09Political Economy（课件）- 《财政与金融》同步教学（人民大学·第五版）

9 9.1 Unanimous Consent on Public Goods Levels 9.2 Mechanisms for Aggregating Individual Preferences 9.3 Representative Democracy 9.4 Public Choice Theory: The Foundations of Government Failure 9.5 Conclusion Political Economy 1 of 44 1 9 Political Economy Why do governments do what they do? Different ways of organizing government produce different results. Ideal case: Government measures preferences and acts accordingly. Direct democracy: Voters directly cast ballots in favor of or in opposition to particular public projects. Representative democracy: Voters elect representatives who decide on public projects. of 44 C H A P T E R 9 ■ P O L I T I C A L E C O N O M Y 2 9.1 Lindahl pricing: An approach to financing public goods in which individuals honestly reveal their willingness to pay, and the government charges them that amount to finance the public good. Getting individuals to reveal their true marginal willingness to pay Aggregating these values to ensure the social benefits exceed total cost Charging each individual according to his or her willingness to pay Unanimous Consent on Public Goods Levels of 44 C H A P T E R 9 ■ P O L I T I C A L E C O N O M Y 3 9.1 Lindahl’s procedure operates as follows: Announce tax prices for the public good. Everyone says how much of the public good they want at those tax prices. Repeat to construct a marginal willingness to pay schedule for each individual. Lindahl Pricing of 44 C H A P T E R 9 ■ P O L I T I C A L E C O N O M Y 4 9.1 Recall that efficient provision requires that (Total marginal willingness to pay) = MC. 4. Add up individual willingnesses to pay at each quantity of public good provided. 5. Find Q such that total (Total marginal willingness to pay) = MC. 6. Finance the public good by charging individuals their willingnesses to pay for that quantity. Lindahl Pricing of 44 C H A P T E R 9 ■ P O L I T I C A L E C O N O M Y 5 Ava’s marginal willingness to pay Fireworks 0 Jack’s marginal