内容正文:
Section 3 Discovering Useful Structures [语法精讲]
限制性定语从句(2)——关系副词和
“介词+which/whom”
一、关系副词引导的定语从句
当先行词在定语从句中作状语,即定语从句不缺主语、宾语或者表语时,通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有where,when,why等。
1.关系副词where
The experts went into the hall where the meeting was being held.
专家们走进正在开会的大厅。
The stadium where the athletes work out is not far from here.
运动员们锻炼的体育馆离这里不远。
总结:where引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place,room,house,spot,school,country等),关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。
2.关系副词when
It was a time when I didn’t understand what death meant.
那是我还不明白死亡是什么的时候。
I’ll never forget the day when I was trapped in a burning house.
我永远不会忘记我被困在燃烧着的房子里的那一天。
总结:when引导定语从句时,先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time,day,week,month,year等),关系副词when在从句中作时间状语。
3.关系副词why
Do you know the reason why she is under great stress?
你知道她压力很大的原因吗?
总结:why引导定语从句时,先行词常为reason,关系副词why在从句中作原因状语。
二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词作介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”的结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which,whom 或whose。
1.介词的选用:可以遵循“一名二动三逻辑”的原则。
(1)“一名”——依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。
I’ll never forget the farm on which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过童年时光的那个农场。
I still remember the day on which I graduated from college.
我仍然记得我大学毕业的那一天。
(2)“二动”——依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is known.
昨天我们游览了西湖,杭州因其而出名。
This is the book about which we talked yesterday.
这就是我们昨天谈论过的那本书。
(3)“三逻辑”——根据从句表达的意义和先行词的逻辑关系来确定。
The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
这种无色的、离开它我们就无法生存的气体叫作氧气。
Mr Field graduated in 2009,after which he entered a famous IT company.
菲尔德先生毕业于2009年,那之后他进入一家著名的IT公司。
[温馨提示] 有些“动词+介词”短语如look for,look after,call on等,如果介词提前将会失去动词短语的意义,所以不可把介词置于关系代词前。
Is this the brochure which she is looking for?
这就是她在找的那本册子吗?
The babies whom the nurses are looking after are healthy.
护士们在照看的婴儿都很健康。
2.“名词/数词/代词等+介词of+关系代词”结构。
有时“介词+关系代词”前还会有名词、数词、代词等,表示部分、整体、数量等概念。
The river,the banks of which are covered with trees,flows to the sea.
这条河流入大海,河的两岸都是树。
In the class there are 50 students,most of whom are very hard-working.
这个班里有50个学生