考点14 主旨大意——段落大意-【金版教程】2025年高考英语一轮总复习首选用卷全书Word（新教材）

金版教程　高考总复习首选用卷　英语 基本功扎实练 考点14　主旨大意——段落大意 (2024·四川省成都市高三质量检测)Some big scientific discoveries aren't actually discovered but borrowed. That's what happened when scientists discovered proteins from an unlikely lender: green algae (绿藻), whose cells are decorated with proteins that can sense light. The light­sensing protein promised the power to control neurons (神经元) by providing a way to turn them on and off. Such ability first noticed in 2002, quickly caught the attention of brain scientists: Nerve cells which were genetically engineered to produce such proteins become light­controlled. A flash of light could cause a quiet neuron to send signals or force an active neuron to fall silent. “This is the light sensor that we needed，” says Zhuo­Hua Pan, a scientist searching for a way to control vision cells in mice's eyes. The method is now called optogenetics (光遗传学)． In Pan's lab, light­responsive proteins restored vision in mice with damaged eyesight, a finding that has now led to a medical test on people. Optogenetics' promise wasn't clear in early days, as scientists were first learning how to use these proteins in neurons. “At that time, no one expected that this optogenetic work would have such a huge impact，” Pan says. The algae's light sensors have been adopted for use in countless brain research fields. Talia, another scientist, uses optogenetics to study connections between cells in the mouse brain. The method allows her to comb the relationships between cells that produce and respond to dopamine (多巴胺), which might help uncover details about motivation and learning. So far, optogenetics research has taken place mostly in mice. But findings into more complex brains like human brain may soon be confirmed. “We are definitely on the tip of uncovering some fascinating principles of the human brain, such as how the brain transforms signals from the eyes into perceptions，” says Yasmine of Columbia University. No matter what happens next in this swiftly moving field, one thing is certain: Brain scientists will be forever in the algae's debt. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们从绿藻中发现能感知光的蛋白质，并利用这些蛋白质进行神经元的控制。 1．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The origin of neurons. B．The discovery of green algae. C．The varieties of neurons. D．The inspiration from green algae. 答案：D　段落大意题。此处考查段落大意。根据第二段内容可知，通过基因工程产生这种蛋白质的神经细胞变得光控。一道闪光可以使一个安静的神经元发出信号，或者迫使一个活跃的神经元停止活动。由此可知，本段主要讲述来自绿藻的启发。故选D。 2．What can we learn from Pan's research? A．Damaged eyesight is likely to be restored. B．The findings are used to cure brain diseases. C．Relationships between cells have been found. D．The light­sensing protein is the key to the brain. 答案：A　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In Pan's lab ... a medical test on people.”可推知，根据Pan (潘)的研究，受损的视力有可能得到恢复。故选A。 3．What's Yasmine's attitude towards the future of her research? A．Cautious. B．Confident. C．Critical. D．Unclear. 答案：B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“We are definitely on the tip of uncovering some fascinating principles of the human brain”可推知，Yasmine (亚斯明)对她的研究的未来充满信心。故选B。 4．Which section is this text most probably taken from? A．Health. B．Botany. C．Figure. D．Invention. 答案：A　推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家们从绿藻中发现能感知光的蛋白质，并利用这些蛋白质进行神经元的控制，用于人类一些疾病的治疗，由此可推知，该文章来自健康专栏。故选A。 (2023·河南省新未来联盟高三联考)This summer, a $2.10 billion energy storage project called Nant de Drance opened in Valais, Switzerland. The project, which some people call a “water battery”， can store more energy than 400，000 car batteries. The system works by gravity. There are two large water reservoirs (水库) high in the Swiss mountains. One is much higher than the other. The two are connected by a system of tunnels. When there is too much electricity, Nant de Drance can use that energy to pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper one. As long as the water remains in the upper reservoir, the energy is stored, ready to be used. To produce power, water is released from the upper reservoir. Gravity pulls the water down into the tunnels, where it rushes through six large turbines (涡轮机). The turbines produce electricity, which is sent back out. Though the system is a fairly simple one, building it took 14 years and a lot of effort. The upper reservoir had to be doubled in size. Workers had to create 10.5 miles (17 kilometres) of large tunnels connecting the two reservoirs. That meant carving out huge amounts of rock from inside the mountains. The turbines are located over a third of a mile (0.6 kilometres) underground. By 2030, Europe aims to have four times as much power storage as it has now. The Nant de Drance project is a big step in the right direction. The project is far bigger than Switzerland needs on its own, so it's expected to help balance Europe's energy supplies. Nant de Drance can switch between storing energy and producing it in just a few minutes. Using water to store and create energy isn't a new idea. But in the past, many pumped water storage projects involved seriously changing or damaging rivers. Because Nant de Drance is almost entirely underground, it's much more friendly to the local environment. As an added bonus, the system is expected to be reliable and shouldn't require much effort to keep going. