by...in Paragraph...? 考点1 利用构词法猜词义 1.合成法。合成法是指2个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一起,形成一个新的单词。一般来说,新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思的综合。例如:workmate是由work 和 mate 组合成的新单词,它的意思是“工友,同事”。这样的单词在平时阅读中经常见到,也比较容易猜测出他们的意思。 2.派生法。他是通过在基础词根上添加前缀或者后缀来构造新词。一般来说,前缀改变词义不改变词性;而后缀改变词性不改变词义。例如:dis-,un-,im-,in-,non-,mis-等是一些表示否定或者相反意思的前缀,它们用在单词的前面往往构成原单词的反义词。如appear-disappear,possible-impossible,like-unlike等。 3.转换法。把一种词性用作另一种词性而词性不变的方法叫做转化法。例如:The author emptied all his pockets to find his ticket. Empty 由形容词转化用作动词,在此表示“空”的意思。 考点2 利用逻辑关系猜词义 1.并列关系 用于中可以使用also,as...as,similarly, and, so , or ,just likewise 等词语表示相同或者相近的意思,这种表示并列的关系中,只要我们认识其中一个单词,就可以推测另外一个单词的意思。如: Mr. Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.(健谈的) 2.转折关系 but,however, despite,while, unlike 等。 3.因果关系 because,since,for,as,so,as a result, thus,therefore 等。 考点3 利用语法关系猜词义 1.下定义。Mean, refer to,is, that is ,namely 等后的内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的,可以帮助猜测词义。 2.定语从句 3.同位语。同位语是对其前面的内容进行解释说明的,所以,同位语也是猜测单词同义的一个好办法。 4.自问自答 5.举例 6.标点符号 考点4 利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义 例如:The snake slithered through the grass. Most of the flowers are beginning to wither because of the cold weather. 02. 15篇精选阅读理解 1. Eugene Newman Parker, a leading figure in heliospheric(日球层的) physics for the past half century, passed away peacefully at his home in Chicago on Mar. 15. He was 94. Hailed(誉为) as a visionary in the field of heliophysics, Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system. NASA even stated that “the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr. Eugene Parker. In 2018, Parker became the first living scientist to witness the launch of a spacecraft that was named in his honor. Parker is best known for his groundbreaking theory on the existence of a phenomenon called “solar wind”, a continuous stream of charged particles that flow off the sun. It can become violent, causing space weather that impacts the Earth. When Parker’s research was published in 1958, his theory was initially met with skepticism(怀疑) and ridicule by the scientific community. The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum(真空), and was thus completely empty of any matter. But, there were no errors in his study or his calculations, and the theory was later proven to be correct in 1962, when a NASA spacecraft mission to Venus revealed the constant presence of a supersonic wind—exactly as Parker had predicted. That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers: “If you do something new or innovative, expect trouble. But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that.” Parker never co-authored a paper with his students, thus urging them to be independent. Parker was humble, straightforward, and wise. His son Eric said, “My sister Joyce and I didn’t get a real feel for what a ‘big dog’ our dad was in the field.” They got an even better sense when a month after Parker’s death, they traveled to Lund, Sweden, to accept on his behalf the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy. 1.What can we learn from the second paragraph? A.A spacecraft was named in memory of Parker. B.The sun has less effects on Earth than expected. C.Parker deserved credit for his great contributions. D.NASA provided new insights into the lunar effect. 2.Why did people view Parker’s theory of “solar wind” skeptically at first? A.It went against the popular opinion at that time. B.Some mistakes were found in his calculations. C.The presence of a supersonic wind was proven by NASA. D.Matter was believed to exist in the space between planets. 3.What did Parker suggest young researchers do? A.seek close cooperation B.avoid high expectations C.learn by trial and error D.compete against others 4.What words can be used to describe Parker according to the passage? A.straightforward and generous B.responsible and accessible C.intelligent yet conservative D.distinguished yet modest 2. According to body language expert Robert Phipps, the way people sleep at night actually determines a lot about the type of personality they have. Phipps has identified four sleeping positions that affect personality. Phipps found that worriers, those who stress the most, tend to sleep in the fetal(胎儿的)position. He found that this is the most common bedtime position, with nearly 58 percent of people sleeping on their side with knees up and head down. The more we curl up(蜷曲), the more comfort we are seeking, according to Phipps. The second most common position is the log. Sleeping with a straight body, with arms at each side, as if they are standing guard at Buckingham Palace, indicates stubbornness, and these people(the 28 percent who sleep this way)often wake up stiffer than when they went to sleep. “The longer you sleep like this, the more rigid your thinking is and you can become inflexible, which means you make things harder for yourself,” according to Phipps. Yearner(向往型)sleepers are next on the list. About 25 percent of people sleep in this style—on their side with arms stretched out in front, looking as if they are either chasing a dream or perhaps being chased themselves.Yearners are typically their own worst critics, always expecting the best results, explained Phipps. These people often wake up refreshed and eager to face the challenges of the day ahead. Perhaps the most peculiar(奇怪的)of sleep styles is the freefaller position. This sleep style makes up 17 percent of the population. They sleep face down with arms stretched out. These people, according to Phipps, feel like they have little control over their life. Not only is this the strangest of sleep styles, but also the least comfortable, and people may wake up feeling tired and have no energy. In conclusion, Phipps has only one more thing to add: “A good night's sleep sets you up for the following day and our sleeping positions can determine how we feel when we wake.” 5.What is the main idea of the passage? A.A good night's sleep sets you up for the following day. B.Your personality depends a lot on how you sleep at night. C.How you sleep at night affects what you do the next day. D.Which sleeping position helps you sleep comfortably. 6.Which of the following pictures is the fetal position? A. B. C. D. 7.The underlined word “rigid” is closest in meaning to “_”. A.stubborn B.flexible C.comfortable D.strange 8.Which sleeping position indicates that the sleeper tends to seek perfection? A.The fetal position. B.The log position. C.The freefaller position. D.The yearner position. 3. As the saying goes, nobody’s perfect. That means we have room for at least some improvement in our lives. And no, we’re not talking about getting a better-paid job or a new haircut; we’re referring to inner improvement. If you’re wishing for some inner improvement in your lives, consider reading the following books. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Teens written by Sean Covey To make this book age-appropriate and fun to read, Covey breaks up the text with cartoons, quotes, and brainstorming ideas to bring the book together. The book covers topics like body image, friendships, Internet safety, and much more. The book is especially good for teenagers. A New Earth written by Eckhart Tolle The book goes beyond teaching how to live in the moment and helps read 2024年高一英语夯基培优暑假作业(人教版2019) 第09练 阅读理解题型解答必备能力过关练 目 录 01、阅读理解技巧点拨 02、15篇精选阅读理解 01.阅读理解技巧点拨 1. 应用文 2. ( 阅读理解常见文体 )记叙文 3. 说明文 4. 议论文 文体1：应用文 应用文阅读材料大多来自于真实的生活，充满浓郁的时代气息，具有鲜明的语言特色。他们种类繁多，涵盖面广，包括广告、书信、海报、指南、产品介绍、启示、招聘、书评等。 文体特点和阅读策略： （1）语言特点： 语言简练，就其用词来看，文章里有大量生僻的专有名词，如地名、人名、机构名、组织名、书名、作品名等。 （2）结构特点： 应用文主要用于传递信息，高考卷中所采用的应用文通常有2种行文方式。一种是文中的吉泽信息构成平行并列结构，即每一则信息中的项目及其位置有一致性和对应性，几则信息前优势具有用一个段落对文章信息做整体的说明，每个段落围绕小标题呈现某一方面的信息。 （3）答题策略： A.快速浏览知道主题 B.快速读题干，跳读定位信息 应用文范例： Through My Modern Met Academy, our online learning platform, you’ll be inspired in classes taught by industry experts. Learn mixed media skills to take your work to a new level! Intermediate Embroidery (刺绣) With the help of artist Floor Giebels, you’ll get gradual instructions on how to craft embroidery on printed cloth. Giebels will show you how to combine embroidery with cloth decorated with a photograph. Using that as the base, she’ll go into techniques for stitching (缝) over the image and finishing your frame for display. Cost/Time: $34.95/1.3h Architectural Illustration for Everyone Artist Demi Lang will take you through the process of drawing structures step-by-step. You’ll learn how to choose your tools and paper, and analyze the project’s photo. The final assignment is a row of three buildings, which Lang will go through first in line drawing lessons, then inking over the sketch (素描), and adding color to bring it to life. Cost/Time: $45.95/ 3.3h Beyond Botanicals In Anna Zakirova’s class, she shares the secrets to creating flawless pressed flowers and leaves and using them as the basis for original artwork. Intended for beginners, her class starts with a detailed introduction to the proper tools and continues with an example of how to turn several types of flowers into an artwork. Cost/Time: $34.95/ 56min Introduction to Pet Photography Taught by pet photographer Belinda Richards, this class offers in-depth guidance of shooting a gorgeous picture of your dog in a studio setting. Richards will break down how to work with your dog, photograph it, and edit your image. This class is meant for someone who already owns a DSLR camera and has a basic understanding of Photography. 1．What will you learn with Demi Lang? A．Crafting embroidery. B．Drawing buildings. C．Pressing flowers. D．Photographing pets. 2．Which course best suits nature lovers? A．Intermediate Embroidery. B．Architectural Illustration for Everyone. C．Beyond Botanicals. D．Introduction to Pet Photography. 3．What do the courses have in common? A．They are for beginners. B．They involve using photos. C．They are free of charge. D．They offer detailed guidance. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 【导语】这是一篇应用文，文章主要介绍了在线学习平台My Modern Met Academy的情况。 1．细节理解题。根据文章“Architectural Illustration for Everyone”部分的“Artist Demi Lang will take you through the process of drawing structures step-by-step. You’ll learn how to choose your tools and paper, and analyze the project’s photo. The final assignment is a row of three buildings, which Lang will go through first in line drawing lessons, then inking over the sketch (素描), and adding color to bring it to life.(艺术家Demi Lang将带您逐步完成绘制结构的过程。您将学习如何选择工具和纸张，并分析项目的照片。最后的任务是一排三栋建筑，Lang将首先在线条绘制课程中进行，然后在草图上涂墨水，并添加颜色以使其栩栩如生。)”可知从Demi Lang身上可以学到绘制建筑。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章“Beyond Botanicals”部分的“In Anna Zakirova’s class, she shares the secrets to creating flawless pressed flowers and leaves and using them as the basis for original artwork. Intended for beginners, her class starts with a detailed introduction to the proper tools and continues with an example of how to turn several types of flowers into an artwork.(在Anna Zakirova的课堂上，她分享了制作完美压制的花朵和树叶的秘密，并将其作为原创艺术品的基础。她的课程面向初学者，从详细介绍适当的工具开始，并以如何将几种类型的花朵变成艺术品为例继续进行。)”可知，Beyond Botanicals面向初学者，Anna Zakirova在课堂上分享制作完美压制的花朵和树叶的秘密，展示如何将几种类型的花朵变成艺术品；由此可推知，Beyond Botanicals最适合热爱大自然的人。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章“Intermediate Embroidery (刺绣)”部分的“With the help of artist Floor Giebels, you’ll get gradual instructions on how to craft embroidery on printed cloth. Giebels will show you how to combine embroidery with cloth decorated with a photograph. (在艺术家Floor Giebels的帮助下，您将逐步了解如何在印花布上制作刺绣。Giebels将向您展示如何将刺绣与装饰有照片的布料结合起来。)”、“Architectural Illustration for Everyone”部分的“Artist Demi Lang will take you through the process of drawing structures step-by-step.(艺术家Demi Lang将带您逐步完成绘制结构的过程。)”、“Beyond Botanicals”部分的“In Anna Zakirova’s class, she shares the secrets to creating flawless pressed flowers and leaves and using them as the basis for original artwork. Intended for beginners, her class starts with a detailed introduction to the proper tools and continues with an example of how to turn several types of flowers into an artwork.(在Anna Zakirova的课堂上，她分享了创造完美无瑕的花朵和叶子的秘密，并将它们用作原创艺术品的基础。针对初学者，她的课程开始于详细介绍适当的工具，并继续如何把几种类型的花变成艺术品的例子。)”以及“Introduction to Pet Photography”部分的“Taught by pet photographer Belinda Richards, this class offers in-depth guidance of shooting a gorgeous picture of your dog in a studio setting.(由宠物摄影师贝琳达·理查兹教授，本课程提供了在工作室环境中拍摄狗的华丽照片的深入指导。)”可知这些课程的相同之处在于他们都提供详细的指导。故选D项。 文体2：记叙文 记叙文是一种记载和叙述时间由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。高考英语阅读理解中的记叙文类文章一般包括人物传记、哲理或者故事等。人物传记类文章描述某个人的生平事迹，奋斗历程；故事类文章通过一个小故事，说明一个道理。 （1）考察角度： 从命题上看，记叙文阅读理解以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，以观点态度题、写作意图题、词义猜测题和代词指代词题为辅，难度总体上属于中等难度。记叙文阅读理解题要求考生能理清记叙文的顺序与所讲故事的情节，能准确把握任务的情感态度和作者的写作目的。 文体特点与阅读策略： （1）文体和结构特点： 英语记叙文以描写叙述为主，主要描写人物、事件、地点或过程。其特点是：主题往往隐藏在字里行间，没有直接地表达出来；文章主旨要通过任务事件来提炼。文章大多数按照时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。 （2）答题误区： 记叙文阅读理解题的易错点往往在多个事件的先后顺序与人物的情感态度上。 （3）阅读策略： 在做此类题目时，首先要通读全文，弄清六要素和记叙的顺序，特别要注意文章中所提到的多个事件、地点和人物，理清事件的起因、经过和结果；然后阅读题干，在文章中查找相关的信息；最后根据查找到的相关信息做出正确的选择。如果文中所涉及的人物较多，还要弄清人物之间的关系。在答记叙文的七选五阅读理解题时，弄清事件的起因、经过和结果尤其重要，还要注意上下文之间的逻辑关系、句际之间的指代和同词复现等。 记叙文范例： When people ask about my experience of learning Cantonese, I recount a journey driven by unending curiosity and a strong desire to connect with a dynamic culture. Growing up in a Russian family, my fascination with languages grew thanks to my father, a language expert. It’s during a cultural appreciation class in junior high that I was first introduced to the world of Hong Kong films, famous for their characteristic action-packed dramas and storytelling styles. However, what really amazed me was the uniqueness of the language, Cantonese, which sparked a urgent need within me to explore it and the rich culture behind. This marked the beginning of a thrilling linguistic journey. Learning Cantonese posed challenges, such as unfamiliar characters, complex tones, and different grammar structures, yet I persevered. Immersed in textbooks and available online courses, I practiced the tones everyday until my pronunciation flowed naturally. Cantonese dramas and music also played a role in familiarizing me with its rhythm. To truly grasp the essence of Cantonese, I knew that studying alone wasn’t enough — I needed firsthand experience. So, I took a gap year to pack my bags for Hong Kong, a city featuring the lively heartbeat of Cantonese culture. Buried in its busy streets and daily conversations, from casual chats to food ordering, I found myself enveloped in a linguistic wonderland. Within a few months, my Cantonese proficiency flourished, fueling a surge of confidence. My explorations extended beyond the streets. I enrolled in formal language classes that offered professional guidance. Through hard work, I successfully completed all the courses in Cantonese Linguistics. From then on, I’ve been passionately committed to spreading the Cantonese culture, ensuring its richness reaches a wider audience. Today, I continue my Cantonese voyage with unflagging enthusiasm. It has transformed into more than just a linguistic pursuit; it grants me a passport to sincere connections, profound insights, and heartfelt admiration for its one-of-a-kind culture. 1．What motivated the author to start his linguistic journey? A．His father’s intentional arrangement. B．His teacher’s positive encouragement. C．His strong interest in Chinese movies. D．His great passion for cultural exploration. 2．Why did the author head to Hong Kong during the gap year? A．To participate in a language workshop. B．To take a bite of the diverse local food. C．To fully comprehend the spirit of Cantonese. D．To stay well informed about studying abroad. 3．Which best describes the author’s learning process of Cantonese? A．Demanding but strategic. B．Effortless and enjoyable. C．Challenging but creative. D．Adventurous and eventful. 4．What message does the text mainly convey? A．Education is the passport to the future. B．Language is the road map of a culture. C．Opportunity favors the prepared mind. D．Success belongs to those with curiosity. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者学习粤语的经历，这是一段充满好奇心和强烈渴望融入充满活力的文化的旅程，粤语的独特性激发了作者探索这门语言及其背后丰富文化的渴望，他采用了各种方法来学习粤语，还前往香港让自己沉浸在粤语的语言环境中，如今他依旧饱有热情地探索着粤语及其文化。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, what really amazed me was the uniqueness of the language, Cantonese, which sparked a urgent need within me to explore it and the rich culture behind. This marked the beginning of a thrilling linguistic journey. (然而，真正让我惊讶的是粤语的独特性，这激发了我对探索它及其背后丰富文化的迫切需求。这标志着一段激动人心的语言之旅的开始)”可知，促使作者开始他的语言之旅的是他对粤语文化探索的极大热情。故选D项。 5．细节理解题。根据第四段中“To truly grasp the essence of Cantonese, I knew that studying alone wasn’t enough — I needed firsthand experience. So, I took a gap year to pack my bags for Hong Kong, a city featuring the lively heartbeat of Cantonese culture. (要真正掌握粤语的精髓，我知道光靠学习是不够的，我需要亲身体验。因此，我花了一年的时间收拾行李，前往香港，一个以粤语文化的活力中心为特色的城市)”可知，作者在间隔年期间前往香港是为了充分体会粤语的精髓。故选C项。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Learning Cantonese posed challenges, such as unfamiliar characters, complex tones, and different grammar structures, yet I persevered. (学习粤语有很多挑战，比如不熟悉的汉字、复杂的声调和不同的语法结构，但我坚持了下来)”可知，作者学习粤语的过程中面临很多挑战，因此这个过程是费力的。再结合第三段中“Immersed in textbooks and available online courses, I practiced the tones everyday until my pronunciation flowed naturally. Cantonese dramas and music also played a role in familiarizing me with its rhythm. (沉浸在课本和在线课程中，我每天练习音调，直到我的发音自然流畅。粤语剧和音乐也让我熟悉了粤语的节奏)”、第四段中“Buried in its busy streets and daily conversations, from casual chats to food ordering, I found myself enveloped in a linguistic wonderland. (沉浸在繁忙的街道和日常对话中，从闲聊到点餐，我发现自己被笼罩在一个语言仙境中)”和第五段中“My explorations extended beyond the streets. I enrolled in formal language classes that offered professional guidance. (我的探索超越了街道。我参加了提供专业指导的正式语言课程)”可知，作者通过各种手段和媒介来学习粤语，包括课本、在线课程、影视剧、音乐、真实的语言环境、正式的语言课程，因此这个过程也是有策略的。故选A项。 7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中“It has transformed into more than just a linguistic pursuit; it grants me a passport to sincere connections, profound insights, and heartfelt admiration for its one-of-a-kind culture. (它已经不仅仅是一种语言追求；它给了我真诚的联系、深刻的见解和对其独特文化的由衷钦佩的通行证)”可知，文章主要围绕作者学习粤语的经历展开，粤语的独特性激发了作者探索这门语言及其背后丰富文化的渴望，他采用了各种方法来学习粤语，还前往香港让自己沉浸在粤语的语言环境中，如今他依旧饱有热情地探索着粤语及其文化，这段旅程充满好奇心和融入充满活力的文化的强烈渴望。由此可知，语言和文化贯穿了作者的这份经历，文章主要想表达语言是一种文化的路线图，帮助作者了解其背后的文化。故选B项。 文体3：说明文 说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。他通过对实体事物科学的解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事物进行阐述，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有科学的认识，从而获得有关的知识。 文体特点与阅读策略： （1） 语言特点 阅读理解主要考察考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文由于句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。 （2） 结构特点 客观。简练，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。说明文通常采用以下结构形式： 总进式。通常用总--分式、总--分--总式和分--总式结构，完整的“总--分--总”式说明文先总体概括，再分说，最后再总结。 递进式。事理说明文常用这种结构形式，通常由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，一层一层地剖析事理。 并列式。文章各部分的内容没有主次轻重之分。 对照式。通过两个事物的比较和对照说明其异同。 （3）备考误区 A.阅读方法错误 B.基础知识不牢固 （4）阅读策略 A.细读重点 B.有选择的略读或跳读 a.繁琐的例证 b.并列多项列举 c.无关大局的生僻词汇 d.较长的人名、地名 说明文范例： Throughout our daily lives, we have known plenty of people and will know more. But how can we tell if someone is worth our trust? In a paper published recently in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researcher gave us the answer. The researchers asked 401 adults from the United States to fill out a questionnaire measuring their guilt-proneness (内疚倾向) in different situations as well as several other qualities, and then play a short online game. In this game, Player 1 is given 1, which they can choose to give to Player 2. Any money given to Player 2 is then automatically increased to 2.50. Player 2 can then decide whether to keep all of the money or behave in a trustworthy way by returning a part of the money to Player 1. The researchers found more guilt-prone people were more likely to share the money with Player 1. Actually, in follow-up studies, guilt-proneness predicted trustworthiness better than other personality qualities the researchers measured. Why might guilt lead to trustworthy behavior? The researchers found people who were guilt-prone also reported feeling a must to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互动) with their partners in the game. People who are guilt-prone tend to avoid engaging in behavior that might harm or disappoint others. If they do something bad, guilt encourages them to try to make things right again. Then, how can we use this research to ascertain whether someone is trustworthy? “One way to do this might be observe how they respond to experience regret,” lead author Emma Levine, assistant professor at the University of Chicago Levine, explains. Another way is to ask them to describe a difficult dilemma they faced in the past, suggests co-author Taya Cohen, associate professor at Carnegie Mellon University. This is particularly effective, Cohen and her colleagues have found, because it allows us to see if they’re concerted about the effects their actions have on others. 1．What did guilt-prone player 2 tend to do in the online game? A．Keep all the money. B．Share the money with Player 1. C．Return the money to the researchers. D．Spend the money on themselves. 2．Why might guilt lead to trustworthy behavior? A．It encourages people to harm others. B．It makes people feel responsible to act ethically. C．It makes people want to disappoint others. D．It makes people avoid difficult dilemmas. 3．What does the underlined word “ascertain” in the last paragraph mean? A．Ask B．Express C．Describe D．Determine 4．How is the text organized and developed? A．By providing background. B．By making a lot of comparisons. C．By answering the raised questions. D．By analyzing effects of guilt-proneness. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。生活中，我们会遇到各种各样的人，那如何确定一个人是不是值得信任呢？科学家做了一个实验，发现内疚倾向性格的人更值得信任。内疚性格能驱使人的行为更加合乎道德，具有责任感。所以看一个人后悔时的表现以及通过让他描述一个两难事件，就可以确定这个人是否可靠。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“The researchers found more guilt-prone people were more likely to share the money with Player 1. (研究人员发现，更容易感到内疚的人更有可能与玩家1分享这笔钱)”可知，Player 2如果是个容易感到内疚的人，他很有可能和Player 1分享这笔钱。故选B。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段“The researchers found people who were guilt-prone also reported feeling a must to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互动) with their partners in the game. (研究人员发现，那些容易内疚的人在与游戏中的伙伴互动时，也感到必须以道德和负责任的方式行事)”可知内疚感让人们感到有责任以合乎道德的方式行事，从而会做更值得信赖的行为。故选B。 14．词义猜测题。划线词所在的句子是问题，划线词后的内容是回答。根据最后一段Emma Levine所建议的“One way to do this might be observe how they respond to experience regret. (一种方法可能是观察他们对后悔经历的反应)”和Taya Cohen所建议的“Another way is to ask them to describe a difficult dilemma they faced in the past,… (另一种方法是让他们描述他们过去面临的一个困难的困境……)”可知，这两种方式都是在回答如何“决定，确定”一个人是否值得信赖，所以划线词“ascertain”和determine同义。故选D。 15．推理判断题。文章首段提出问题“But how can we tell if someone is worth our trust? (但是我们怎么知道一个人是否值得我们信任呢?)”，下文是通过研究发现内疚倾向的人行为更加可靠，又从心理学角度分析了为什么内疚倾向的人值得信赖。随后推荐给我们两种判断对方是否可靠的办法。最后一段的回答与首段中的问题呼应。故文章是通过问答方式编排的。故选C。 文体4：议论文 议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。文章通常由论点、论据、论证三部分构成，作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非的方法，来论证某种观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种主张。 1.命题特点 考察角度：以细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点的考查。 2.文体特点与阅读策略 （1）语言与结构特点： 议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性，通常采用三段式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）——分析问题（本轮）——解决问题（结论）”。 （2）答题误区： 易错点在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身 （3）阅读策略： 应该从结构和内容2方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来讲，议论文会采用三段式结构。 议论文范例： Intelligence is traditionally viewed as the ability to think and learn. Yet in a complex world, there’s another set of cognitive (认知的) skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink. Therefore, my aim in this book is to explore how rethinking happens by seeking out the most convincing evidence and some of the world’s most skilled rethinkers. The first section focuses on opening our own minds. You’ll find out why a forward-thinking businessman got trapped in the past, how a Nobel Prize-winning scientist welcomes the joy of being wrong, how the world’s best forecasters update their views, and how an Oscar-winning filmmaker has productive fights. The second section examines how we can encourage other people to think again. You’ll learn how an international debate champion wins arguments and an African-American musician persuades people to abandon discrimination (歧视). You’ll discover how a special kind of listening helped an officer convince the opposing side to join in peace talks. And if you’re a Yankees fan, I’m going to see if I can convince you to root for the Red Sox. The third section is about how we can create communities of lifelong learners. In social life, a lab that specializes in difficult conversations will cast light on how we can communicate better about debated issues like climate change. In schools, you’ll find out how educators teach kids to think again by treating classrooms like museums, and approaching projects like rewriting time-honored textbooks. I close by examining the importance of reconsidering our best-laid plans. This book is an invitation to let go of knowledge and opinions that are no longer serving you well, and to establish your sense of self in flexibility rather than consistency. If you can master the art of rethinking, I believe you’ll be better positioned for success at work and happiness in life. Thinking again can help you generate new solutions to old problems and revisit old solutions to new problems. It’s a path to learning more from the people around you and living with fewer regrets. 1．How does the author explain his or her ideas in the book? A．By quoting famous sayings. B．By reviewing traditional theories. C．By presenting research results. D．By providing various examples. 2．Which of the following is probably covered in the second section? A．Helping a student with a complex math problem. B．Walking an athlete through a detailed training plan. C．Talking a friend into trying a different dressing style. D．Guiding an employee to build a successful career path. 3．What does the author suggest readers do in the third section? A．Find faults in textbooks. B．Reflect on existing ideas. C．Engage in climate debates. D．Change classroom decorations. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Rethinking: Find New Ways to Success B．Intelligence: the Ability to Think and Learn C．How Can We Adapt to a Complex World? D．Why Does Rethinking Improve Intelligence? 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者认为在传统观念中，智力被视为思考和学习的能力，但在现实世界中，重新思考的认知技能可能更加重要。 8．细节理解题。结合第二段“You’ll find out why a forward-thinking businessman got trapped in the past, how a Nobel Prize-winning scientist welcomes the joy of being wrong, how the world’s best forecasters update their views, and how an Oscar-winning filmmaker has productive fights.(你会发现为什么一个有远见的商人会被困在过去，一个诺贝尔奖得主科学家如何欢迎犯错的喜悦，世界上最好的预测家如何更新他们的观点，以及一个奥斯卡获奖电影制作人如何进行富有成效的斗争。)”，第三段中“You’ll learn how an international debate champion wins arguments and an African-American musician persuades people to abandon discrimination (歧视). You’ll discover how a special kind of listening helped an officer convince the opposing side to join in peace talks.(你会学到一个国际辩论冠军如何赢得争论，一个非裔美国音乐家如何说服人们放弃歧视。你会发现一种特殊的倾听方式是如何帮助一名军官说服对方加入和平谈判的)”和第四段中“In schools, you’ll find out how educators teach kids to think again by treating classrooms like museums, and approaching projects like rewriting time-honored textbooks(在学校里，你会发现教育工作者是如何通过把教室当作博物馆来教孩子重新思考的，以及通过改写历史悠久的教科书来实现这些项目的)”可知，作者举了几个例子，如一位诺贝尔奖获得者如何乐于接受犯错的喜悦、一位奥斯卡获奖电影制片人如何进行富有成效的斗争、一位国际辩论冠军如何赢得辩论以及一位非裔美国音乐家如何说服人们摒弃歧视等，来寻找最有说服力的证据。这表明作者在书中使用了各种不同的例子来支持和解释自己的观点。故选D。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The second section examines how we can encourage other people to think again.(第二部分探讨了我们如何鼓励其他人重新思考。)”以及段内的具体例子可知，第二部分将探讨如何鼓励他人重新思考。作者在该部分中举了国际辩论冠军如何赢得辩论、非裔美国音乐家如何说服人们摒弃歧视以及一位军官如何劝服对方参与和平谈判的例子。因此，“劝说朋友尝试不同的着装风格”可能会在第二部分中涉及。故选C。 10．考查推理判断题。根据第四段中“In social life, a lab that specializes in difficult conversations ...approaching projects like rewriting time-honored textbooks.(在社交生活中，专门研究困难对话的实验室将揭示我们如何更好地就气候变化等有争议的问题进行沟通。)”可知，在社交生活中，一个专门研究困难对话的实验室将有助于我们更好地就气候变化等有争议的问题进行沟通。在学校里，你会发现教育工作者是如何通过把教室当作博物馆，以及像重写历史悠久的教科书这样的项目来教导孩子们重新思考的。由此可知，在第三部分中，作者建议读者要反思现有的想法。故选B。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文内容可知，本文探讨了重新思考的重要性以及如何应用重新思考的技巧。作者通过引用实例和研究结果，呼吁读者放下不再有益的知识和观点。结合最后一段中的“If you can master the art of rethinking, I believe you’ll be better positioned for success at work and happiness in life.(如果你能掌握重新思考的艺术，我相信您将能够更好地获得工作成功和生活幸福。)”可知，重新思考的艺术对人的工作和生活都有重要意义。因此，A项“重新思考：寻找通往成功的新路径”适合作为文章标题。故选A。 阅读高频考点 超重点1 1 理解主旨要义——主旨大意题 1.考查形式：归纳文章标题、概括文章大意、总结段落大意。主旨大意题题干经常会出现下列词语： subject， topic， theme， title，main idea. 2.干扰项的特征： （1）以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄，只阐述了文章的一部分内容。 （2）断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。 （3）主题扩大。概括的范围过大，超过文章实际讨论的内容。 （4）似是而非。选项中的关键词在文章中出现了，但认真分析后发现他与文章的主旨毫无联系或者关联不大。 （5）张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。 3.解题的基本思路： 通过略读，捕捉并关联文中的关键词和主题句，把握文章的篇章结构。可采用的方法有。 （1）逆向法。此法特别适用于标题归纳题。对于四个选项，可以分别按照命题作者的思路将题目展开，思考提纲和主要内容，然后分别与原文对照，最相似者为最佳选项。 （2）归纳法。如果文章各段的主题句较醒目或易于归纳，此法尤其适用。主题句的位置一般在段首，考生可根据各段的主题句之间的逻辑关系，归纳出文章的主旨大意。 （3）选珠连串法。当文章的段落层次不是很清晰、段落主题句不易归纳时，可以罗列文章中的卓多案例或情节，从中选出共同的内容，能够串珠引线的就是主旨大意。 （4）逻辑排他法。思考作者行文时的逻辑选择：为什麽下一句就是这句话而不是那句话。阅读时，考生要学会找出句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，这样就很容易归纳出段落和全文的主旨大意。 超重点2 做出推理和判断——推理判断题 推理判断题是高中英语阅读理解的重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题在阅读理解中属于难度较大的题型，通常占阅读理解总题数的20%-30%。仅次于细节理解题。主要的几种题型： 推断隐含意义；对文章内容进行预测和想象；推断人物性格，推断文章出处或读者对象;推断篇章结构。 预测2018年高考中推理判断题目仍将是考查的重点，题目的设置仍将以多层次细节推理判断和逻辑推理判断为主。 考点1 推断隐含意义 考点2 对文章的内容进行预测与想象 考点3 推断人物性格 考点4 推断文章出处或读者对象 考点5 推断篇章结构 超重点3 理解作者的意图、观点和态度--写作意图题、观点态度题 作者的意图、观点和态度题考生具有较高层次的阅读技能，包括在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，在较高深的措辞中探索作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图。常见的意图、观点和态度题考查学生对文章的写作意图和作者及文中人物的主观态度题的把握以及分析作者描述某些细节的意图的能力。此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。 考点1 写作意图题 此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的客观事实使读者信服某种想法或观点。这类题型要求考生不仅能理解文章的内容，还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及使用的写作手法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。 整篇文章的写作意图的常见设问方式有： （1）For what purpose did the author write the passage？ （2）The writer writes this passage in order to ___ （3）The purpose of the text is to___ 某处细节的写作目的的常见设问方式有： （1）What is the purpose of the last part of the text？ （2）The writer uses...in the first paragraph to___ （3）The writer uses the example of ...to___ 考点2 观点态度题 观点态度题是高考的常考点。作者及文中人物的态度、思想倾向是指作者及文中人物对观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不决，对记叙和描写的人、物、事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠还是厌恶憎恨。作者及文中人物的这种思想往往隐含在文章的字里行间或者流露于修饰的词语中。因此，在做此类题时，应特别注意作者及文中人物的措辞。常见的标志是题目中出现attitude，opinion等词。常见的设问方式有： (1) The attitude of the author towards ...is___. (2) What is the author’ s opinion on...? (3) What is the writer’s attitude towards...? (4) What does ...think about...? 超重点4 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义--词义猜测题 考查范围主要在以下几个方面：生词、短语、熟词生义、句子和代词的指代。 常见的设问方式有以下几种： What does the underlined word...in Paragraph ...refer to? What does the underlined phrase...in Paragraph...refer to? What does the underlined word ...in Paragraph ...mean? What does the author mean by...in Paragraph...? 考点1 利用构词法猜词义 1.合成法。合成法是指2个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说，新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思的综合。例如：workmate是由work 和 mate 组合成的新单词，它的意思是“工友，同事”。这样的单词在平时阅读中经常见到，也比较容易猜测出他们的意思。 2.派生法。他是通过在基础词根上添加前缀或者后缀来构造新词。一般来说，前缀改变词义不改变词性；而后缀改变词性不改变词义。例如：dis-，un-，im-，in-，non-，mis-等是一些表示否定或者相反意思的前缀，它们用在单词的前面往往构成原单词的反义词。如appear-disappear，possible-impossible，like-unlike等。 3.转换法。把一种词性用作另一种词性而词性不变的方法叫做转化法。例如：The author emptied all his pockets to find his ticket. Empty 由形容词转化用作动词，在此表示“空”的意思。 考点2 利用逻辑关系猜词义 1.并列关系 用于中可以使用also，as...as,similarly, and, so , or ,just likewise 等词语表示相同或者相近的意思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中一个单词，就可以推测另外一个单词的意思。如： Mr. Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.(健谈的) 2.转折关系 but，however, despite,while, unlike 等。 3.因果关系 because，since，for，as,so,as a result, thus,therefore 等。 考点3 利用语法关系猜词义 1.下定义。Mean, refer to,is, that is ,namely 等后的内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的，可以帮助猜测词义。 2.定语从句 3.同位语。同位语是对其前面的内容进行解释说明的，所以，同位语也是猜测单词同义的一个好办法。 4.自问自答 5.举例 6.标点符号 考点4 利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义 例如：The snake slithered through the grass. Most of the flowers are beginning to wither because of the cold weather. 02. 15篇精选阅读理解 1. Eugene Newman Parker, a leading figure in heliospheric(日球层的) physics for the past half century, passed away peacefully at his home in Chicago on Mar. 15. He was 94. Hailed(誉为) as a visionary in the field of heliophysics, Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system. NASA even stated that “the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr. Eugene Parker. In 2018, Parker became the first living scientist to witness the launch of a spacecraft that was named in his honor. Parker is best known for his groundbreaking theory on the existence of a phenomenon called “solar wind”, a continuous stream of charged particles that flow off the sun. It can become violent, causing space weather that impacts the Earth. When Parker’s research was published in 1958, his theory was initially met with skepticism(怀疑) and ridicule by the scientific community. The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum(真空), and was thus completely empty of any matter. But, there were no errors in his study or his calculations, and the theory was later proven to be correct in 1962, when a NASA spacecraft mission to Venus revealed the constant presence of a supersonic wind—exactly as Parker had predicted. That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers: “If you do something new or innovative, expect trouble. But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that.” Parker never co-authored a paper with his students, thus urging them to be independent. Parker was humble, straightforward, and wise. His son Eric said, “My sister Joyce and I didn’t get a real feel for what a ‘big dog’ our dad was in the field.” They got an even better sense when a month after Parker’s death, they traveled to Lund, Sweden, to accept on his behalf the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy. 1．What can we learn from the second paragraph? A．A spacecraft was named in memory of Parker. B．The sun has less effects on Earth than expected. C．Parker deserved credit for his great contributions. D．NASA provided new insights into the lunar effect. 2．Why did people view Parker’s theory of “solar wind” skeptically at first? A．It went against the popular opinion at that time. B．Some mistakes were found in his calculations. C．The presence of a supersonic wind was proven by NASA． D．Matter was believed to exist in the space between planets. 3．What did Parker suggest young researchers do? A．seek close cooperation B．avoid high expectations C．learn by trial and error D．compete against others 4．What words can be used to describe Parker according to the passage? A．straightforward and generous B．responsible and accessible C．intelligent yet conservative D．distinguished yet modest 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了日球物理学的领军人物，尤金·纽曼·帕克的贡献以及他对年轻人的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system. (帕克彻底改变了我们对太阳及其对地球和太阳系内其他天体的影响的认识。)”以及“NASA even stated that “the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr. Eugene Parker. (美国宇航局甚至表示，“太阳物理学领域的存在在很大程度上要归功于尤金·帕克博士。”)”可知，帕克对整个日球物理学领域做出了极大的贡献，他是值得赞扬的。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“ When Parker’s research was published in 1958, his theory was initially met with skepticism(怀疑) and ridicule by the scientific community.(当帕克的研究成果于1958年发表时，他的理论最初遭到了科学界的质疑和嘲笑。)”以及“The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum(真空), and was thus completely empty of any matter. (当时的普遍观点是，行星之间的空间是绝对真空的，因此完全没有任何物质。)”可知，人们起初对帕克的“太阳风”理论持怀疑态度，因为它违背了当时的流行观点。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers: “If you do something new or innovative, expect trouble. But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that.” (这段经历可能导致了帕克经常给年轻研究人员的建议：“如果你做了一些新的或创新的事情，预计会有麻烦。但要批判性地思考，因为如果你错了，你想成为第一个知道这一点的人。”)”可知，帕克给年轻人的建议是从错误和尝试中学习。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Hailed(誉为) as a visionary in the field of heliophysics, Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system. (被誉为作为太阳物理学领域的梦想家，帕克彻底改变了我们对太阳及其对地球和太阳系内其他天体影响的理解。)”以及根据最后一段中“Parker was humble, straightforward, and wise.( 帕克谦逊、直率、睿智。)”可知，帕克是杰出但谦逊的。故选D。 2. According to body language expert Robert Phipps, the way people sleep at night actually determines a lot about the type of personality they have. Phipps has identified four sleeping positions that affect personality. Phipps found that worriers, those who stress the most, tend to sleep in the fetal(胎儿的)position. He found that this is the most common bedtime position, with nearly 58 percent of people sleeping on their side with knees up and head down. The more we curl up(蜷曲), the more comfort we are seeking, according to Phipps. The second most common position is the log. Sleeping with a straight body, with arms at each side, as if they are standing guard at Buckingham Palace, indicates stubbornness, and these people(the 28 percent who sleep this way)often wake up stiffer than when they went to sleep. “The longer you sleep like this, the more rigid your thinking is and you can become inflexible, which means you make things harder for yourself,” according to Phipps. Yearner(向往型)sleepers are next on the list. About 25 percent of people sleep in this style—on their side with arms stretched out in front, looking as if they are either chasing a dream or perhaps being chased themselves.Yearners are typically their own worst critics, always expecting the best results, explained Phipps. These people often wake up refreshed and eager to face the challenges of the day ahead. Perhaps the most peculiar(奇怪的)of sleep styles is the freefaller position. This sleep style makes up 17 percent of the population. They sleep face down with arms stretched out. These people, according to Phipps, feel like they have little control over their life. Not only is this the strangest of sleep styles, but also the least comfortable, and people may wake up feeling tired and have no energy. In conclusion, Phipps has only one more thing to add: “A good night's sleep sets you up for the following day and our sleeping positions can determine how we feel when we wake.” 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．A good night's sleep sets you up for the following day. B．Your personality depends a lot on how you sleep at night. C．How you sleep at night affects what you do the next day. D．Which sleeping position helps you sleep comfortably. 6．Which of the following pictures is the fetal position? A． B． C． D． 7．The underlined word “rigid” is closest in meaning to “________”． A．stubborn B．flexible C．comfortable D．strange 8．Which sleeping position indicates that the sleeper tends to seek perfection? A．The fetal position. B．The log position. C．The freefaller position. D．The yearner position. 【答案】5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了肢体语言专家Robert Phipps发现，人们在晚上的睡姿说明了人们的个性特点。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段“According to body language expert Robert Phipps, the way people sleep at night actually determines a lot about the type of personality they have. Phipps has identified four sleeping positions that affect personality.”(根据肢体语言专家罗伯特·菲普斯的说法，人们晚上睡觉的方式，很大程度上决定了他们的性格类型。菲普斯发现了四种会影响人格的睡姿)，接着文章分别介绍了这四种睡姿的人们具有不同的性格特点。所以，文章的主题是你的性格很大程度上取决于你在晚上的睡姿，与选项B“Your personality depends a lot on how you sleep at night.”(你的个性很大程度上取决于你晚上睡姿)符合，故选B。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段“Phipps found that worriers, those who stress the most, tend to sleep in the fetal(胎儿的)position. He found that this is the most common bedtime position, with nearly 58 percent of people sleeping on their side with knees up and head down.”(菲普斯发现，那些压力最大的焦虑者，倾向于像胎儿一样睡觉。他发现这是最常见的就寝姿势，将近58%的人侧睡，膝盖抬起，头低下)可知，胎儿睡姿是侧睡，膝盖抬起，头低下，故选D。 7．词义猜测题。根据第三段“Sleeping with a straight body, with arms at each side, as if they are standing guard at Buckingham Palace, indicates stubbornness,”(睡觉时，身体很直，胳膊放在两侧。好像他们正站在那守卫白金汉宫一样，这种睡姿表明他们很固执)以及第四段““The longer you sleep like this, the more rigid your thinking is and you can become inflexible, which means you make things harder for yourself,” according to Phipps.”(菲普斯说：“你这样睡得越久，你的思维就越固执，你就会变得僵化，这意味着你让自己的处境更加艰难。”)可知，这种睡姿表明人们很固执，所以这样睡得越久，思维就会变得越固执，由此可知画横线单词“rigid”表示“僵化的；固执的”与stubborn(固执的)意思最为接近，B. flexible灵活的；C. comfortable舒服的；D. strange奇怪的。故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据第五段中的第三句话“Yearners are typically their own worst critics, always expecting the best results, explained Phipps.”(菲普斯解释说，向往型睡姿是典型的对自己要求严格，总是期待最好的结果)可知，向往型睡姿表明睡眠者倾向追求完美，故选D。 3. As the saying goes, nobody’s perfect. That means we have room for at least some improvement in our lives. And no, we’re not talking about getting a better-paid job or a new haircut; we’re referring to inner improvement. If you’re wishing for some inner improvement in your lives, consider reading the following books. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Teens written by Sean Covey To make this book age-appropriate and fun to read, Covey breaks up the text with cartoons, quotes, and brainstorming ideas to bring the book together. The book covers topics like body image, friendships, Internet safety, and much more. The book is especially good for teenagers. A New Earth written by Eckhart Tolle The book goes beyond teaching how to live in the moment and helps readers learn how to turn their suffering into peace. All types of suffering are addressed in the book. Whether your suffering is caused by anger, sadness, anxiety, or others, Tolle will help you see life from varied ways, awakening you to your life’s purpose. Declutter Your Mind written by Barrie Davenport This book is full of various exercises. You’ll learn how to change negative thoughts to positive ones, strategies to help with relationships, how to identify what’s important to you, how to set goals, and much more. This powerful book will do its part in offering various tips to deal with an overactive mind. Big Magic written by Elizabeth Gilbert From creating new habits to dealing with fear and surrounding yourself with like-minded individuals, Gilbert analyzes the difficulties a creative person may face in pursuing his dreams. The best part of this book is the usage of stories from regular men and women across the country. 9．Which book best suits one who’s struggling to find life’s purpose? A．The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Teens. B．A New Earth. C．Declutter Your Mind. D．Big Magic. 10．Who uses real-life examples in his or her book? A．Sean Covey. B．Eckhart Tolle. C．Barrie Davenport. D．Elizabeth Gilbert. 11．What type of books are the four books? A．Self-help books. B．Science books. C．Health books. D．Adventure books. 【答案】9．B 10．D 11．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章就内在的改善方面推荐了四本书。 9．细节理解题。由文章A New Earth written by Eckhart Tolle中“The book goes beyond teaching how to live in the moment and helps readers learn how to turn their suffering into peace. All types of suffering are addressed in the book. Whether your suffering is caused by anger, sadness, anxiety, or others, Tolle will help you see life from varied ways, awakening you to your life’s purpose.(这本书不仅教会读者如何活在当下，还帮助读者学会如何将痛苦转化为和平。书中提到了所有类型的痛苦。无论你的痛苦是由愤怒、悲伤、焦虑还是其他原因引起的，Tolle都会帮助你从不同的角度看待生活，唤醒你的人生目标。)”可知，A New Earth这本书最适合努力寻找人生目标的人。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。由Big Magic written by Elizabeth Gilbert中“The best part of this book is the usage of stories from regular men and women across the country.(这本书最精彩的部分是使用了来自全国各地普通男女的故事。)”可知，Elizabeth Gilbert在书中使用真实的例子。故选D项。 11．细节理解题。由文章第一段“As the saying goes, nobody’s perfect. That means we have room for at least some improvement in our lives. And no, we’re not talking about getting a better-paid job or a new haircut; we’re referring to inner improvement. If you’re wishing for some inner improvement in your lives, consider reading the following books.(俗话说，人无完人。这意味着我们的生活至少还有一些改善的空间。不，我们不是在谈论找一份薪水更高的工作或新发型；我们指的是内在的改善。如果你希望自己的生活有所改善，可以考虑阅读以下书籍。)”可知，这四本书都是自我帮助类型的书籍。故选A项。 4. Erin Alexander’s sister-in-law recently died, and she was having a hard day. A barista (咖啡师) was too. The coffee machine had broken down and she was clearly stressed. Ms. Alexander ordered an iced green tea, and told her to hang in there. After picking up her order, she noticed a message on the cup: “Erin,” the barista had drawn next to a heart, “your soul is golden.” “I’m not sure I even necessarily know what ‘your soul is golden’ means,” said Ms. Alexander, who laughed and cried while recalling the incident. But the warmth of that small and unexpected gesture, from a stranger who had no idea of what she was going through, moved her deeply. “Of course, I was still really sad,” Ms. Alexander said. “But that little thing made the rest of my day.” New findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, prove just how powerful experiences like Ms. Alexander’s can be. Researchers found that people who perform a random (随意的) act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the receiver will appreciate it. And they believe that miscalculation could hold many of us back from doing nice things for others more often. A recent study consisted of eight small experiments that varied in design and participants. In one, for example, people were told they could give a cupcake away to strangers, and were asked to rate their own mood as well as how they believed the receiver would feel. The researchers found that those who got a cupcake as a result of a random act of kindness felt better than the person on the giving end thought they would. “People tend to think that what they are giving is kind of little; maybe it’s relatively unimportant,” Dr. Kumar, an assistant professor of marketing and psychology at the University of Texas, Austin, said. “But receivers are less likely to think along those lines. They consider the gesture to be significantly more meaningful because they are also thinking about the fact that someone did something nice for them.” If you are not already in the habit of performing random kind acts—or if it does not come naturally to you—Marisa Franco, a psychologist, said to start by thinking about what you like to do. “It’s not about you being like, ‘Oh man, now I have to learn how to bake cookies in order to be nice.’ It’s about: What skills and talents do you already have? And how can you turn that into an offering for other people?” 12．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To provide some background information on the study. B．To introduce the topic. C．To praise the random acts of kindness. D．To illustrate the power of kindness. 13．How was the study carried out? A．By stating the facts. B．By listing examples. C．By comparing the feelings. D．By listing statistics. 14．What should people do according to Marisa Franco? A．Do whatever they like to do. B．Learn how to bake cookies. C．Do what they can to help others. D．Try to gain some new skills and talents. 15．What message does the passage convey? A．Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. B．Well begun is half done. C．One good turn deserves another. D．Practice virtue however little it is. 【答案】12．B 13．C 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明随机做出善意举动的人往往会低估接受者的感激程度，因此建议我们运用自己所能去帮助他人。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But the warmth of that small and unexpected gesture, from a stranger who had no idea of what she was going through, moved her deeply. ‘Of course, I was still really sad,’Ms. Alexander said. ‘But that little thing made the rest of my day.’(但是，那个不知道她正在经历什么的咖啡师，用一个小小的、意想不到的举动表达的温暖深深地打动了她。Erin说：‘当然，我还是很难过。但那件小事让我度过了余下的一天。’)”和第二段开头的“New findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, prove just how powerful experiences like Ms. Alexander’s can be. (发表在《实验心理学杂志》上的新发现证实了像Erin这样的经历有多么强大。)”可知，第一段中Erin的经历表明了不经意的友善的举动可以给接受者带来巨大的触动，第二段开始引入本文的主体内容：一项针对这种不经意的友善的举动的研究。由此可知，作者在第一段中提到Erin的经历是为了介绍话题。故选B项。 13． 推理判断题。根据第三段中“In one, for example, people were told they could give a cupcake away to strangers, and were asked to rate their own mood as well as how they believed the receiver would feel. The researchers found that those who got a cupcake as a result of a random act of kindness felt better than the person on the giving end thought they would.(在一项实验中，人们被告知他们可以把一个纸杯蛋糕送给陌生人，并被要求评价自己的情绪以及他们认为接受者的感受。研究人员发现，那些因为随机的善举而得到纸杯蛋糕的人感觉比给予的人想象的要好。)”可知，在该研究中，送纸杯蛋糕的人的感受、他们认为的接受者的感受会和接受者真实的感受被进行比较。由此可知，实验通过比较感受进行。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“It’s about: What skills and talents do you already have? And how can you turn that into an offering for other people?