Unit 12 Section Ⅲ GRAMMAR（Word教参）-【优化指导】2023-2024学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅲ　GRAMMAR 形容词 [对应学生用书P125] [观察] 1．Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones. 2．Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery, it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century. 3．In the summer of 1905, this outspoken young man was rocking his one­year­old baby when he was suddenly inspired. 4．It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy. 5．This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin, which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria. 6．A few years later, penicillin was being mass­produced and helping to save the lives of millions. 7．Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery. [归纳] 上面加黑词均为形容词。句1、5中的加黑词后缀为­al；句2中的加黑词前缀im­为否定前缀；句3、7中的加黑词后缀分别为­ed和­ing；句4中的加黑词后缀为­able；句6中的加黑词为复合形容词。 [对应学生用书P125] 形 容 词 的 特 征 作定语一般位于被修饰词的前面 a sunny day; a kind person; a funny story 作表语位于系动词的后面 Miss Green is very strict． I am feeling lonely． 多数形容词有不同程度的变化，有比较级和最高级 a clever boy；a cleverer boy；the cleverest boy 多数形容词有自己独特的后缀形式 常见的后缀形式有： ­able，­ible，­al，­ical，­ant，­ary，­ful，­less，­ly，­ous，­some，­y 例如以下常见单词： comfortable; terrible; national; political; important; ordinary; beautiful; careless; lovely; dangerous; handsome; angry; funny 形 容 词 的 分 类 按 用 途 性质形容词：表示事物所具有的性质或特征，有级的变化 hot; short; poor; good; long; healthy; brave; funny; lovely 类属形容词：阐明人或事物所属的特定种类，没有程度大小的区别，没有比较级和最高级，不能用表示程度的副词修饰 basic; central; cultural; daily; direct; empty; golden; local; mental; national; political 颜色形容词：专门表示事物的颜色 black; blue; brown; green; grey; orange; pink; purple; red; violet; white; yellow 强调形容词：对所述事物进行强调 absolute；complete；entire; positive; perfect; pure; real; true 按 词 汇 意 义 静态形容词：描述人或事物所固有的或持久的性质的形容词 red; big; small; tall; short; old; young; round; important; necessary; poor; cold 动态形容词：表示暂时状态的形容词 brave; calm; careful; careless; cheerful; clever; cruel; foolish; friendly; naughty; nervous; noisy; patient; quiet; serious; shy 按 结 构 单个形容词 beautiful；tall；wonderful；kind 复合形容词(主要作定语，一般不作表语) 数词＋名词(＋形容词) two­year­old; three­week; 800­meter­long 形容词＋名词­ed absent­minded; able­minded; warm­hearted; cold­blooded; middle­aged; good­tempered 形容词/副词＋动词­ing far­reaching; long­standing; ordinary­looking 名词＋动词­ed man­made; snow­covered 副词＋动词­ed newly­built; well­dressed; well­received; newly­laid 其他 face­to­face; out­of­date ­ed形容词/ ­ing形容词 ­ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”，通常修饰人；­ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰物或事。 [即学即练]　用所给词的适当形式填空 ①Mozi was a very influential(influence) teacher. ②The rain has been continuous(continue) since this morning. ③The injured(injure) were sent to the hospital right away as soon as the ambulance arrived. ④The change in global(globe) climate will undoubtedly influence many areas' water supply. ⑤If he wants to become a successful (success) singer, he should take some special courses in this area. 二、形容词的功能 1．形容词作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等。 These are valuable suggestions. 这些是宝贵的建议。 2．形容词作表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征。 His suggestions are very valuable. 他的建议很有价值。 3．形容词作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征。 I consider his suggestions very valuable. 我认为他的建议很有价值。 4．形容词作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。 He returned home, safe and sound. 他安然无恙地回到了家。 [即学即练]　完成句子 ①你有足够的时间做这项工作吗？ Did you have sufficient time to do the work? ②我既尴尬又羞愧，做什么事都无法集中精力。请你帮帮我吧！ Embarrassed and ashamed, I can't concentrate on anything. Please help me! ③你会发现这些饭菜准备起来又快又方便。 You'll find these meals quick and convenient to prepare. ④事故发生后，她感到孤独和绝望。 