第九章生态系统与生态保护第二节生态保护的基本原理-生态学一般规律（课件）《环境学基础》教学同步（化学工业出版社）

第九章生态系统与生态保护 第二节生态保护的基本原理 生态学一般规律 1 2 生态学的10个规律 要 点 这些规律是什么？ 生态学的授课实践使得本书作者能够觉察到大学生学习生态学时常常陷入的某些一般性错误。本目录是为克服这些错误而设计的，既不全面，也不互相排斥，但是我们希望它将作为有用的指南。 规律1：生态学是科学 生态学是一门纯科学学科，目标是了解有机体与其广阔环境的相互关系。分清楚科学观点与生态学知识的政治和社会影响这一件事是十分重要的。 3 A2 TEN RULES IN ECOLOGY? Key Notes What are these rules? The authors’ experience of teaching ecology has given them experience of some common pitfalls which ecology students often make. This list, designed to counter these pitfalls, is neither comprehensive nor mutually exclusive, but we hope will nevertheless serve as a useful guide to protocol. Rule 1 Ecology is a science. Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider environment. It is important to segregate political and social impacts of ecological understanding from the scientific viewpoint. 4 生态学的科学性 生态学（ecology）是研究生物与周围环境和无机环境相互关系及机理的科学。（E.Haeckel，1866） 生态学是综合研究有机体、物理环境与人类社会的科学。（E.P.Odum，1997） 生态学是人类为解决目前所面临的环境问题的指导性科学，以生态学为基本原则的城乡规划建设项目、环境整治工程越来越多，生态学已经渗透到社会生活的方方面面。 5 规律2：生态学只有按照进化论才可理解 有机体巨大的多样性，以及其形态学、生理学和行为的变异的丰富性，全都是亿万年进化的结果。这个进化历史对于每一个个体都留下了不能去除的影响。我们今天发现的种种模式，只有按照进化论的观点才可能有意义。 规律3：“对动物种有利”现象并不存在 对于那些看起来对个体是花费的有机体行为模式，认为其出现是由于“对物种有利”的这种想法是一个非常普遍的误解。这是绝对和完全错误的。自然选择将会有利于那些传给大多数后裔的基因，即使这些基因有可能导致物种种群大小的下降。 6 Rule 2 Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution. The huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their morphologies, physiologies and behavior are all the result of many millions of years of evolution. Thos evolutionary history has left an indelible impression on each and every individual. It is only possible to make sense of the patterns we find today in the light of this evolutionary legacy. Rule 3 Nothing happens’ for the good of the species’. A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur’ for the good of the species’. This is absolutely and completely wrong. Natural selection will favor t