2024届高考英语复习之定语从句学案

定 语 从 句 一、什么叫定语从句？ 定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。如： a red pen（red修饰名词pen，就是pen的前置定语） the book on the desk（on the desk修饰名词book，就是book的后置定语） 在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. The man who lives next to us is a policeman. You must do everything that I do. 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句的作用也就相当于形容词在修饰先行词。所以翻译定语从句时，从句要放到先行词前面去翻译。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又代替先行词在从句中的充当一个成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which, as; 引导定语从句的关系副词有：when, where, why. 二、关系词的用法 A）关系代词的用法 1．作主语时指人用who或that，指物时用which或that，如： He is the man who/that lives next door. The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen. 2．作宾语时指人用whom, who或that。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，可以通用。）指物时用which或that。在非正式文体中，用作宾语时，指人的关系代词who, whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。如： The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week? 3．作定语用whose, 如： He is the man whose car was stolen last week. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注：“whose + 名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上第一句），又能作宾语（如上第二句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词 + of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which) He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4．作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. B）关系副词的用法 1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词常是：time, day, morning, night, week, year等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped c