第18章 个人课税与行为（课件）- 《财政学（第十版）》同步教学（人大版）

PERSONAL TAXATION AND BEHAVIOR Chapter 18 1 Labor Supply Hours of leisure per week Income per week 0 T time endowment D |Slope| = w F G Leisure Work i ii iii E1 Income 18-2 2 Effects of Taxation Hours of leisure per week Income per week 0 T D |Slope| = w F G ii iii E1 i I E2 |Slope| = (1-t)w H G’ Hours of work before tax Hours of work after tax 18-3 3 Effects of Taxation Hours of leisure per week Income per week 0 T D F G ii iii E1 i J E3 H K Hours of work before tax Hours of work after tax 18-4 4 Effects of Taxation Hours of leisure per week Income per week 0 T D F N E1 P E4 Hours of work before tax |Slope| = w |Slope| = (1-t1)w |Slope| = (1-t2)w |Slope| = (1-t2)w (1-t1)$5,000 (1-t1)$5,000 + (1-t2$5,000 18-5 5 Empirical Findings Eissa [2001] For males aged 20-60, the effect of changes in the net wage on hours worked is small and often statistically insignificant Elasticity of approximately 0.05 For married females, the hours of work and labor force participation decisions are quite sensitive to changes in the net wage, although it has gotten smaller over time. Elasticity of approximately 0.40 18-6 6 Some Caveats Demand-side considerations Individual versus group effects Other dimensions of labor supply: Human Capital The compensation package The expenditure side 18-7 7 Taxes and Human Capital Accumulation Human capital Investing in human capital B – C > 0 (1 – t)B – (1 – t)C = (1 – t)(B – C>) 0 Income versus substitution effects Shortcomings of model Returns uncertain Explicit costs Other taxes Progressive taxes 18-8 8 Labor Supply and Tax Revenues Hours per week Wage rate per hour SL w L0 (1-t1)w L1 d b a c (1-t2)w e f L2 k (1-t3)w h i L3 j (1-tA)w LA 18-9 9 Tax Rates versus Tax Revenue– Laffer Curve Tax rate Tax revenue t1 t2 tA t3 18-10 10 Debate Over the Laffer Curve The Laffer curve and the elasticity of labor supply Where on the Laffer curve is the economy operating? Other ways tax rates can affect tax revenues Determining the optimal tax rate I