Unit 5 The Value of Money 情态动词&过去将来时 学案-2023-2024学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第三册

必修三U5语法 情态动词&过去将来时 情态动词 情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度,如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有一定的含义,无人称和数的变化(have to 除外),和动词原形一起构成谓语,是所谓的“辅助性”动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语。 1. 情态动词的意义和用法 (1)can,could ①表示能力,意为“能;会”。can表能力时意味着凭体力、脑力或技术等可以无阻力地去做某件事。could为can的过去式,表示过去的能力。 ·By the time she was five, she could read English.她五岁时就能读英文了。 ·You never know what you can do unless you try.除非你尝试一下,否则你永远不知道自己能做什么。 ②表示请求或许可。在疑问句中,could可以代替can,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,但回答时都要用can。 ·-Can/Could I speak to your manager now? -Yes, you can./No,you can't.--我现在能跟你们经理谈谈吗?--是的,可以。/不,不可以。 ③表示惊讶、怀疑等,常用于否定句和疑问句中。这时can和 could没有时态上的差异,只是could 不如 can语气强。 How can you be so careless!你怎么会这么粗心! You can't be serious!你一定是在开玩笑! ④can 或 could 的否定形式构成的习惯用法。(以下结构中的can在过去时的句子中替换成could ) can't... too... /... enough再……也不为过 can't help but do sth = have no choice but to do sth不得不做某事 can't help doing... 情不自禁做…… “can't...+比较级”结构表示最高级含义 ·We can't thank you too much for what you have done for us.对于你为我们所做的一切,我们不胜感激。 ·You can't be careful enough when crossing the road.过马路时再小心也不为过。 · I can't help but wait till the last minute. 我不得不等到最后一分钟。 ·I can't agree with you more.我非常同意你的看法。 温馨提示： can 与 be able to的用法区别 ①can 只有一般过去时一种时态变化,而be able to有多种时态变化。 ·I'll be able to pass the exam next time.下次我一定能够通过考试。(一般将来时) ·I've been able to keep in touch with her.我一直能跟她保持联系。(现在完成时) ②表示过去某时有能力做成某事时,不用could,而用was/were able to ( do sth),相当于managed to do sth 和 succeeded in doing sth ·After many attempts, he was able to pass the driving test. 经过很多次努力,他得以通过驾照考试。 (2)may,might ①表示请求或许可。在疑问句中,might可以代替may,不是过去式，只是表示的语气更委婉。 · -Might/May I smoke in this room? -No, you mustn't/can't. --我可以在这个房间里吸烟吗?--不,不准。 · -May/Might I take this magazine out? -Yes, you may/can. --我可以把这本杂志借走吗?--是的,可以。 ②may/might构成的习惯用语 may/might well很可能;有充分的理由 may/might as well 最好;不妨 ·As her confidence grows, you may well see a considerable change in her attitude.随着她自信心的增强,你很可能会看到她的态度产生相当大的转变。 ·You may as well tell us now-we'll find out sooner or later.你最好现在就告诉我们,我们迟早会知道的。 (3) must, have to ①must 表示“必须;一定”,强调说话人的主观看法,认为有义务或有必要做某事;have to 表示“不得不”,强调客观需要,含有不情愿或被迫之意。 ·All passengers must wear safety belts.所有乘客必须系安全带。 ·There is no bus here, and you have to go on foot. 这里没有公交车了，你得步行前往。 ②mustn’t 意为“不许”,表示禁止; don't have to = needn’t,意为“不必”,表示没有必要。must用于一般疑问句时,其否定回答应用needn't或 don't have to. ·-Must we hand in our homework today? -No, you don't have to. --我们今天必须上交作业吗?--不,不必。 ·The law says drivers mustn't drive after drinking.法律规定禁止司机酒后驾车。 ③must 表示与说话人意愿相反或不耐烦等情感色彩,意为“偏偏;非得”。 ·If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over. 如果你非得走的话,至少也要等到暴风雨结束。 (4) shall,should ①shall 用于主语是第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示说话者征求对方意见或向对方请示。 ·Shall I wait for you at the gate?我在门口等你好吗? 温馨提示：Shall I... ? 多有利于对方;May I... ? 多有利于自己。 ②shall 用于主语是第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示命令、威胁、警告、允诺等。 ·You shall have the book when I finish reading. 我读完之后你就能拿到这本书。(表允诺) ·You shall be punished if you break the rules. 你如果违反规则,就会受到惩罚。(表警告) ③shall 用于规定、法令、条约等文件中表示义务和规定(第三人称作主语),意为“必须”。 ·All payments shall be made in cash.所有款项都必须以现金支付。 ·The new regulations shall take effect on March 1st.新法规将于3月1日开始生效。 ④should 表示义务、责任、劝告、建议等,意为“应该;应当”。 ·We shouldn't play mobile phones when crossing the road. 我们过马路的时候不应该玩手机。 ⑤should 表示惊奇、遗憾等感情,意为“竟然"。 ·It's surprising that you should have failed to pass such an exam. 真令人吃惊,这样的考试你竟然都没通过。 特别注意 should 与 ought to的用法区别 should 表示主观看法、建议;ought to通常反映客观情况,表示“有义务”或“有必要”做某事。 We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。 We ought to respect the old.我们应该尊敬老人。 (5) will, would ①表示愿望、意愿、意志或决心,意为“一定要;会;决心”。 ·She won't give in to the enemy.她决不向敌人屈服。 ·She said she wouldn't be coming to the library any more. 她说她再也不会到图书馆来了。 ②表示习惯性动作、必然趋势或固有属性,意为“就会;老是;总是”。 As is known to all, fish will die without water.众所周知,鱼离开水就会死。 ·On summer evenings, they would sit outside, chatting. 夏日的夜晚，他们总会坐在外面聊天。 ③表示征求意见或提出请求,多用于主语是第二人称的疑问句中， would 比 will 语气委婉。 ·Would you tell me how to get to the shopping mall? 你能告诉我怎么到购物广场吗? ④表示物体的功能或倾向性,常用于否定句。 ·The car won't start.车就是发动不起来。 (6)used to 意为“过去常常”,表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但现在不做了;would 表示过去的习惯,并不强调现在如何。 ·Dad didn't come home as early as he used to.爸爸没有像以前一样早回家。 2. 表推测的情态动词的用法 (1)can可以表推测,用于肯定句时,表示理论上的可能性,至于实际情况如何不作考虑,而且没有具体的时间意义,其否定式can't是语气最强的否定推测,翻译为“不可能;一定不”。could have done表示过去本能够做某事却没有做,含有惋惜或责备的语气,意为“本来是可以……的”。can't/couldn't have done表示对过去事实的否定推测，意为“不可能已经……”。can't比 couldn’t的语气更强一些,但当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时的时候,从句要用could/couldn't。。 Everyone can make mistakes.每个人都可能犯错。 · You can't be hungry, for you had lunch only two hours ago.你不可能饿,因为你两个小时前才吃了午饭。 ·He did not regret saying what he had done but felt that he could have expressed it differently.他不后悔说了他所做的事,但是他觉得他本可以用不同的方式表达的。 ·He couldn't have watched TV yesterday for he would have an exam.昨天他不可能看电视,因为他将有一场考试。 (2) may和 might 表推测时既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于否定句。 用于肯定句时意为“可能”;否定式 may not/might not意为“可能不”; might 的可能性比may更小,语气更委婉一些。may/might have done表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测,语气较弱,用于肯定句时表示"可能已经……”,其中might have done还可以表示“本来可能或可以做某事但没有做”,含有轻微的责备或遗憾口吻;否定式may/might not have done 表示“可能还没……”。 ·The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。(2017北京) · If you have an office job, you might not be getting outdoors enough , and your health might suffer.如果你有一份办公室工作,你可能不经常到户外去,那么你的健康就有可能受到影响。 · What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he might have done better.真遗憾!考虑到他的能力和经验,他本可以做得更好的。 (3)must表推测时只用于肯定句,意为“一定”或“肯定”,所作的推测几乎接近事实,语气最肯定。must have done表示对过去事实有把握的肯定推测,语气最强,只用于肯定句中,意为“肯定(已经).…"。 · He has been working all day. He must be very tired.他一整天一直在工作,他肯定非常累。 · Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He must have drunk too much at the party last night.