(它是关于：你已经拥有哪些技能和才能？你怎么能把它变成对别人的奉献？)”可知，Marisa Franco建议人们运用自己已有的能力和技能去帮助他人。故选C项。 15． 主旨大意题。由文章第二段“Researchers found that people who perform a random (随意的) act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the receiver will appreciate it. And they believe that miscalculation could hold many of us back from doing nice things for others more often.(研究人员发现，那些随意做出善意行为的人往往会低估接受者的感激程度。他们认为，误判可能会阻碍我们中的许多人更多地为他人做好事。)” 以及上下文及可知，文章介绍了一项研究表明随机做出善意举动的人往往会低估接受者的感激程度，因此无论善意有多微小，我们都可以运用自己所能去帮助他人。因此，D项Practice virtue however little it is.(无论多么微小，都践行善意)符合文章主旨。故选D项。 5. A small sensor (传感器) worn on the neck containing wires can monitor how much we move while sitting too long, and encourage people to get up and exercise. Nowadays more and more people experienced neck and shoulder pain — a problem of the changing way we work. But moving regularly while sitting can prevent problems. Zhengbao Yang at City University of Hong Kong and his colleagues have developed small, stretchable sensors that are powered by electricity-charge that is generated through squeezing or stressing suitable materials. The sensor monitors the movement of the neck and is powered by two layers of piezoelectric (压电的) material folded in a structure from kirigami, which is related to the art of paper folding. When the wearer moves, the sensor changes its shape and sends charge to a microcontroller that can register the movement with an accuracy of 95 percent, displaying this on a computer. “We can use this material to change stress into voltage (电压), then we can measure the joint motion by using that,” says Yang. If the wearer doesn’t move his/her neck or shoulder more than 10 times in every half hour, a prompt is displayed on the computer. “The sensor offers a new and novel design within a small package which is perfect for the placement on the body,” says Jonathan Aitken at the University of Sheffield, UK. “The sensor clearly succeeds in the general aim to indicate inactivity, although it would be interesting to research further into its characteristics, reliability and sensitivity.” Aitken says this could help generate more accurate monitoring of motion that would make the sensor more powerful. For Yang, the sensor could move from the lab to real life as it is. “We already have a patent (专利) on this technology,” he says. “We’re thinking about how to license this patent to local industry, to bring benefits to society.” 16．Why did Yang develop the sensor? A．To change the way people work. B．To improve the effect of exercise. C．To cure neck and shoulder pain. D．To remind people of inactivity. 17．What do we know about the sensor? A．It can function smartly. B．It is driven by hand C．It has a fixed shape. D．It is completely reliable. 18．What does the underlined word “prompt” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．A problem. B．A sign. C．A procedure. D．A virus. 19．What does Jonathan Aitken imply in Paragraph 5? A．The sensor provides perfect information. B．The sensor is traditionally designed. C．The sensor is a successful invention. D．The sensor needs to be improved immediately. 【答案】16．D 17．A 18．B 19．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种小型传感器，可佩戴在颈部，监测长时间坐着时的活动情况，并鼓励人们起身运动。 16．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A small sensor (传感器) worn on the neck containing wires can monitor how much we move while sitting too long, and encourage people to get up and exercise.(戴在脖子上的一个装有电线的小传感器可以监测我们坐得太久时的运动量，并鼓励人们站起来运动)”和倒数第二段中“The sensor clearly succeeds in the general aim to indicate inactivity, although it would be interesting to research further into its characteristics, reliability and sensitivity.(尽管进一步研究其特性、可靠性和灵敏度将是有趣的，但该传感器显然成功地实现了指示不活动的总体目标。)”可知，杨开发这种传感器是为了提醒人们活动不够（inactivity），需要站起来运动。故选D项。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“A small sensor (传感器) worn on the neck containing wires can monitor how much we move while sitting too long, and encourage people to get up and exercise.(戴在脖子上的一个装有电线的小传感器可以监测我们坐得太久时的运动量，并鼓励人们站起来锻炼)”和第四段中“When the wearer moves, the sensor changes its shape and sends charge to a microcontroller that can register the movement with an accuracy of 95 percent, displaying this on a computer. “We can use this material to change stress into voltage (电压), then we can measure the joint motion by using that,”(当穿戴者移动时，传感器会改变其形状并向微控制器发送电荷，该微控制器可以以95%的精度记录运动，并在计算机上显示。‘我们可以用这种材料将应力转化为电压，然后我们可以用它来测量关节运动。’)”可推知，传感器监测运动并发送提示以鼓励锻炼，表明它具有某种程度的智能功能。故选A项。 18．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“If the wearer doesn’t move his/her neck or shoulder more than 10 times in every half hour, a prompt is displayed on the computer.(如果佩戴者在半小时内脖子或肩膀的活动次数不超过10次，电脑上就会显示prompt。)”中“...displayed on the computer”可推知，prompt是在电脑上显示的“提示”，与sign同义。故选B项。 19．推理判断题。根据第五段中Jonathan Aitken的话“The sensor offers a new and novel design within a small package which is perfect for the placement on the body,(该传感器在一个小的封装内提供了一个新颖的设计，非常适合放置在身体上。)”和“The sensor clearly succeeds in the general aim to indicate inactivity, although it would be interesting to research further into its characteristics, reliability and sensitivity.(尽管进一步研究其特性、可靠性和灵敏度将会很有趣的，但该传感器显然成功地实现了指示不活动的总体目标。)”可推知，Jonathan Aitken认为传感器是一项成功的发明。故选C项。 6. After most people complete their undergraduate degree, they either take a break or jump into a job. Few, like Brianna Craft, set out to save the world. It started when she was a freshman sitting in an environmental studies class in 2006. Craft was shocked when the professor described the harm climate change was having on people. She records the moment in her new book, Everything That Rises: A Climate Change Memoir. After graduation, Craft spent a year in AmeriCorps, focusing on protecting the environment. AmeriCorps is an organization connecting individuals and organizations to help communities tackle their toughest challenges. “That helped me figure out that my future was not in doing science,” she says. Instead, she wanted to work with people and policy. She then had an opportunity to attend the UN climate negotiations (磋商). That, in turn, prepared her for her current role as a senior researcher at the London-based International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Her focus is to ensure that the lowest contributors to greenhouse gases and those most affected by climate change have a voice in international climate negotiations. For five years, Craft attended and supported climate conferences around the world, leading to the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015. Craft says, “I wanted people to care about the work I did in the climate negotiations, and why we pushed so hard to form this agreement.” That led her to write Everything That Rises: A Climate Change Memoir. Craft brings the viewpoint of an African American woman from a rural northwest community. She weaves (编织) together several storylines-including her difficult childhood with an irresponsible parent, her self-discovery in college and her work to help work towards climate agreements and ensure that even the smallest countries have a voice. 20．What motivated Craft to work on climate change? A．A course. B．A book. C．A scientist. D．A program. 21．How did the experience in AmeriCorps help Craft? A．She made achievements. B．She fell in love with science. C．She got inspiration for her book. D．She was clearer about her career path. 22．What does Craft do as a senior researcher at the IIED? A．She promotes equal rights to speak among countries. B．She focuses on removing greenhouse gases in London. C．She ensures climate negotiations are the UN’s top priority. D．She speaks for the countries producing the most greenhouse gases. 23．Which of the following words best describes Craft’s job? A．Boring. B．Risky. C．Fruitful. D．Well-paid. 【答案】20．A 21．D 22．A 23．C 【导语】本文是记叙文。讲述了环境保护主义者克拉夫为应对气候变化做出的贡献。 20．细节理解题。根据第二段的“It started when she was a freshman sitting in an environmental studies class in 2006. Craft was shocked when the professor described the harm climate change was having on people. She records the moment in her new book, Everything That Rises: A Climate Change Memoir.( 2006年，她还是一名大一新生，坐在一门环境研究课上。当教授描述气候变化对人类的危害时，克拉夫特感到震惊。她在她的新书《崛起的一切：气候变化回忆录》中记录了这一时刻。)”和第三段“After graduation, Craft spent a year in AmeriCorps, focusing on protecting the environment.(毕业后，克拉夫特在美国服务队呆了一年，专注于保护环境。)”可知，一门课程激励Craft致力于天气变化。故选A。 21．细节理解题。根据第三段的“AmeriCorps is an organization connecting individuals and organizations to help communities tackle their toughest challenges. “That helped me figure out that my future was not in doing science,” she says. Instead, she wanted to work with people and policy.(美国志愿队是一个将个人和组织联系起来，帮助社区应对最严峻挑战的组织。“这让我明白，我的未来不是做科学，”她说。相反，她想与人民和政策打交道。)”可知，在美国志愿队的经历让克拉夫对于自己的事业之路更加清晰。故选D。 22．细节理解题。根据第四段的“That, in turn, prepared her for her current role as a senior researcher at the London-based International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Her focus is to ensure that the lowest contributors to greenhouse gases and those most affected by climate change have a voice in international climate negotiations.(这反过来又为她现在担任伦敦国际环境与发展研究所(IIED)高级研究员的角色做好了准备。她的重点是确保温室气体排放最少的国家和受气候变化影响最严重的国家在国际气候谈判中有发言权。)”可知，克拉夫作为伦敦国际环境与发展研究所(IIED)高级研究员工作的重点是提倡国家间的平等发言权。故选A。 23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“For five years, Craft attended and supported climate conferences around the world, leading to the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015. Craft says, “I wanted people to care about the work I did in the climate negotiations, and why we pushed so hard to form this agreement.” That led her to write Everything That Rises: A Climate Change Memoir.( 五年来，克拉夫特参加并支持了世界各地的气候会议，并于2015年签署了《巴黎协定》。克拉夫特说:“我希望人们关心我在气候谈判中所做的工作，以及我们为什么如此努力地达成这项协议。”这让她写出了《崛起的一切：气候变化回忆录》。”可推断，克拉夫工作成就硕果累累。故选C。 7. Jamie Whitmore, 43, isn’t used to slowing down. The professional athlete who became a gold medalist in the Olympics for the disabled has never met a challenge she couldn’t overcome, whether it was a mountain bike race or cancer. One morning in 2007, Whitmore found her le g muscles were tight when going for a jog. Thinking she’d pushed herself too hard in the last race, she ignored the pain. Later at a sports camp in Arizona, she realized something was wrong. “Once I got on my bike I was so painful that it was hard to lift my legs. I flew back home to go to hospital.” What doctors found shocked them all: Whitmore had a soft tissue tumour (肿瘤) that started in the bone, and the tumour wrapped around her nerves of waist, touching several vital organs. After the surgery, Whitmore had to learn to walk again with the help of a physical doctor. She also started radiation treatment, but four months later, doc-tors had worse news: A scan showed the cancer was back. “This time it was more aggressive. Doctors took the rest of my nerves in the waist, and removed some tumours from my tail bone.” Whitmore developed sepsis (败血症) from the surgery and endured a two-month recovery. “My scans were coming back, showing I was clear of cancer, but now I had all of these other complications (并发症).” Today, Whitmore is a mother and cancer-free. She has won a gold medal in the Paralympics, and has set two world records. Whitmore has some advice for others with limitations: “Never let anyone tell you what you can and cannot do. You have to find out yourself. Some doctors told me I would never ride anything more than a stationary bike. And yet I rode my mountain bike 104 miles climbing from 9,000 feet to 14,000feet. You just can’t give up.” 24．What’s Whitmore’s first reaction to her leg pain? A．She was very scared. B．She thought of muscle tumour. C．She related it to cancer. D．She thought nothing of it. 25．Who does the underlined part in Paragraph 4refer to? A．People living with disabilities. B．People short of virtues. C．People without good luck. D．People living with cancers. 26．Which one of the following best describes Whitmore? A．Humorous and unhealthy. B．Strong-minded and optimistic. C．Outgoing and honest. D．Determined and naughty. 【答案】24．D 25．A 26．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了残奥会金牌获得者杰米·惠特莫尔对山地自行车赛的坚持和与癌症抗争的经历。凭借着永不放弃的精神，她克服了种种困难，成为生活中的强者。 24．细节理解题。文章第二段讲到“Thinking she’d pushed herself too hard in the last race, she ignored the pain (她认为自己在最后一场比赛中用力过猛，忽略了疼痛)”可知，惠特莫尔对腿痛的第一反应是觉得没有大碍，故选D。 