2024年一轮复习专项6 助动词
2024-01-26
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内容正文:
专项六 助动词
知识点梳理
一、助动词的定义
英语中有一种特殊动词,其本身不能单独作谓语,只能和句子中的实义动词一起构成谓语动词。这种特殊的动词就是助动词。英语中的助动词主要有:do,does,did,be,have,has,had,will,would,shall,should等。例如:
He doesn’t like to play football.(构成否定句)
Do you like college life?(构成疑问句)
He is studying English.(表示时态)
A building was built beside the school.(表示语态)
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.(加强语气)
二、助动词的分类
助动词本身没有词义,协助核心动词构成谓语动词,表示时态、语态、语气,构成否定、疑问等形式。常用的助动词分类如下:
(1) 助动词be的用法
一般过去时的被动语态谓语动词结构是:was/were+及物动词的过去分词。
助动词be有五种形式,即am,is,are和was,were。was是am,is的过去式,were是are的过去式形式。am用于主语是第一人称单数I的后面,is用于主语是第三人称单数的后面,are用于主语是第二人称单数及各人称复数的后面;was用于主语是第二人称单数及各人称复数的后面。
(1)am,is,are+现在分词,构成现在进行时;was,were+现在分成构成过去进行时。如:
They are having a meeting.
English is becoming more and more important.
What were you doing at that time?
I was watching TV at home at that time.
(2)am,is,are+过去分词,构成一般现在时态的被动语态;was,were+过去分词,构成一般过去时态的被动语态。如:
English is taught throughout the world.
The window was broken by Tom.
(3)am,is,are+动词不定式,可表示下列含义:
①用现在时表示最近、未来的计划或安排。如:
He is to go to New York next week.
We are to teach the new students.
②表示一种命令。如:
You are to explain this.
He is to come to the office this afternoon.
③表示征求意见。如:
How am I to answer him?
Who is to go there?
④表示相约、商定。如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
(2) 助动词do,does,did的7种用法
(1)do,does,did用来构成一般疑问句
do,does用于一般现在时态,did用于一般过去时态;do用于主语为非第三人称单数形式的句子中,does只用于主语时第三人称单数的句子中。如:
Do you want to have a try?
Does she have any good ideas?
Did you study German?
(2)do,does,did+not构成否定句
do,does用于一般现在时态,did用于一般过去时态;do用于主语为非第三人称单数形式的句子中,does只用于主语是第三人称单数的额句子中。如:
I do not want to go there now.
He doesn’t like playing the guitar.
In the past,many students did you know the important of English.
注意:
①do not可以缩写为don't;does not可缩写为doesn't;did not可缩写为didn't。
②助动词do,does,did后要用动词原形。如:He doesn’t do his homework on Sunday.
Did they watch the movie last night?
(3)do与not的缩写构成否定祈使句
Do和not缩写Don't+动词原形,构成否定祈使句,表示“不要干某事”。如:
Don’t go there.
Don’t be so silly.
注意:
否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
(4)do,do
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