哈里感觉不舒服,他肯定是昨晚在聚会上喝多了。 过去将来时 过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如,如果想表达“玛丽明天要去巴黎”,这个“明天”属于将来;如果想表达“玛丽说过第二天要去巴黎的”,这个“第二天”在现在看来,就是过去将来。过去将来时的基本结构为: would+动词原形(第一人称也可用should)。 Mary will go to Paris tomorrow.玛丽明天要去巴黎。 →Mary said she would go to Paris the next day.玛丽说她第二天要去巴黎。 1. 过去将来时的基本用法 过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时的出发点是过去,即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。 ·Martin Berardo,coach of Argentina, who came to China for the first time, said he would give Sanya and this year's event 11 points if the full mark is 10.首次来中国的阿根廷教练马丁·贝拉尔多说,如果满分是10分,他要给三亚和今年的赛事11分。 ·The CEO of this company said they would offer their knowledge in AI, big data, unmanned driving and cloud computing technology to support Xiongan in building a smart city.这家公司的首席执行官说,他们将提供人工智能、大数据、无人驾驶、云计算等技术方面的知识来支持雄安建设智能城市。 温馨提示： “would +动词原形”有时并不表示将来,而表示过去的某种习惯性的行为。 Whenever he had time, John would help his parents with their housework. 过去约翰一有时间就帮父母做家务。 On Sunday mornings my mother would bake, and I'd stand by the fridge and help.过去在星期天早晨,妈妈经常会烤面包,我就站在冰箱旁帮忙。 For a long time I used to go to bed early. Sometimes, when I had put out my candle, my eyes would close so quickly that I didn't even have time to say “I'm going to sleep”.在很长一段时间里,我总是很早就上床睡觉了。有时候,刚把蜡烛熄灭,我的眼皮就随即合上了,都来不及说一句“我要睡了”。 2. 过去将来时的其他常用结构 (1 )was/were going to do结构,表示过去准备、计划做某事或将要发生某事。 ·When they arrived, the plane was just going to take off. 他们到达时，飞机正要起飞。 ·Albert Einstein was born in 1879. When he was a child, few people guessed that he was going to be a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.艾伯特·爱因斯坦出生于1879年。在他小时候，很少有人会料到他会成为一位用其理论改变全世界的著名科学家。 (2) was/were about to do结构,表示“(过去某一时刻)正要、即将做某事”。 ·I was about to go out when the phone rang.我正要出去,这时电话响了。特别注意 该结构很少与表示具体时间的状语连用,但可以同由as，when 引导的时间状语从句连用。 (3) was/were on the point of doing结构,表示“(过去某一时刻)正要做某事时”。 ·I was on the point of giving up the search when something caught my eye in the bushes.我正要放弃搜寻时,灌木丛中的某个东西吸引了我的注意。 (4)go，come，leave等少数表位移的动词可用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的情况。 ·She told her mother that she was going to a dance with Tom.她告诉她母亲,她要和汤姆一起去参加一个舞会。 (5)was/were to do表示曾计划或安排将要做某事。 ·He said he was to meet his friend at the station at 4pm.他说他下午四点要去车站接朋友。 闯关训练1 一、用适当的情态动词填空。 1. Samuel, the tallest boy in our class,_______easily reach the books on the top shelf. 2.It was really annoying that I________not get access to the data bank you had recommended. 3.-Can't you stay a little longer? -It's getting late. I really________ go now. My daughter is at home alone. 4.The door ________not open, no matter how hard she pushed. 5.One of our rules is that every student________wear school uniform while at school. 6. In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you________ take care of your luggage. 7. Metals ________expand when heated. 8.You'd better pull over if you ________answer a phone. 