Chapter8（课件)《国际贸易实务与案例分析（双语版）》同步教学（清华大学出版社）

Chapter 8 Settlement of Trade Disputes 第8章 贸易争议的解决 Section 1 Dispute and Claim 第1节 争议与索赔 2 1. Dispute 争议 Disputes arise when one party thinks that the other party fails to perform all or part of the contract. The main disputes are whether the contract is established, breach of contract or not, responsibility of breaches and results, etc. In international trade, there are many reasons causing disputes which can be classified into the following three. 争议是指交易的一方认为另一方未能全部或部分履行合同规定的责任而引起的业务纠纷。争议的内容主要是关于合同是否成立、是否构成违约、违约的责任与后果等。在国际贸易中，引起争议的原因很多，大致可归纳为以下三种情况。 3 1. Dispute 争议 (1) Breach of Contract by the Seller 卖方违约 Breach of contract by the seller means non-performance or incomplete performance of the contract by the seller. A seller may breach a contract in such cases as inferior quality or discrepancy in quality, deficient or poor packing, insufficient quantity, delayed delivery or the documents presented are not in consistency with each other etc. 卖方违约是指卖方未能全部或部分履约。例如，不按合同规定的时间、品质、数量、包装交货或单证不符等。 4 1. Dispute 争议 (2) Breach of Contract by the Buyer 买方违约 A buyer may breach a contract if he fails to open or delay to open L/C, refuses to pay or fails to gain documents against payment, rejecting the goods unreasonably, does not dispatch a vessel to carry the goods on time under FOB term, etc. 买方不开或缓开信用证，不付款或不按时付款赎单，无理拒收货物，在FOB条件下未能及时安排货船装货等。 5 1. Dispute 争议 (3) Stipulation of the Contract are Unclear 合同规定不明确 One party or both parties may breach a contract resulting in disputes if both parties have misunderstanding or different explanation of the clauses in the contract due to some unclear clause, such as “prompt shipment”, “quantity about 100 M/T”, “port of destination China main ports” etc. 如“立即装运”、“大约100公吨”、“目的港中国主要港口”之类不明确的合同条款，致使双方理解或解释不统一，造成一方或双方违约，引起纠纷。 6 2. Claim索赔 Claim can be defined as a demand made upon a person or persons for payment on account of a loss sustained through negligence. In international trade, if the buyer or the seller does not fulfill or wholl