内容正文:
重难语法(2)非谓语动词
By Liu Chang
非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类
不定式
动词ing形式
动词ed形式
时态
一般式
进行式
完成式
一般式
完成式
一般式
主动
to do
to be
doing
to have
done
doing
having
done
×
被动
to be
done
×
to have
been
done
being
done
having
been
done
done(vt.)
表示被动
与完成
种类
不定式
动词ing形式
动词ed形式
主语
√
√
×
宾语
√
√
×
宾补
√
√
√
表语
√
√
√
定语
√
√
√
状语
√
√
√
非谓语动词作状语
1.动词ing/ed形式作状语(表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)
(1)动词ing形式作状语时,如果句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用动词ing形式;若动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用动词ing形式的完成形式(having done);若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生,用动词ing形式完成时的被动形式(having been done)。
Hearing the news, they got very excited.
听到这个消息,他们很兴奋。
Having cleaned the desks, we began reading books.
擦完桌子后,我们便开始看书。
Having been shown around the classrooms, we were taken to see the library.
我们被领着看了教室后,又被带去看图书馆。
(2)动词ed形式作状语时,表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间是动宾关系。
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.
从山顶上看,这座城市很漂亮。
2.动词不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语。动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的,其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。常位于句首或句中,形式上可用in order to do, so as to do, to do等,但so as to do不能置于句首。
In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.
为了通过考试,他努力学习。
(2)作结果状语。表示出乎意料的结果,经常与only连用。
We hurried to the station, only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站,结果被告知火车已经开走了。
[指津]
动词不定式作结果状语时,通常表示出乎意料的结果,而动词ing形式表示自然而然的结果。
Football is played all over the world, making it the most popular sport.
世界各地的人们都在踢足球,使足球成了最受欢迎的运动。
(3)作原因状语。形容词或动词ed形式作表语时,后面可接动词不定式作原因状语。常见的有happy, lucky, sorry, proud, disappointed, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased等。
We're proud to be young people of China.
作为中国青年我们感到自豪。
to plant
to find
using
eq \a\vs4\al(,,单句语法填空)
1.(2021·浙江卷)Mary's sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over
(plant) flowers in the front yard.
2.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)The next morning he hired a boat and set out (find) the wellknown painter.
3.(全国Ⅲ卷)People probably cooked their food in large pots, (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.
非谓语动词作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
(1)动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
She is always the first