25．词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句前一句中的“She has won a gold medal in the Paralympics, and has set two world records. (她在残奥会上获得了一枚金牌，并创造了两项世界纪录。)”以及第一段中“The professional athlete who became a gold medalist in the Olympics for the disabled has never met a challenge she couldn’t overcome(这位成为残疾人奥运会金牌得主的职业运动员从未遇到过她无法克服的挑战)”可知，惠特莫尔虽然是残疾人，但是赢得了残奥会金牌，由此可推断划线单词所在句子的意思是“惠特莫尔对其他有局限性的人有一些建议：“永远不要让任何人告诉你你能做什么，不能做什么。”此处指的是她想给同她一样的残疾人一些忠告。因此，第四段下划线部分指的是“残疾人”。故选A。 26．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的““Never let anyone tell you what you can and cannot do. You have to find out yourself. Some doctors told me I would never ride anything more than a stationary bike. And yet I rode my mountain bike 104 miles climbing from 9,000 feet to 14,000feet. You just can’t give up.”(“永远不要让任何人告诉你你能做什么，不能做什么。你必须自己弄清楚。一些医生告诉我，除了固定自行车，我永远不会骑其他东西。然而，我骑着山地自行车从9000英尺爬到了14000英尺，走了104英里。你不能放弃。”)”并结合全文内容可推断，惠特莫尔是一位意志坚强且乐观的人。故选B。 8. Like many great ideas, Mike started small. In 2014, a friend inspired him to perform an act of kindness as a social media challenge. Mike decided to choose the 79-year-old senior named Jennifer, who not only dropped off baked goods for the neighbors but also volunteered at the homeless shelter. To know Jennifer better, Mike asked to spend a day with her. “It was the first time that someone had made a day about her,” says the 30-year-old. Their shared experience got Mike thinking: how many other seniors might benefit from that kind of attention? At the time, Cara, a student in their community, was equally interested in this question, and the pair came up with a plan: they would find local seniors with long-time dreams and work to fulfill those wishes. They even settled on a name for their new charity: We Are Young, or WAY for short. It has since delivered on 38 dreams—ranging from a helicopter trip to watching a football game. Seniors can nominate (提名) themselves or be nominated by someone else. Melanie nominated her partner, 78-year-old Victor, to go rockhounding-a hobby he’d given up when he became physically difficult. The team at WAY borrowed a boat so they could reach the beach and enjoy the day there. “If you lose the sense of purpose that having a passion can give you, your self-confidence goes down,” says Mike. “Now, Victor has retrieved some of his self-confidence. We want to show that anything is possible with the support of others.” While their organization operates only in their neighborhood, Mike and Cara have their own dreams. Each WAY wish is recorded, and that’s purposeful—the pair want people watching to be encouraged to fulfill a wish for a senior in their own community. “We want to create a nationwide movement that shifts how we view, value and support seniors,” says Mike. “That is the impact we’re trying to create.” 27．Why did Mike choose Jennifer to perform acts of kindness? A．She lived alone and could hardly cook. B．She had difficulty in using social media. C．She was always friendly to the neighbors. D．She was sent to the homeless shelter recently. 28．Which of the following citizens would probably benefit from WAY? A．A charity member planning to collect birthday wishes. B．An elderly hoping to revisit his birthplace for a long time. C．A senior high student looking forward to a trip to England. D．A caretaker in the nursing home expecting a bunch of flowers. 29．What does the underlined word “retrieved” in paragraph 6 probably mean? A．regained B．reserved C．remembered D．resolved 30．What is the pair’s purpose of recording the WAY wishes? A．To keep track of the whole process. B．To inspire more viewers to take action. C．To invite more elderly to participate in. D．To give encouragement to those in need. 【答案】27．C 28．B 29．A 30．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了慈善组织WAY致力于帮助老年人实现心愿。 27．细节理解题。根据第二段“Mike decided to choose the 79-year-old senior named Jennifer, who not only dropped off baked goods for the neighbors but also volunteered at the homeless shelter. (迈克决定选择79岁的老人詹妮弗，她不仅给邻居们送烘焙食品，还在无家可归者收容所做志愿者。)”可知，迈克选择詹妮弗去做善事是因为她对邻居总是很友好。故选C。 28．细节理解题。根据第三段“At the time, Cara, a student in their community, was equally interested in this question, and the pair came up with a plan: they would find local seniors with long-time dreams and work to fulfill those wishes. (当时，他们社区的学生卡拉对这个问题同样感兴趣，于是两人想出了一个计划：他们会找到当地有长期梦想的老年人，并努力实现这些愿望。)”可知，B选项“一位老人长期以来一直希望重游他的出生地。”可能会从WAY中受益。故选B。 29．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“If you lose the sense of purpose that having a passion can give you, your self-confidence goes down (如果你失去了激情带给你的目标感，你的自信就会下降)”以及后文“We want to show that anything is possible with the support of others. (我们想表明，在他人的支持下，一切皆有可能。)”可知，维克多在他人的支持下，恢复了一些自信。故划线词意思是“恢复”。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Each WAY wish is recorded, and that’s purposeful—the pair want people watching to be encouraged to fulfill a wish for a senior in their own community. (每一个愿望都被记录下来，这是有目的的——两人希望观看的人被鼓励为他们自己社区的老年人实现一个愿望。)”可推知，两人记录WAY愿望的目的是激励更多的观众采取行动。故选B。 9. Do you speak a Chinese dialect in your daily life? While Mandarin is widely spoken by people across China, some local dialects are in danger of dying out. To save them, the Ministry of Education and the State Language Commission launched the Chinese Language Resources Protection Project CLRPP years ago. This project, which surveyed the language resources of 1,712 locations including 103 with endangered Chinese dialects, has helped China successfully build the largest language resource library in the world. The online library not only meets the needs of professional researchers but also enables the public to access over 5.6 million audio files and over 5 million video files for their dialect learning. When it comes to the reason, Dr. Zhang, chief expert on CLRPP, once expressed his concerns in an article. “For about over a decade, in Wu dialect areas, children aged 6 to 15 can understand but hardly speak the dialect. Young people above 15 years old sometimes speak it, but not fluently, Zhang said. “If this continues, dialects will disappear in a few decades. When local dialects disappear, where will our nostalgic (怀旧的) feelings find their home?” As China is a vast country with a wide variety of dialects, national efforts have been made to establish a language resource library. “Most international language protection projects are implemented by separate efforts. But in China, it’s a national project,” said Zhang. Within five years, more than 350 universities and research institutions took part in the project, with over 4,500 professional technicians and more than 6,000 language dialect speakers involved. Language protection not only relies on the government and experts but also on the involvement of billions of language users. The project supports schools to set up some extracurricular classes so students can learn dialects and local opera performances. Currently, the second stage of the project is underway. Its main tasks include the deeper development of digital applications, such as digital and mobile dictionaries for dialects as well as multilingual textbooks. 31．What do we know about CLRPP? A．It has provided a large number of audio and video files for researchers. B．It has saved at least 103 endangered Chinese dialects from 1,712 locations. C．It has played a vital role in setting up an online library for dialect learning. D．It has made a collection of all the endangered dialects in different locations. 32．What can we infer from Dr. Zhang’s words? A．Young children in Wu area can no more speak the dialect. B．Natives have urgent desire to save the dialects in the future. C．The fluency of local dialects raised much concern nationwide. D．People may lose a sense of belonging as local dialects die out. 33．What differs China with other countries in language protection? A．Only China has libraries for protection of language resource. B．Chinese government has invested more on language protection. C．China is home to more types of dialects than other countries do. D．People in China made joint efforts to protect their local dialects. 34．Which is helpful to language protection? A．Promotion of local opera performances. B．Mobile dictionaries for Chinese learning. C．Further exploration of existing textbooks. D．Extracurricular classes of digital development. 【答案】31．C 32．D 33．D 34．A 【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了中国语言资源保护工程CLRPP在保护中国方言方面做出的重要努力。 31．推理判断题。根据第二段“This project, which surveyed the language resources of 1,712 locations including 103 with endangered Chinese dialects, has helped China successfully build the largest language resource library in the world. The online library not only meets the needs of professional researchers but also enables the public to access over 5.6 million audio files and over 5 million video files for their dialect learning.(该工程调查了1712个地区的语言资源，其中包括103个濒危汉语方言，帮助中国成功建立了世界上最大的语言资源图书馆。该在线图书馆不仅满足了专业研究人员的需求，还使公众能够访问560多万个音频文件和500多万个视频文件，用于方言学习。)”可知，该工程帮助建立了世界上最大的语言资源图书馆，不仅可以满足专业研究人员的需求，还使公众能够利用音频和视频文件学习方言。由此可推测出，它在建立用于方言学习的在线图书馆方面发挥了重要作用。故选C。 32．推理判断题。根据第三段中Dr. Zhang的话“When local dialects disappear, where will our nostalgic(怀旧的) feelings find their home?(当地方方言消失时，我们的怀旧之情将在哪里找到归宿？)”可知，张博士认为方言的消失会让人们的怀旧之情难以找到归宿，由此可推测出，当方言消失时，人们可能失去归属感。故选D。 33．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“As China is a vast country with a wide variety of dialects, national efforts have been made to establish a language resource library. ‘Most international language protection projects are implemented by separate efforts. But in China, it’s a national project,’ said Zhang.(由于中国幅员辽阔，方言种类繁多，全国都在努力建立语言资源库。张说：‘大多数国际语言保护项目都是单独实施的。但在中国，这是一个国家项目。’)”可知，其他国家的语言保护项目都是单独实施的，但中国，保护语言是一个国家项目，全国都贡献了努力。由此可推测出，中国和其他国家在语言保护方面的不同之处在于中国人民共同努力保护方言。故选D。 34．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The project supports schools to set up some extracurricular classes so students can learn dialects and local opera performances.(该项目支持学校开设一些课外班，让学生学习方言和当地戏曲表演。)”可知，开设课外班促进学生学习当地戏曲表演有助于语言保护。故选A。 10. Rachel Maclean’s toy shop on Ayr high street appears like any other in a town centre at first sight. Step inside and you will notice that familiar promotional entreaties (恳求) are backwards: Don’t Buy Me, Nothing Must Go. Everything is upside down and nothing is for sale. Matilda Coleman, six, picked up one of the toys—a blonde-haired, blue-eyed Disney princess(公主), and turned her upside down. Underneath the skirt was a pale-faced witchy (女巫的) version. The girl liked it, and then was confused that the toy wasn’t available to buy. Maclean’s work playfully breaks the grasp that consumer culture has on modern minds. “What art can do best is to make you look at things that you’re very used to in a different way,” said Maclean (b.1987), a Glasgow-based multi-media artist who has rapidly established herself as one of the most distinctive voices in the UK. “Sadly the decline of our city centres is something that is common these days, so I want to bring people into a space where they can reflect on it in a fun way.” “When the shop first opened, everyone was interested in finding out what it was,” said Parker, a local teenager. “It has lots of different themes about identity, consumerism, capitalism, but they are silent messages and everyone has different thoughts about it.” Maclean has taken over this former butcher’s shop in Ayr as part of Jupiter Plus, a new arts and education initiative, which aims to reluyenate empty high street shops in towns and cities in Scotland with free art exbibitions and workshops for young people. People’s immediate joy at seeing something happening in here is abivious and it drives conversations about how they remember the high street and how the space could be used again. 35．Why is Matilda Coleman mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To illustrate consumer culture. B．To show the girl’s passion for toys. C．To erase doubts about Maclean’s work. D．To highlight the features of Maclean’s shop. 36．How does the author develop paragraph 3 and paragraph 4? A．By giving examples. B．By using quotes. C．By making comparisons. D．By sharing experiences. 37．What does the underlined word “rejuvenate” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Expand. B．Refresh. C．Replace. D．