After the accident, she felt lonely and hopeless． ⑤小男孩很好奇，伸手去拿包裹。 The little boy was so curious that he reached for the package. 1．形容词短语作定语，须后置。 This is a book suitable for children. 这是一本适合孩子们的书。 There is a huge room, simple and beautiful. 有一个大房间，简单且漂亮。 2．表语形容词(afraid, alike, alone, asleep, awake, alive等)作定语，须后置，如a man alive。有些表示身体健康状况的形容词如well, faint, ill只作表语；sick既可作表语又可作定语。ill如果不是表示身体状况，而是表示类似bad(不好的)的意思时，通常只作定语。 He's been ill since then. 从那时以来他一直病着。 By ill luck, my flight had been cancelled. 不幸的是，我的航班被取消了。 3．形容词用作定语，修饰由one, no, any, some，every与body, one, thing等构成的复合不定代词如anything，somebody等时，通常后置。 I have something important to tell you. 我有一些重要的事情要告诉你。 4．else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。 Who else wants to go there? 还有谁想去那儿？ 5．当含有old, long, high, wide, deep等词的数量词短语作定语时，须后置。 At that time she was only a girl five years old. 那时她只是一个五岁的女孩。 6．多个形容词作定语的排列顺序 几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)＋观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)＋形状或样式词(大小、长短或高低等的词)＋年龄或新旧词＋颜色词＋产地或来源词＋材料或种类词＋用途词＋名词，如：a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella。 [即学即练]　完成句子 ①如果你的饮食不均衡会发生什么？ What will happen if you do not eat a balanced diet? ②她给自己买了一件昂贵的紫色棉布衣服。 She has bought herself an expensive purple cotton dress． ③托尼要和另外两个小男孩去露营。 Tony is going camping with two other little boys． ④我们只有100美元，这远远不够买一台新电脑。 We only had $100 and that was nowhere near enough to buy a new computer． ⑤她有一枚漂亮的新钻戒，是她丈夫买给她的。 She has a beautiful new diamond ring which is bought by her husband. [对应学生用书P128] 1．He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was healthy(health)． 2．The US Foreign Service Institute points out that it will take a native English speaker 2，200 hours to reach professional(profession) fluency in Chinese. 3．Some politicians have been quick to describe the event as simple violent(violence) action. 4．During the interview, you should present your views very clearly, wearing a sincere and confident (confidence) smile. 5．For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt pleased(please), because there were many empty seats in the room. 1．药品不应放在儿童容易拿得到的地方。 Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible to children． 2．教练说他们的篮球队需要更有活力的运动员。 The coach said that they needed more energetic players on their basketball team. 3．与你信任的人分享你的感受是有益的。 It is beneficial to share your feelings with someone you trust. 4．他累极了，一碰枕头就睡着了。 Tired out, he fell fast asleep on touching the pillow. 5．感谢你为使我的生活舒适所做的一切。 You have done everything to make my life comfortable, for which I appreciate a lot. 6．这些灾难使每个人都感到悲伤和失望。 These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed． 7．这个可怜的人战战兢兢地跑出了黑暗的洞穴。 The poor man, trembled and frightened，ran out of the dark cave. 8．今年母亲节我给妈妈买了一些特别的东西。 I bought something special for my mother on Mother's Day this year. 9．装满水果的篮子是那个美丽的女孩的。 The basket full of fruits belongs to the beautiful girl. 10．这两个村庄被一条河隔开，河上有一座古老的小石桥。 The two villages are divided by a river and there is a small old stone bridge over the river. Dear David， I've learned it from the Internet that you want to 1.make a Chinese friend (交一个中国朋友) so as to learn 2.the Chinese language and culture (中国的语言和文化)．I'm glad that you show such 3.great interest (极大的兴趣) in China and I would like to be your friend. I will try my best to write to you 4.as often as possible (尽可能经常地) to introduce you the Chinese culture. When you have an opportunity to come to China, I'll teach you how to speak Chinese and show you around 5.some famous historical places of interest (一些著名的历史名胜)．Anyway, I am going to help you as much as I can. How do you think? I'm looking forward to your reply. Yours sincerely， Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$