9. Don't bite off more than you ________chew. 10.When I was a child and something awful was happening, my mum________tell me to close my eyes.11.You can't imagine such a gentleman be so rude to a lady. 二、选择括号内适当的词(组)并用其正确形式填空。 1.There________( would/used to) be a temple, but now there are only high buildings. 2.I suggest you________( should/ could) visit the Three Gorges Dam. It's fascinating. 3.We________( must/have to )return by the end of February.We started to work again in March. 4. Everyone________(must/have to ) obey the law. 5.During the vacation,he________( shall/would) visit me every other day. 6.I insisted that he________(ought to/should) stay. 7.They________( would/might ) be away for the weekend but I'm not sure. 三、根据汉语意思完成句子。 1.迈克尔不可能是一个警察,因为他太笨了。 Michael ________________policeman, for he is much too stupid. 2.我家乡的三月份通常很暖和,但有时候可能会相当冷。 It is usually warm in my hometown in March,but________________sometimes. 3.莉莎很可能不想去旅行,因为她讨厌旅游。 Lizato ________________go on the trip, for she hates travelling. 4.虽然这听起来可能像一个简单的任务，但还是需要非常细心。 Although this ________________a simple task , great care is needed. 5.你是什么意思呢?只有10张票?应该有12 张才对。 What do you mean , there are only ten tickets?________________twelve. 6. 灯还是亮的,所以他一定在家。 The light is still on , so he________________. 7.去做你现在能做的事,否则你可能永远也不能做它们了。 Do what you can now or you ________________do them at all. 8.我已经告诉了你的朋友如何到达旅馆,但也许我本应该开车载她去那里。 I have told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I________________there. 9.肯定是有人打开了笼子。狮子不可能是自己逃出去的。 Somebody ________________the cage--the lion________________ on its own. 10.两者的答案完全一样,肯定是一个人抄袭了另一个人的。 Their answers are exactly the same- one of them ________________from the other. 11.谢谢你上周的努力工作,我认为没有你的话我们不可能完成这个任务。 Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don't think we ________________the task without you. 12.他昨天没来学校,难道他生病了? He didn't come to school yesterday.________________? 13.我找不到我的钥匙了。我可能昨天把它们落在学校了。 I can't find my keys. I ________________them at the school yesterday. 闯关训练2 一、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。 1. He didn't sell as many computers as he thought he_________(will). 2.Did you predict how many students_________( sign) up for the dance competition? 3.They_________(make )up their minds that they would buy a new house once Larry changed jobs. 4.When China's top leaders emphasised efforts to control financial risks last year, few _________(expect) that policymakers would go so far and hard in its financial clean-up for 2017. 5.He stressed that China_________(continue ) its efforts to safeguard world peace in the years to come. 二、根据汉语意思完成句子。 1.就在我们要离开那里时,天突然下起了大雨。 We there__________________it began to rain heavily.( leave) 2.我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。 We were informed that the leaders__________________to our school soon.( come) 3.很多农民反对这个计划,因为他们害怕狼会杀死农场的动物。 Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that__________________ their farm animals.( kill) 4.