专题05 选必四语法知识精练讲（语法提炼+经典例句）-2022-2023学年高二英语下学期期末考点大串讲（人教版2019）

专题05 选必四语法知识精练讲（语法提炼+经典例句） Unit 1 一、语态概述 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示句子主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示句子主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的句子谓语动词的形式是“be＋动词的过去分词”。一般来讲，只有及物动词才有被动语态。有时被动语态中动作的执行者用by短语表示出来。 二、被动语态的用法 下面几种情况一般用被动语态 1．不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。 The meeting has been put off for some reason. 会议已因故被推迟了。 2．强调动作的承受者时，需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语表示出来。 A special class to help poor readers was set up by an expert in the school. 学校的一位专家开办了一个帮助阅读困难者的特别班。 3．出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时。 Everyone is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。 三、各种时态的被动语态 项目 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/have been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done 无 shall/will have been done 1.You are invited to make a speech in our school. 邀请您去我们学校作一个演讲。 2．He was being punished for being late by the head teacher.他因迟到而正受到班主任的惩罚。 3．The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973. 这本书自1973年上市以来已被译成30种语言。 四、各种时态的被动语态中的特殊情况 1．否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。 He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor’s degree. 听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。 2．主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。 (1)We saw him sitting there without doing anything. →He was seen sitting there without doing anything. 我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。 [名师点津]　在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接不定式时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略to。 3．带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的(直接)宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的(间接)宾语，或将表示人的(间接)宾语变为主语。 My father is telling me an interesting story now. →An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. →I’m being told an interesting story by my father now. 4．动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。 The old man was often laughed at. 那位老人经常被人嘲笑。 5．主动形式表示被动意义 (1)连系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，hear，appear，prove 等)后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。 The food tastes delicious. 这种食物尝起来美味可口。 What he said at the meeting sounded encouraging.他在会上说的话听起来令人备受鼓舞。 (2)当 wash, write, sell, open, close, shut, lock，cook等不及物动词后加副词(easily，well等)时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义