内容正文:
专题12 词法的构造与运用之动词的时态、语态和主谓一致
1、 动词的分类
(1) 动词:表达行为动作或状态。分行为动词、联系动词、帮助动词、及物动词、不及物动词等。
(2) 行为动词 pull/drop/receive/graduate/lock/(及物动词、不及物动词、瞬间动词和延续动词)
(3) 状态动词 have/belong/like/own/want/think/believe/argue/maintain/regard/claim /see/find/spot/possess
(4) 连系动词 be/feel/taste/smell/look/
(5) 助动词 will/can/should/does/did/have
(6) 短语动词 look for /take on/ apply for /work on/dress up
按照功能还可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词(包括动名词、现在分词、过去分词和不定时动词)
谓语动词
① Leave!
② No> is free from making mistakes.
③ Pandas are well protected in the Natural Reserve.
④ The Internet has totally transformed our lifestyle.
⑤ By 2020, the high speed train will have been put into use.
非谓语动词
① 动名词 Smoking does harm to your health.
② 现在分词 Having smoked for 20 years, my Dad is unlikely to quit it .
③ 过去分词 Treated with unfairness , the visiting scientists didn’t show up in the conference.
④ 不定时动词 To gain benefits, some businessmen cut the trees before they fully grow.
2、 动词的五种基本形式
形式
构成
例词
动词原形
不带to的动词不定式形式,也就是词典中一般给出的形式
be,have
do,learn
第三人称
单数形式
一般在动词原形后加-s
runs,likes
以ch,sh,s,o,x结尾的动词,在词尾加-es
teach—teaches
wash—washes
go—goes
pass—passes
以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词,先将y变为i再加-es
study—studies
try—tries
以元音字母加-y结尾的动词,在词尾加-s
stay—stays
play—plays
现在分词
一般在动词原形后加-ing
read—reading
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ing
live—living
write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ing
sit—sitting
begin—beginning
少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ing
die—dying
lie—lying
tie—tying
过去式与
过去分词
(规则变化)
一般在动词原形后加-ed
work—worked
以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词,先将y变为i再加-ed
carry—carried
study—studied
以e结尾的动词,直接加-d
live—lived
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ed
stop—stopped
plan—planned
3、 动词的时态
(1) 一般现在时
用法:①现在经常性的状态或动作;②客观事实和真理。
构成:①be+表语;②实义动词作谓语
标志词:often, sometimes, usually, always, never, twice a month, every day/week/month/year(every系列)
例句:He usually gets to school early.他通常很早到校。
The moon moves around the earth.月亮绕着地球转。
(2) 一般过去时
用法:表示过去的动作或状态。
构成:①was/were+表语;