内容正文:
第七章 动词的语态
一、基本概念
英语有两种语态: 主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,相当于中文中的“被”字句。试对比“主动语态: He breaks the window.”与“被动语态: The window is broken by him.”。
被动语态的构成: be+及物动词的过去分词。be 动词随着时态的变化而变化。主动句改成被动句时,主动句中的宾语变成被动句的主语,谓语改成被动形式,主语可以改成by+宾格形式或是直接省略,其余成分不变。如:
We finished the task on time.我们按时
主 谓 宾
完成了任务。
→ The__task was finished on time(by us).
主 谓 宾
任务被(我们)按时完成了。
二、各种时态的被动语态的构成
时态
助动词be的变化形式+及物动词的过去分词
例句
一般现在时
am/is/are done
The student is asked to clean the classroom.
一般过去时
was/were done
The task was finished yesterday.
一般将来时
will/shall be done
The task will be finished in two months.
过去将来时
would be done
She said that the task would be finished in time.
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
The room is being cleaned now.
过去进行时
was/were being done
The wall was being painted when I passed by.
将来进行时
/
/
现在完成时
have/has been done
The task has already been finished.
现在完成进行时
/
/
过去完成时
had been done
The task had been finished before he came.
将来完成时
will/shall have been done
The task will have been finished before 12 a.m.tomorrow.
注意: 带有情态动词的被动语态的构成: 情态动词+be+过去分词。
The task can be finished in time.这项任务能及时完成。
【翻译】 他的妹妹在1998年离开家,自从那时起就再也没被听说过。
His sister left home in 1998,and __________ since then.
【答案】 has not been heard of
三、主动形式表被动意义
(1)某些系动词,如 smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove,stay等,用主动形式表达被动意义,表示主语的状态和特征。如:
Cotton feels soft.棉摸起来很软。
【翻译】 你为什么不把肉放在冰箱里呢?那样会保质好几天。
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge?It will __________ fresh for several days.
【答案】 stay
(2)某些不及物动词(其主语大多为事物)可以表达被动意义,这些不及物动词有下列几种:
①某些可以用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不及物动词: shut,lock,open,move,read,write,sell,wear,blow,wash,clean,burn,catch,draw,peel,cut,tear,dry等,并通常接easily,well,perfectly等副词,或者与can't,won't连用。如:
The door opens easily.这扇门很容易开。
The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。
The door won't shut.这扇门关不了。
②表开始、 运动、 结束的动词: begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,run等。
School begins at 7:30 a.m.学校上午7点半开始上课。
(3)在“be+形容词+to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时,用主动形式表被动。如:
English is hard to learn.英语很难学习。
(4)在be w