这两家公司说他们在多个领域会进行深度合作。 The two companies said they__________________in-depth cooperation in many areas.( conduct) 5.发言人说中国不会以他国利益为代价寻求发展,也不会放弃自己的权利和利益。 The spokesperson said that __________________at the expense of other nations' interests and nor would it ever give up its own rights and interests.( pursue) 答案 闯关训练1 一、1.can句意为:塞缪尔,我们班最高的男生,能轻松地够着书 架顶层的书。表示能力,应用can。 2.could 句意为:令人十分恼火的是,我无法进入你推荐的数据 库。由空前的was可知,时态为一般过去时,此处表示“不能”，应填 can 的过去式 could。 3.must 句意为:你不能再多待一会儿吗?--天色晚了。我现在真的该走了。我女儿一个人在家。此处指说话人主观上觉得自己“必须”该走了,故用must。 4.would 句意为:不管她多用力地推,门就是打不开。由从句中的pushed可知,时态为一般过去时,故此处应用would,表示物体的功能或倾向性。 5.shall句意为:我们有一条规定是每个学生在校期间必须穿校服。shall 用于第三人称时,表示规定，意为“必须”。 6.must/should句意为:在像机场和火车站这样拥挤的地方,你一定要/应该看好自己的行李。must表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事;也可用should表建议,表示“你应该看好自己的行李”。 7.will 句意为:金属遇热会膨胀。表示物体固有属性或必然趋势用will。 8. must 句意为:如果你非要接电话,那你最好靠边停车。must表示与说话人意愿相反等感情色彩,意为“偏偏;非得”。 9.can 句意为:贪多嚼不烂。表示能力,应用can。 10.would 句意为:当我小时候有可怕的事情发生的时候,妈妈总是会告诉我闭上眼睛。此处表示过去的习惯性动作,应用 would,意为“总是”。 11.should 句意为:你无法想象这样一名绅士竟然对一位女士如此无礼。表示说话者的惊讶语气用should,意为“竟然”。 二、1.used to 此处表示“曾经有过……”,根据后面的 but now 可知,现在不是过去的样子了,所以选择used to。 2.should由于主句中的suggest 表建议,故宾语从句中要用 “should +动词原形”形式的虚拟语气,故填should。 3.had to 根据第二句中的started可知,时态为一般过去时,此处表示客观上“不得不”,故had to 符合语境。 4.must 句意为:每个人都必须守法。此处表示有义务做某事，应用must。 5.would表示过去经吊表示过去经常做的事,应用would,意为“总是”。 6. should insist 意为“坚持主张;坚决要求”时,其后的宾语从句应用“should +动词原形”形式的虚拟语气。 7.might 根据后面的I'm not sure可知,此处应用might。 三、1.cannot becan用于否定句中表示“不可能”。 2. can be rather/quite cold此处用can表示客观或理论上的可能性。 3. may/might well not wantmay和might后可接副词well加强语气,意为“很可能”。 4. may/might sound like may/might 在此表推测,意为“可能”。 5. There should/ought to beshould/ought to 意为“应该”。 6. must be at homemust用于肯定句表示有把握的推测,意为“肯定”。 7. may/ might not be able tomay/might not 表推测,意为“可能不”。 8. should have driven hershould have done表示本应该做某事却没做。 9. must have opened; couldn't/can't have escaped 第一空表示对过去情况有把握的肯定推测,表示一定发生了某事;第二空表示对过去情况有把握的否定推测,表示不可能发生了某事。10. must have copied must have done表示对过去情况有把握的肯定推测,表示一定发生了某事。 11. could have finished couldn't have done表示“不可能已经……"，该句中的not置于think之前。 12. Can he have been illcan用于疑问句中表推测,意为“难道(已经)”,而且这句话是对过去的推测,故用can have done结构。13. may/might have leftmay/might have done表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测,表示“可能已经……”。 闯关训练2 一、1. would 句意为:他没有卖出原以为将会卖掉的那么多台电 脑。该句是He didn't sell as many computers as he thought he would sell.的省略句,由本句中的 didn't sell可知,本句使用的基本时态是一般过去时。从句应用过去将来时,表示从过去某一时间看未来将要发生的事。 2. would sign句意为:你预料过会有多少学生报名参加舞蹈比赛吗?由句意及 Did可知,本句宾语从句应使用过去将来时,表示从过去某一时间看未来将要发生的事。故要用would sign。 3.made 根据从句中的would buy 可知,本句从句使用的是过去将来时,则主句应使用的时态是一般过去时,故用made。 4. expected 根据主句的宾语从句中的would go 可知,expect的动作发生在过去,应用一般过去时,故用expected。 5. would continue根据stressed可知,本句使用的基本时态是一般过去时,再由 in the years to come(在即将到来的几年里)可知，从句要用过去将来时,表示从过去某一时间看未来将要发生的事。 二.1. were about to leave/were on the point of leaving; when 2. were coming 3. wolves would kill 4.would conduct 5.China would not pursue development ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$