Surround. 38．What can we infer about Maclean? A．She has a creative mind. B．She respects others’opinions. C．She makes profits in a different way. D．She draws public attention to education. 【答案】35．D 36．B 37．B 38．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Rachel Maclean通过一家商店来打破人们对日常事物的看法，它引发了关于人们如何记住高街以及如何再次使用空间的讨论。 35．推理判断题。根据第一段“Step inside and you will notice that familiar promotional entreaties (恳求) are backwards: Don’t Buy Me, Nothing Must Go. Everything is upside down and nothing is for sale.(走进去，你会注意到熟悉的促销恳求是反向的：不要买我，没什么必买的。所有的东西都颠倒了，没有东西出售)”以及第二段“Matilda Coleman, six, picked up one of the toys—a blonde-haired, blue-eyed Disney princess(公主), and turned her upside down. Underneath the skirt was a pale-faced witchy (女巫的) version. The girl liked it, and then was confused that the toy wasn’t available to buy. Maclean’s work playfully breaks the grasp that consumer culture has on modern minds.(6岁的玛蒂尔达·科尔曼拿起其中一个玩具——一个金发碧眼的迪士尼公主，把她颠倒过来。裙子下面是一个脸色苍白的女巫版本。这个女孩喜欢它，然后又感到困惑，因为这个玩具买不到。麦克林的作品开玩笑地打破了消费文化对现代人思想的掌控)”可推知，第二段提到了玛蒂尔达·科尔曼是为了突出麦克林商店的特点。故选D。 36．推理判断题。根据第三段““What art can do best is to make you look at things that you’re very used to in a different way,” said Maclean (b.1987), a Glasgow-based multi-media artist who has rapidly established herself as one of the most distinctive voices in the UK. “Sadly the decline of our city centres is something that is common these days, so I want to bring people into a space where they can reflect on it in a fun way.”(“艺术最擅长的是让你以一种不同的方式看待你非常习惯的事物，”麦克林（b.1987）说，她是格拉斯哥的多媒体艺术家，迅速成为英国最独特的声音之一。“可悲的是，我们城市中心的衰落现在很普遍，所以我想把人们带到一个空间，让他们以一种有趣的方式反思它。”)”以及第四段““When the shop first opened, everyone was interested in finding out what it was,” said Parker, a local teenager. “It has lots of different themes about identity, consumerism, capitalism, but they are silent messages and everyone has different thoughts about it.”(“当这家店刚开业时，每个人都想知道它是什么，”当地的一名青少年帕克说。“它有很多关于身份、消费主义和资本主义的不同主题，但它们都是无声的信息，每个人对此都有不同的想法。”)”可推知，作者通过引用他人的话来展开第三段和第四段。故选B。 37．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Maclean has taken over this former butcher’s shop in Ayr as part of Jupiter Plus, a new arts and education initiative(Maclean接管了这家位于Ayr的前肉店，作为Jupiter Plus的一部分，Jupiter Plus是一项新的艺术和教育倡议)”以及后文“empty high street shops in towns and cities in Scotland with free art exbibitions and workshops for young people”可知，Maclean想要通过这家店作为Jupiter Plus的一部分，而Jupiter Plus是一项新的艺术和教育倡议，旨在通过为年轻人提供免费艺术展览和讲习班来恢复苏格兰城镇和城市中空置的高街商店的活力。故划线词意思是“恢复活力”。故选B。 38．推理判断题。根据第一段“Rachel Maclean’s toy shop on Ayr high street appears like any other in a town centre at first sight. Step inside and you will notice that familiar promotional entreaties (恳求) are backwards: Don’t Buy Me, Nothing Must Go. Everything is upside down and nothing is for sale.( Rachel Maclean的玩具店位于艾尔高街上，乍一看和市中心的其他玩具店没什么两样。走进去，你会注意到熟悉的促销恳求是反向的：不要买我，没什么必买的。所有的东西都颠倒了，没有东西出售)”结合文章主要说明了Rachel Maclean通过一家商店来打破人们对日常事物的看法，它引发了关于人们如何记住高街以及如何再次使用空间的讨论。可推知，Maclean有创造性的头脑。故选A。 11. In 1970s, a psychologist named J. P. Guilford conducted a famous study of creativity known as the nine-dot puzzle (九点谜题). He challenged research subjects to connect all nine dots using just four straight lines without lifting their pencils from the page. All the participants limited the possible solutions to those within the imaginary square. Only 20 percent managed to break out of the confinement (束缚) and continue their lines in the white space surrounding the dots. The fact that 80 percent of the participants were effectively blinded by the boundaries of the square led Guilford to jump to the sweeping conclusion that creativity requires you to go outside the box. The idea went viral. Overnight, it seemed that creativity experts everywhere were teaching managers how to think outside the box. The concept enjoyed such strong popularity that no one bothered to check the facts. No one, that is, before two different research teams-Clarke Burnham with Kenneth Davis, and Joseph Alba with Robert Weisberg-ran another experiment. Both teams followed the same way of dividing participants into two groups. The first group was given the same instructions as the participants in Guilford’s experiment. The second group was told that the solution required the lines to be drawn outside the imaginary box. Guess what? Only 25 percent solved the puzzle. In statistical terms, this 5 percent improvement is insignificant as this could be called sampling error. Let’s look a little more closely at the surprising result. Solving this problem requires people to literally think outside the box. Yet participants’ performance was not improved even when they were given specific instructions to do so. That is, direct and clear instructions to think outside the box did not help. That this advice is useless should effectively have killed off the much widely spread — and therefore, much more dangerous — metaphor (比喻) that out-of-the-box thinking boosts creativity. After all, with one simple yet brilliant experiment, researchers had proven that the conceptual link between thinking outside the box and creativity was a misunderstanding. 39．What did the nine-dot puzzle study focus on? A．Visual perception. B．Thinking patterns. C．Practical experience. D．Theoretical knowledge. 40．Why did the two research teams run the follow-up experiment? A．To test the catchy concept. B．To contradict the initial idea. C．To collect supporting evidence D．To identify the underlying logic. 41．Which of the following best describes the follow-up experiment? A．Groundless. B．Inspiring. C．Fruitless. D．Revealing. 42．Which is the best title for the passage? A．Puzzle Solving: A Key To Creativity B．Thinking Outside the Box: A Misguided Idea C．Nine-Dot Puzzle: A Magic Test D．Creative Thinking: We Fell For The Trap 【答案】39．B 40．A 41．D 42．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了20世纪70年代，一位名叫J. P.吉尔福德的心理学家进行了一项著名的关于创造力的研究，名为“九点谜题”, 这让吉尔福德得出了一个笼统的结论：创造力需要你跳出框框。 39．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He challenged research subjects to connect all nine dots using just four straight lines without lifting their pencils from the page. All the participants limited the possible solutions to those within the imaginary square. Only 20 percent managed to break out of the confinement (束缚) and continue their lines in the white space surrounding the dots. (他要求研究对象在不把铅笔从纸上拿起来的情况下，用四条直线把九个点连起来。所有的参与者都将可能的解决方案限制在虚方范围内。只有20%的人成功地打破了限制，在圆点周围的白色空间里继续他们的线条)”可推知，九点谜题研究的重点是思维模式。故选B。 40．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The idea went viral. Overnight, it seemed that creativity experts everywhere were teaching managers how to think outside the box. The concept enjoyed such strong popularity that no one bothered to check the facts. No one, that is, before two different research teams-Clarke Burnham with Kenneth Davis, and Joseph Alba with Robert Weisberg-ran another experiment. (一夜之间，各地的创造力专家似乎都在教管理者如何跳出固有思维。这个概念非常受欢迎，以至于没有人费心去核实事实。在两个不同的研究小组——克拉克·伯纳姆和肯尼斯·戴维斯以及约瑟夫·阿尔巴和罗伯特·维斯伯格——进行另一个实验之前，没有人做过另一个实验)”可推知，两个研究小组进行了后续实验来测试这个吸引人的概念。故选A。 41．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Yet participants’ performance was not improved even when they were given specific instructions to do so. That is, direct and clear instructions to think outside the box did not help. That this advice is useless should effectively have killed off the much widely spread — and therefore, much more dangerous — metaphor (比喻) that out-of-the-box thinking boosts creativity.(然而，即使给了参与者明确的指示，他们的表现也没有得到改善。也就是说，直接而明确的跳出思维定式的指示并没有帮助。这个建议是无用的，这应该有效地扼杀了广泛传播的——因此，更危险的——开箱即用思维促进创造力的比喻。毕竟，通过一个简单而出色的实验，研究人员已经证明，打破常规思考和创造力之间的概念联系是一种误解)”可推知，后续的实验很有启示意义。故选D。 42．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In 1970s, a psychologist named J. P. Guilford conducted a famous study of creativity known as the nine-dot puzzle (九点谜题). (20世纪70年代，一位名叫J. P.吉尔福德的心理学家进行了一项著名的关于创造力的研究，名为“九点谜题”)”及下文介绍可知，文章主要介绍了20世纪70年代，一位名叫J. P.吉尔福德的心理学家进行了一项著名的关于创造力的研究，名为“九点谜题”, 这让吉尔福德得出了一个笼统的结论:创造力需要你跳出框框。由此可知，Nine-Dot Puzzle: A Magic Test(九点谜题：一个神奇的测试)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。 12. Developed by US company OpenAI, ChatGPT has got viral, winning 100 million internet users since it came out in November 2022. People can ask the robot to write stories and emails, create instructions for cooking a certain food, translate languages, and answer all kinds of questions. In its own words, it is “a language model trained in a large amount of internet text to help users get human-like text. ” Compared with Siri or other chatbots, ChatGPT uses a much bigger information center for training. It also uses stronger software and hardware to learn things by itself. For example, if it provides a wrong answer to your question, you can tell it the right one and it will correct itself. “It’s a totally different chatbot,” computer scientist Liu Xiaoguang from Nankai University said. “The knowledge level ChatGPT shows is the same as a university student. That’s why it shocked the world.” But one big problem with ChatGPT is that it makes mistakes or even gives false information. When Rezza, a 28-year-old from Indonesia, used the robot to write an passage, it “gave out many examples which other writers actually hadn’t mentioned at all”, he told a local newspaper. Since the robot is trained using words from the internet, it can also pick up biases(偏见) about certain groups. These are all things that need to be dealt with. 43．What does the underlined part mean in Paragraph 1? A．Done harm to the internet. B．Brought strong wind and heavy rain. C．Become popular overnight. D．Caused serious changes of the weather. 44．Why did ChatGPT shock the world? A．It can find mistakes by itself. B．It works differently from other chatbots. C．Its information center is easier to control than Siri’s. D．Its knowledge level is as high as a university student. 45．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．ChatGPT needs improvement. B．Anybody may give false information. C．Anybody can make mistakes. D．ChatGPT can’t get on well with humans. 46．What might be the best title of the text? A．ChatGPT is Coming! B．ChatGPT is Catching the World’s Eyes! C．Can ChatGPT Take the Place of Humans? D．Can ChatGPT Avoid Biases Properly? 【答案】43．C 44．D 45．A 46．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了聊天机器人ChatGPT自推出以来已经席卷了互联网，赢得了1亿用户，还介绍了它的功能和存在的问题。 43．词句猜测题。根据下文“winning 100 million internet users since it came out in November 2022.(自2022年11月推出以来，已经获得了1亿互联网用户。)”可知，由美国公司OpenAI开发的ChatGPT在网络上获得了巨大的成功，由此可推知，got viral与C项“一夜成名”意思相近。故选C。 44．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The knowledge level ChatGPT shows is the same as a university student. That’s why it shocked the world.(ChatGPT显示的知识水平与大学生相同。这就是它震惊世界的原因。)”可知，ChatGPT震惊世界的原因是它的知识水平和一个大学生一样高。故选D。 45．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But one big problem with ChatGPT is that it makes mistakes or even gives false information.(但ChatGPT的一个大问题是它会出错，甚至给出错误的信息。)”可知，从最后一段我们可以知道ChatGPT需要改进。故选A。 46．主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了聊天机器人ChatGPT自推出以来已经席卷了互联网，获得了巨大的成功，还介绍了它的功能和存在的问题。由此可知，B项：ChatGPT is Catching the World’s Eyes!(ChatGPT正在吸引全世界的目光！)是最好的标题。故选B。 13. The debate of having siblings versus being an only child (or a singleton) has merits on either side. I believe that it is better to have siblings than none. Having at least one sibling is beneficial to a child’s socio-emotional development. Through siblings, the child learns important life skills. The child takes on multiple roles such as playmate, friends and even rival and in the process, learns to share, compromise and resolve conflicts—from parental affection to toys, space or other resources. Thus, siblingship fosters the environment where children pick up invaluable skills that they can apply to workplaces, marriages and other interpersonal relationships in future. More importantly, having siblings is a help when it comes to parental care. Caring for sick elderly parents can be physically, mentally and financially exhausting. Having at least one sibling who can share the responsibilities would certainly go a long way. The only child, on the other hand, would have to shoulder this responsibility alone, or at best with a spouse (配偶) for support, and this can be overwhelming. While some singletons may enjoy being the attention of parents and even grandparents, they also shoulder a heavier burden of being the only one in the spotlight, having no sibling to share it with. Parents of the singleton tend to hyper-focus all their energies on their one child. The glare are can get intense and discomforting. The singleton may find that being the focus of such excessive attention may be detrimental in the long run. Eventually, this child may lack the confidence and natural instincts to address real-world issues by himself or herself. Besides, there is the perception of the only child being spoilt. The seeming privileges of being a singleton during childhood pale in comparison to the more substantial advantages of having siblings, especially during adulthood. The network of emotional, mental and material support that a sibling can potentially provide throughout their life is immeasurable. 