2024年初升高衔接课之英语句子基本结构课件

句子成分与结构 英语的词性： 名词(nouns) n. 代词(pronoun) pron. 实词 数词(numeral) num. 形容词(adjective) adj. 或a. 副词(adverb) adv. 动词(verb) v 冠词(article) art 虚词 介词(preposition) prep. 连词(conjunction) conj. 助词(auxiliary) aux. 一.英语句子的基本成分有8种： 主语 (subject)---s 谓语 (predicate)---v 宾语 (object)---o 定语 (attribute)---attrib 状语 (adverbial)---adv 补语 (complement)---c 表语 (predicative)---p 同位语(Appositive) 单击此处编辑母版文本样式 第二级 第三级 第四级 第五级 句子成分 主语:行为主体，句子描述的主体 谓语: 主语发出的动作 宾语: 动作的承受者 定语:用来修饰名词、代词 状语:时间、地点、原因等 表语:表示主语“是什么”“怎么样” 句子成分 主语：You beat him. 谓语: You beat him. 宾语: You beat him. 定语:You beat the bad boy. 状语:You beat him at home. 表语:He is bad./He is a boy. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. ↓ 主语 ↓ 谓 语 ↓ 定语 ↓ 宾 语 ↓ 同位语 ↓ 状 语 英语句子的类型 简单句 并列句 复合句 只有一个主谓结构 有两个或两个以上主谓结构 一个主句加一个或几个从句 二.五种简单基本句型 主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 动词 系动词 不及物动词 及物动词 主语+系+表语 主语+谓语 （1）：主+系+表 表语是说明主语的，如用来说明主语的 身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，通常在 系动词后。 1) My uncle is a professor. 2) He looked tired. 3) The basketball match is on. 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. 5) Our aim was to win more medals. 6) His work is teaching French. 7) The question is who can really repair the machines. 1) My uncle is a professor. 2) He looked tired. 3) The basketball match is on. 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. 5) Our aim was to win more medals. 6) His work is teaching French. 7) The question is who can really repair the machines. 系动词： 1) be， seem ，appear 2) look， sound ，taste， smell， feel 3) get， turn， grow ，become， go 4) stay， remain， keep， continue 感官类 变化类 维持类 （2） 主+谓：S+V 谓语动词特点： 不及物动词（本身意思完整，后面不需要宾语） 1. The sun rises. （rise-rose-risen 是vi，不能带O.） 2. The red sun rises. （ red修饰sun，作定语） 3. The red sun rises in the east. （状语Adverbial） （3）主语+谓语+宾语 （S. + V. + O. ） 该句型的谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。 注意：带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有： suggest， advise， stop， resist， enjoy， imagine，finish， escape, admit， excuse， delay， practise, consider， keep， mind， understand， avoid， miss， risk succeed in， be busy，be worth， be used to， give up， look forward to 注意：带 to do 做宾语的动词有： offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，wish, hope, want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem, expect, hope, offer, agree, refuse, learn, help, plan, intend, etc. （4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 （S. + V. + O.+O. ） 请观察：1）He brings me cookies every day. 如果意思不变，也可以怎么说呢？ 2）He brings cookies to me every day. 即要借助于介词to或for 朗读： He brings me cookies every day. He brings cookies to me every day. She made me a beautiful dress. She made a beautiful dress for me. 归纳： to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有： （需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,等。 （需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等。 （5）主+谓+宾+宾补 S+Vt.+O+O.C 宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut. They made Tom monitor. 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 句子基本结构(5种) 1) 主语+连系动词+表语(S+L+P) He is a professor. 他是一位教授. Revision 句子基本结构(5种) 2) 主语+谓语(S+V) Day dawns. 天亮了. 句子 (Sentence) 句子基本结构(5种) 3) 主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O) She understands French. 她懂法语. 句子 (Sentence) 句子基本结构(5种) 4) 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO) He told us the whole story. 他把全部经过告诉了我们. 句子 (Sentence) 句子基本结构(5种) 5) 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语(S+V+O+C) He found George intelligent. 他发现乔治很聪明. 句子 (Sentence) 基本句型（6） “There be”句型 此句型是由 “there + be + 主语 + 状语” 构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词。be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有   there is/are … 过去有   there was/were… 将来有   there will be…/there is /are going to be... 现在已经有   there has/have been… 25 可能有  there might be... 肯定有  there must be …/there must have been... 过去一直有  there used to be … 似乎有  there seems/seem/seemed to be … 碰巧有  there happen/happens/happened to be …　   26 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。    27 句子种类 按句子的用途分 按句子的结构分 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 简单句 并列句 复合句 感叹句 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。 He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked) He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student) 并列句 用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。 用分号： We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing. 用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but we didn’t catch a thing. 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句 并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。 e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。 e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, yet, while, when等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, 等。 e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Exercise: 请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。 He was tired, so he went to bed. 1. He was tired. He went to bed. 2. The child didn’t go out. He was afraid of the dog. 3. He made a promise. He didn’t keep it. He made a promise, but He didn’t keep it. The child didn’t go out, because he was afraid of the dog. 由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所 构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。 主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。 从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个 主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句； 复合句 从属连词+从句+主句 复合句主要包含以下类型从句，包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）；定语从句和状语从句等。 ： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句 3. 表语从句 6. 同位语从句 4. 定语从句 5. 状语从句 Exercises 判断句型 1.Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother. 2. What he says doesn’t suit what he does. (简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子) (复合句包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；what he does 是一个宾语从句) 3. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 4. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 5. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there? 简单句 复合句 简单句 9. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 10. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 11. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 12. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 并列句 复合句 简单句 简单句 $$