第01讲 句子成分及五种简单句 (知识讲解+高考必考题型练习) -【暑假自学课】2023年新高一英语暑假精品课（人教版2019必修1）

第01讲 句子成分及五种简单句(知识讲解+高考必考题型练习) 目标 1 熟悉句子的各个成分。 目标 2 了解五种简单句。 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。 1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表明句子里所谈的是:“什么人”或“什么物”，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。如: Since the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular(名词)自从 20 世纪 90 年代以来，美国乡村音乐已经变得越来越流行。 They often speak English after class. (代词) Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词) To swim in the deep river is a great pleasure.(不定式) Eating too much does harm to your health.(动名词)· The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词). What he needs is a book.(主语从句) It is necessary for us to master a foreign language(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式)掌握一门外语对我们来说是必要的。 It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree(It形式主语，that 引导的主语从句是真正主语》 大象像树一样又圆又高，这一点是显然的。 2. 谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后(在倒装语序下，谓语可放于主语之前)。谓语的构成如下: (1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如: She practises running every morning.(单个动词 practise 做谓语) (2)复合谓语 ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:· You may keep the book for three weeks.(情态动词 may+动词原形keep 做谓语) The little girl has caught a bad cold.(助动词 hast动词过去分词 caught做谓语) ②由系动词加表语构成。如: We are students now.(系动词 are+名词 students 构成系表结构做谓语) 【注意】谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。如: I am reading. You are reading. He/She is reading. We are reading. Mary loves swimming. You don't trust me. He believes me. 3. 表语 表语用以表述说明主语的身份、特征和状态，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，它一般位于系动词(如 be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem 等)之后，与系动词共同构成谓语。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。如: Our foreign teacher is an American.(名词) Are they yours? (代词)(They are yours.) The weather has turned warm.(形容词) The lecture is exciting.(分词) Three times seven is twenty-one.(数词)三乘七等于二十一。 Her job is to teach English.(不定式) Her hobby is singing popular songs.(动名词) The old machine must be out oforder.(介词短语) 这台老机器肯定运转不畅。 Time is up. Class is over.(副词) The truth is that she has never been abroad.(表语从句)事实是她从没去过国外。 4. 宾语 宾语表示动作行为