47．What does the author mainly talk about? A．Benefits of having siblings. B．Changes of family structure. C．Relationships between siblings. D．Advantages of being a singleton. 48．What merit of having siblings matters more according to paragraph 2? A．Life skills. B．Emotional support. C．Self reliance. D．Parental care. 49．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 3? A．Supportive B．Stressful. C．Uncomfortable. D．Harmful. 50．How is the text developed? A．By stating reasons. B．By describing a scene. C．By analyzing effects. D．By providing examples. 【答案】47．A 48．D 49．D 50．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了与独生子女相比，有兄弟姐妹的好处。 47．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在第一段中的“I believe that it is better to have siblings than none.(我相信有兄弟姐妹总比没有好。)”提出自己的观点，然后在接下来的段落中陈述了有兄弟姐妹的各项好处。由此可知本文主要谈论了有兄弟姐妹的好处。故选项A正确。 48．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“More importantly, having siblings is a help when it comes to parental care. (更重要的是，当涉及到照顾父母时，有兄弟姐妹是一种帮助。)”可知，有兄弟姐妹的一个更重要的优点在于照顾父母方面。故选项D正确。 49．词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的一句“Eventually, this child may lack the confidence and natural instincts to address real-world issues by himself or herself.(最终，这个孩子可能缺乏自信和天生的本能，无法独自解决现实世界中的问题。)”可知，独生子女受到全家人的全部关注会使得这个孩子缺乏自信和天生的本能，无法独立解决问题，由此可推测出，画线词所在句表达的是“独生子女可能会发现，从长远来看，成为这种过度关注的焦点可能是有害的”，detrimental意为“有害的”，与harmful意思最接近。故选项D正确。 50．推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者在第一段中的“I believe that it is better to have siblings than none.(我相信有兄弟姐妹总比没有好。)”提出自己的观点：有兄弟姐妹有更多好处；第二段摆理由陈述有兄弟姐妹的好处；第三段通过独生子女所面临的问题进一步支持自己的观点；最后一段重申有兄弟姐妹的好处。由此可推测出，作者主要通过说理的方式组织文章。故选项A正确。 14. Is future you? It might seem like a strange philosophical question. But the answer to how you think about your future self could make the difference between decisions you ultimately find satisfying and ones you might eventually regret. The brain patterns that emerge on an MRI (核磁共振成像) when people think about their future selves most like the brain patterns that arise when they think about strangers. This finding suggests that, in the mind’s eye, our future selves look like other people. If you see future you as a different person, why should you save money, eat healthier or exercise more regularly to benefit that stranger? However, if you see the interests of your distant self as more like those of your present self, you are considerably more likely to do things today that benefit you tomorrow. A paper in the journal PLoS One revealed that college students who experienced a greater sense of connection and similarity to their future selves were more likely to achieve academic success. Relationships with our future selves also matter for general psychological well-being. In a project led by Joseph Reiff, which includes 5, 000 adults aged 20 to 75, he found that those who perceived a great overlap (重叠) in qualities between their current and future selves ended up being more satisfied with their lives 10 years after filling out the initial survey.    So how can we better befriend our future selves and feel more connected to their fates? The psychological mindset with what we call ”vividness interventions“ works. We have found, for instance, that showing people images of their older, grayer selves increases intentions to save for the long term. Besides, you might try writing a letter to-and then from-your future self. As demonstrated by Yuta Chishima and Anne Wilson in their 2020 study in the journal Self and Identity, when high-school students engaged in this type of ”send-and-reply“ exercise, they experienced elevated (升高的) levels of feelings of similarity with their future selves. Letter-writing and visualization exercises are just a couple of ways we can connect with our future selves and beyond, but the larger lesson here is clear: If we can treat our distant selves as if they are people we love, care about and want to support, we can start making choices for them that improve our lives-both today and tomorrow. 51．What’s the function of paragraph 2? A．Generating further discussion. B．Introducing a research result. C．Showing the effect of the finding. D．Concluding various viewpoints. 52．How does the author prove his statements? A．By offering relevant statistics. B．By using quotations. C．By referring to previous findings. D．By making comparisons. 53．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Benefits of befriending our future selves. B．Ways of connecting with our future selves. C．Methods of changing psychological mindsets. D．Possibilities of us becoming our future selves. 54．What does the article want to tell us? A．Making future plans makes a difference. B．Our future selves look like other people. C．Getting to know your future self benefits. D．Your choice affects the fates of strangers. 【答案】51．A 52．C 53．B 54．C 【导语】这是一片说明文。文章主要介绍了与自己未来建立联系的好处，以及如何与未来的自己建立联系，并为未来做出有益的选择。 51．推理判断题。根据第二段“The brain patterns that emerge on an MRI(核磁共振成像)when people think about their future selves most like the brain patterns that arise when they think about strangers. This finding suggests that, in the mind’s eye, our future selves look like other people. If you see future you as a different person, why should you save money, eat healthier or exercise more regularly to benefit that stranger?(当人们思考未来的自我时，核磁共振成像上出现的大脑模式最像是当他们思考陌生人时产生的大脑模式。这一发现表明，在大脑的眼中，我们未来的自己看起来和其他人一样。如果你把未来的自己视为一个不同的人，你为什么要省钱、吃得更健康或更经常地锻炼来造福那个陌生人？)”可推知，本段通过设问来引出下文，产生进一步的讨论，为什么要和未来的自己建立联系。故选A。 52．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句话到最后一句话“A paper in the journal PLoS One revealed that college students who experienced a greater sense of connection and similarity to their future selves were more likely to achieve academic success. Relationships with our future selves also matter for general psychological well-being. In a project led by Joseph Reiff, which includes 5, 000 adults aged 20 to 75, he found that those who perceived a great overlap(重叠) in qualities between their current and future selves ended up being more satisfied with their lives 10 years after filling out the initial survey. (《公共科学图书馆综合》杂志上的一篇论文显示，与未来自我有更大联系感和相似感的大学生更有可能在学业上取得成功。与未来自我的关系对整体心理健康也很重要。在Joseph Reiff领导的一个项目中，包括5000名年龄在20岁至75岁之间的成年人，他发现那些认为自己现在和未来的品质有很大重叠的人，在完成最初的调查10年后，最终对自己的生活更加满意)”可推知，作者通过参考先前的发现来证明他的陈述。故选C。 53．主旨大意题。根据第四段第一句话“So how can we better befriend our future selves and feel more connected to their fates?(那么，我们如何才能更好地与未来的自己成为朋友，并与他们的命运更加紧密地联系在一起呢？)”以及全段内容来看，本段主要介绍了与未来的自己联系的方式。故选B。 54．推理判断题。根据第一段中第二句话“But the answer to how you think about your future self could make the difference between decisions you ultimately find satisfying and ones you might eventually regret.(但是，你如何看待未来的自己的答案可能会决定你最终感到满意的决定和你最终可能后悔的决定)”及第三段的第二、三句话“A paper in the journal PLoS One revealed that college students who experienced a greater sense of connection and similarity to their future selves were more likely to achieve academic success. Relationships with our future selves also matter for general psychological well-being.(《公共科学图书馆综合》杂志上的一篇论文显示，与未来自我有更大联系感和相似感的大学生更有可能在学业上取得成功。与未来自我的关系对整体心理健康也很重要)”和最后一段“Letter-writing and visualization exercises are just a couple of ways we can connect with our future selves and beyond, but the larger lesson here is clear: If we can treat our distant selves as if they are people we love, care about and want to support, we can start making choices for them that improve our lives-both today and tomorrow(写信和可视化练习只是我们与未来自我和未来自我联系的几种方式，但这里更大的教训是明确的：如果我们能把遥远的自我当作我们爱、关心和想要支持的人来对待，我们就能开始为他们做出选择，改善我们今天和明天的生活)”可知，文章介绍了与未来自己建立联系的好处，如何与未来的自己建立联系，并为未来做出有益的选择。由此推知，这篇文章想告诉我们了解未来的自己的利好处。故选C。 15. The World Health Organisation has produced a report predicting that 9.8 billion of us will be living on this planet by 2050. Of that number,72 percent will be living in urban areas. Presented with this information, governments have a duty to consider how best to meet the needs of city residents. Take New York City, a place where I frequently meet up with other researchers in my field. Luckily for me, I do not need to navigate the crowded streets. Admittedly my experience of the urban lifestyle here is limited to the hotels I stay in, and the blocks within a three-kilometre walk. But whenever I leave my room in search of a store providing fruit or anything with nutritional value, none can be found. New York has made great advances in redeveloping its museums and arts centres, but authorities must recognise that people’s basic needs must be met first. Sometimes these basic needs are misunderstood. In some urban areas, new residential developments are provided with security features such as massive metal fences in the belief that these will make residents safer. There is little evidence that such steps make a difference, but we do know they make residents feel unwilling to go outside and walk around their neighbourhood. This adds up to a feeling of being cut off from others. So where are planners and developers going wrong? Inviting a group of locals to attend a consultation event is the conventional method for discovering what a community might want. The issue here is that it often attracts the same few voices with the same few wishes. Successful development is taking place in many urban areas around the world. There is no better way for city planners to do this than to visit these places in person. 55．What are governments expected to do in the near future? A．Plan cities well to benefit their citizens. B．Lower the population in urban areas. C．Provide their citizens with more information. D．Predict the population on earth. 56．What does the writer complain about New York? A．Certain venues cannot be reached on foot. B．Museums and arts centres are pretty old. C．There are a limited number of hotels. D．Healthy food is not easy to obtain. 57．What is the writer’s attitude towards the use of security features? A．Doubtful. B．Tolerant. C．Unconcerned. D．Appreciative. 58．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Process of Urbanization B．The Increasing Population on Earth C．The Management of Cities D．The Work of Developers 【答案】55．A 56．D 57．A 58．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者认为未来政府有责任要考虑如何最好地满足城市居民的需求，做好城市的管理工作。 55．推理判断题。根据第一段“Presented with this information, governments have a duty to consider how best to meet the needs of city residents.”（有了这些信息，政府有责任考虑如何最好地满足城市居民的需求。）可知，政府在不久的将来应该规划好城市，造福市民。故选A项。 56．细节理解题。根据第二段“But whenever I leave my room in search of a store providing fruit or anything with nutritional value, none can be found.”（但是，每当我离开房间去寻找提供水果或任何有营养价值的东西的商店时，都找不到。）可知，作者抱怨纽约健康的食物不容易获得。故选D项。 57．推理判断题。根据第三段“There is little evidence that such steps make a difference, but we do know they make residents feel unwilling to go outside and walk around their neighbourhood. This adds up to a feeling of being cut off from others.”（几乎没有证据表明这些措施会产生影响，但我们确实知道，它们会让居民不愿意出门在社区里走走。这就形成了一种与他人隔绝的感觉。）可知，作者对安全特性的使用持有怀疑的态度。故选A项。 58．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Presented with this information, governments have a duty to consider how best to meet the needs of city residents.”（有了这些信息，政府有责任考虑如何最好地满足城市居民的需求。）及最后一段“Successful development is taking place in many urban areas around the world. There is no better way for city planners to do this than to visit these places in person.”（世界上许多城市地区正在取得成功的发展。对于城市规划者来说，没有比亲自参观这些地方更好的方法了。）可知，本文主要是介绍了城市规划者和政府需要为城市的管理做出努力，C项“城市的管理”符合题意。故选C项。 ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$