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了瑞士瓦莱州历经14年终于建成了抽水蓄能电站Nant de Drance，这座价值21亿美元的“水电池”可以为绿色能源提供惊人的支持。 1．Why is Nant de Drance called a “water battery”？ A．It uses water to store energy. B．It is mainly powered by water. C．It pumps water from reservoirs. D．It provides electricity for vehicles. 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When there is too much ... ready to be used.”可知，当电力过多时，Nant de Drance可以利用这些能量将水从下方的水库泵到上方的水库。只要水还留在上方的水库里，能量就被储存起来，随时可以使用。由此可知，Nant de Drance被称为“水电池”是因为它可以利用水来储存能量。故选A。 2．What does the system count on to pull the stored water down? A．Turbines. B．Gravity. C．Tunnels. D．Electricity. 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The system works by gravity.”可知，该系统依靠重力使上方蓄水池的水流入下方蓄水池。故选B。 3．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．The main function of Nant de Drance. B．The connection of the two reservoirs. C．The comments on the project. D．The difficulty in building Nant de Drance. 答案：D　段落大意题。此处考查段落大意。根据第三段内容可知， 本段主要讲述建造Nant de Drance 这个项目花费了较长的时间并遇到了许多的困难。故选D。 4．What is the author's attitude towards Nant de Drance? A．Objective. B．Concerned. C．Favourable. D．Doubtful. 答案：C　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The Nant de Drance project ... Europe's energy supplies.”和最后一段中的“Because Nant de Drance ... much effort to keep going.”可知，作者讲述了该项目的许多优势，由此可推知，作者对Nant de Drance的态度是赞成的。故选C。 基本功扎实练 考点15　主旨大意——文章标题 (2024·江苏省南通市海门区高三调研考试)Portia Kapraun has always seen unwelcome ads on Twitter, usually from major brands pitching (竭力推销) her expensive jewelry or vehicles that she, as a librarian in Indiana, could not afford. Ms Kapraun was not interested. But she soon saw the ads again. And again. And again. “These feel like low­end ads，” she said. In a shaky advertising market in an uncertain economy, ads that few people want to see suddenly seem to be everywhere. Advancements in digital advertising technology were meant to improve users' experience. People interested in shoes are intended to get ads for sneakers and boots, not repeated pitches promoting gold investments. And the technology is supposed to remove misleading or dangerous pitches. But lately, on several platforms, the opposite seems to be happening for a variety of reasons, including a slowdown in the overall digital ad market. As numerous deep­pocketed marketers have pulled back, and the softer market has led several digital platforms to lower their ad pricing, opportunities have opened up for less demanding advertisers． Advertising experts agree that poor­quality ads appear to be increasing greatly. They point to a variety of potential causes: internal troubles at technology companies, weak content moderation (审核), and high­level advertisers seeking other choices. Then, there's the economy: A recent survey of 43 multinational companies representing more than $44 billion in advertising spending found that nearly 30 percent planned to cut back on their marketing spending last year. Other factors are also contributing to lower advertising quality. Social media advertising, once only practiced by specialists, is now easily available to anyone. Many of them are avoiding targeted ads—placements intended to reach specific audiences, usually at a higher cost—in favor of a cheaper spray­and­pray (广撒网式的) approach online, hoping to catch the attention of gullible (容易受骗的) or bored shoppers. Major social media platforms are now like “a mall that used to be good”， Corey Richardson, vice president at a multicultural ad company, says. “But now there's no longer a mall there—it's just a calendar store and a place selling beepers (传呼机)．” 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了用户开始在社交媒体平台上遇到越来越多低质量的广告这一现象。 1．What message does the author want to deliver in Portia Kapraun's story? A．Repeated ads have a strong power of persuasion. B．Social media users often encounter unwanted ads. C．Major brands usually prefer social media advertising. D．An uncertain economy leads to lower levels of consumption. 答案：B　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Portia Kapraun has always seen ... And again. And again.”可知，第一段讲述Portia (波西亚)的故事是为了说明她总是在Twitter上一次又一次地看到不受欢迎的广告，其目的是引出本文所探讨的问题——社交媒体用户经常会遇到不想要的广告。故选B。 2．What can be inferred about the “less demanding advertisers” mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．They are forced to exit the digital ad market. B．They have benefited from advertising experts. C．