第4章 公共物品（课件）- 《财政学（第十版）》同步教学（人大版）

PUBLIC GOODS Chapter 4 1 Characteristics of Goods Excludable vs. Nonexcludable Excludable – preventing anyone from consuming the good is relatively easy Nonexcludable – preventing anyone from consuming the good is either very expensive or impossible Rival vs. Nonrival Rival – once provided, the additional resource cost of another person consuming the good is positive Nonrival – once provided, the additional resource cost of another person consuming the good is zero 0 4-2 2 4 1st click – Excludable v Nonexcludable and all sub paragraphs 2nd click – Rival v Nonrival and all sub paragraphs Types of Goods EXCLUDABLE RIVAL YES NO YES NO PRIVATE GOODS PUBLIC GOODS COMMON RESOURCES NATURAL MONOPOLY 4-3 3 1st click - “Private goods” 2nd click - “Public goods” 3rd click - “Common resources” 4th click - “Natural monopoly” Noteworthy Aspects of Public Goods Even though everyone consumes the same quantity of the good, it need not be valued equally by all Classification as a public good is not absolute; it depends on market conditions and the state of technology A commodity can satisfy one part of the definition of a public good but not the other Impure public good: rival or excludable Some things that are not conventionally thought of as commodities have public good characteristics Private goods are not always provided only by the private sector publicly provided private goods: rival and excludable goods provided by govt Public provision of a good does not necessarily mean that it is also produced by the public sector (e.g. garbage collection) 4-4 4 Some Public Goods Basic research Programs to fight poverty Uncongested non-toll roads Fireworks display Honesty National Defense 4-5 5 Efficient Provision of Private Goods Price Adam (DfA) Eve (DfE) Market (DfA+E) $11 5 1 6 $9 7 3 10 $7 9 5 14 $5 11 7 18 $3 13 9 22 $1 15 11 26 0 4-6 6 DfA DfE DfA+E 0 Sf $ Quantity of Pizza 4-7 7 1st click – Adam’s D curve 2nd click – Eve’s D curve 3rd click – sum of Adam and Eve at