They can now advertise at a more affordable price. D．They work hard to improve their users' experience. 答案：C　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As numerous deep­pocketed ... to lower their ad pricing”可知，财力雄厚的广告资本退出市场，很多数字平台降低了广告的定价，因此很多要求很低的广告商获得了机会，以较低的价格承接广告。故选C。 3．What is Corey Richardson's attitude to major social media platforms? A．Favorable. B．Hopeful. C．Unclear. D．Negative. 答案：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Many of them are avoiding ... or bored shoppers.”以及“Major social media platforms ... a place selling beepers (传呼机)．”可知，如今的社交媒体平台倾向以更便宜的在线“广撒网式的”方式投放广告吸引购物者的注意，因此降低了广告的质量。正如副总裁Corey Richardson (科里·理查森)所说，之前广告良好的投放平台——商场，如今变成了日历店和传呼机销售点。由此可推知，Corey Richardson对当前社交媒体平台的态度是消极的。故选D。 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Where is social media advertising heading? B．What is shaking up the online advertising market? C．Why are you seeing so many bad digital ads now? D．How are targeted ads impacting your purchase decisions? 答案：C　标题判断题。此处考查文章标题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了用户开始在社交媒体平台上遇到越来越多低质量的广告，并阐述了出现这种现象的原因。C项(为什么你现在看到这么多糟糕的数字广告？)最适合作为文章标题。故选C。 (2024·四川省成都市树德中学高新高三适应性模拟检测)French writer Annie Ernaux won the 2022 Nobel Prize in literature in 2022.She is the first French female writer to win the prize. In the words of the Nobel committee, Ernaux was given the award “for the courage and clinical acuity (敏锐的洞察力)” of her writing. Having spent over 5 decades as a writer, the 82­year­old winner has published more than 20 books to her name, including Cleaned Out (1974), Shame (1997), a 2008 memoir (回忆录) called The Years and A Girl's Story (2016)． Rather than consider herself a writer of fiction, Ernaux has used the term “an ethnologist (人类学家) of herself” to describe herself. Born in 1940 in a rural village in Normandy, France, Ernaux grew up in a working­class environment as her parents ran a combined grocery store and cafe. She worked as a teacher before becoming a full­time writer. Two books by other French writers inspired her to be a writer: The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir and Distinction by Pierre Bourdieu. The former led her to write about feminism, and the latter raised her awareness of the huge gap between her and the environment she grew up in. Besides her reading influences, her “upbringing and experiences navigating adolescence and adulthood” also inspire many of her works, noted CNN. For example, the book Shame explores the theme of childhood trauma (创伤) while A Girl's Story follows a young woman's coming of age in the 1950s. Though the matters Ernaux describes in her books are serious and even sometimes heavy, they are always written in plain language. Ernaux described her style as “flat writing” through which she aims to tell her stories objectively，“unshaped by florid (过多修饰的) description or overwhelming emotions，” noted Fox News. “She writes about things that no one else writes about, for instance her jealousy, her experiences as an abandoned lover and so on.I mean, really hard experiences，” Anders Olsson, chairman of the Nobel Committee for Literature, said after the award announcement in Stockholm. He went on to say, “She gives words for these experiences that are very simple and striking. They are short books, but they are really moving.” 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了诺贝尔文学奖获得者——法国作家Annie Ernaux (安妮·埃尔诺)的个人经历和作品特色。 1．What can be learned about Annie Ernaux from the passage? A．She described herself as a science fiction writer. B．She started with a full­time writer before being a teacher. C．She is considered to be the first French person to win the prize. D．She was awarded for the bravery and observation shown in her writing. 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In the words of ... of her writing.”可知，她是因为在作品中表现出的勇敢和洞察力而获奖。故选D。 2．What inspired Annie Ernaux to write her works? A．Her hardships of life. B．Her teaching career. C．Her personal experiences. D．Her working class background. 答案：C　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“Besides her reading influences ... her works, noted CNN.”可知，她的个人经历激发了她创作许多作品。故选C。 3．Which words best describe Annie Ernaux's writing style? A．Serious and sharp. B．Plain and objective. C．Light and humorous. D．Elegant and descriptive. 答案：B　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段内容可知，Ernaux总是用朴素的语言写故事，她将自己的写作风格描述为平淡无奇，通过这种写作方式，她客观地讲述自己的故事，由此可知，她的作品语言平实且客观。故选B。 4．What can be the best title of this passage? A．A Woman Telling Her Own Stories B．A Teacher Becoming a Full­time Writer C．A Female Writer Winning Many Awards D．A French Female Fighting for Women's Rights 答案：A　标题判断题。此处考查文章标题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了法国作家Ernaux根据自己的个人经历写书，并成为法国第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的女作家的故事。A项(一位讲述自己故事的女性)最适合作为文章标题。故选A。 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$