(教用word)Unit 5 Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas — Comprehending-【提分教练】2022-2023学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第四册(外研版2019)

Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas — Comprehending

词汇互译

1. civilisation n. 文明(社会)

2. abandon v. 离弃，逃离

3. dismiss v. 拒绝考虑，否定

4. expansion n. 扩大；增加

5. bury v. 将……埋在下面

6. ruin n. 残垣断壁，废墟

7. 来自热带的；产于热带的 adj. tropical

8. 天文学 n. astronomy

9. 运河 n. canal

10. 衰败 n. downfall

11. (因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心 v. intrigue

12. 金字塔 n. pyramid

13. 气旋；旋风 n. cyclone

14. 超级干旱 n. megadrought

15. turn... into... 把……变成……

16. lead to 导致；引起

17. deal with 处理，对付；涉及

18. play a part in 在……中起作用

19. add to 增添；增加

20. fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落

21. 除……之外 on top of

22. 多得多；更加 all the more

23. 在……的顶峰 at noe's peak

24. 相当于……，符合于…… correspond to

25. 把……应用于…… apply... to...

表格填空

Ⅰ. 根据课文内容选择正确答案

1. What did William find in his study?

A. He found several new stars.

B. He found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities are consistent with the positions of the stars.

C. He found some Maya cities buried deep in the jungle.

D. He found some stars suddenly disappeared.

2. Which of the following made the Maya calender very accurate?

A. Their understanding of mathematics and astronomy.

B. Their advanced technology.

C. Their rich knowledge of physics.

D. Their extraordinary intelligence.

3. What happened to the Maya in the early 16th century?

A. Most Maya people were killed by Europeans.

B. The houses of Maya people were burned by Europeans.

C. Most Maya people died of an infectious disease.

D. Only a few Maya people survived.

答案：1～3　BAD

Ⅱ. 课文语法填空

As well as experts, ordinary people 1. are intrigued (intrigue) by Maya civilisation. Why? Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mysteries since its rediscovery in the 19th century. The Maya built 2. impressive (impress) palaces and temples. 3. What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the advanced technology. The Maya had a deep understanding of mathematics and astronomy. Furthermore, they had a true writing system, 4. which is so complicated that, so far, no one has been able to interpret it 5. completely (complete). By 700 AD, Maya civilisation was at its peak.

With time going by, Maya civilisation began to decline. The Maya people 6. themselves (they) may have played a part in their downfall. 7. By changing the landscape in this way, the Maya people may have unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters. The natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya. It is believed 8. that these droughts were the main reasons why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places. Those droughts would have caused food shortages, conflicts and, ultimately, the downfall of the cities.

The Maya left various mysteries for later people 9. to solve (solve). Meanwhile, the rise and fall of the Maya civilisation must also leave us 10. thinking (think) about our own past, present and future.

Ⅲ. 阅读升华

1. How many factors are mentioned in the passage which may have contributed to the downfall of Maya civilisation? And what are they?

Two. The Maya people and natural disasters.

2. What lessons can we learn from the downfall of the Maya civilisation?

Human beings must live in harmony with and keep the balance of nature instead of destroying it.(回答合理即可)

The Mysteries① of THE MAYA

Intrigued② by Maya civilisation③ from a very young age, 15­year­old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts. [1] Through comparison, he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to④ the positions of the stars. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried⑤ deep in the jungle.  Although his theory has been dismissed⑥ by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. [2]

[1]Intrigued by... 是过去分词短语作原因状语，thought后是省略了that的宾语从句。

[2]句中Although引导让步状语从句，how引导宾语从句。

It isn't difficult to see why. Extending⑦ south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America, Maya civilisaition has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century. The Maya built impressive palaces and temples, including their representative step pyramids⑧. What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power. [3] The Maya's understanding of mathematics and astronomy⑨was also quite amazing. They applied  this understanding to⑩the Maya calendar, which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year. [4] On top of⑪ all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system. It contained more than 800 characters, with some signs representing animals, people and objects and others representing syllables. It was a writing system so complicated that, so far⑫， no one has been able to interpret it completely.

[3]句中What引导主语从句，how引导表语从句。

[4]which引导非限制性定语从句。

The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious⑬.  But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon⑭ most of their great cities. [5] By 700 AD, Maya civilisation was at its peak⑮. Yet, within just a couple of generations, it began to mysteriously decline. The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle. When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim⑯ its riches, the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements. [6]

[5]what引导表语从句。

[6]句中When引导时间状语从句。

Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. Was it a natural disaster? A deadly disease? Conflicts between cities? Or was it a combination of several different factors? Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall⑰. [7] They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains, and had dug huge canal⑱ systems. As their population expanded, yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction⑲. By changing the landscape in this way, it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters.

[7]that引导宾语从句。

Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya. Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical⑳ cyclones㉑ than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD. This is likely to㉒ have led to a series of㉓ droughts, each lasting for a couple of years, including a “megadrought㉔” around 900 AD. [8] Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates㉕ in different places. [9] These droughts would have led to food shortages㉖, conflicts and, ultimately㉗, the downfall of the cities.

[8]each lasting是“代词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构的应用。

[9]that引导宾语从句，why引导定语从句。

Whatever the reasons, Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle. [10] Its once­great㉘ cities fell into ruin㉙, leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.  Meanwhile㉚, the rise and fall of㉛ this civilisation must also leave us thinking about㉜ our own past, present and future. [11]

[10]句中Whatever引导让步状语从句。

[11]leave us thinking about...为“leave＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构的应用。

①mystery n. 谜

②intrigue v. (因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，

引起……的好奇心

③civilisation n. 文明(社会)

④correspond to 与……一致 correspond with通信

⑤bury v.  将……埋在下面

⑥dismiss  v. 拒绝考虑，否定

⑦extend v. 延伸；绵延

⑧pyramid n. 金字塔

⑨astronomy n. 天文学

⑩apply... to... 把……运用到……上

⑪on top of 在……上面；除……之外

⑫so far 到目前为止

⑬mysterious adj. 神秘的，难以解释的

⑭abandon v. 离弃，逃离

⑮at one's peak在……的顶峰；在……的全盛期

⑯claim v. 抢夺，夺去

⑰downfall n. 衰败

⑱canal n. 运河

⑲construction n. 建设

under construction正在建设

⑳tropical adj. 来自热带的；产于热带的

cyclone n. 气旋；旋风

be likely to很可能

a series of 一系列

megadrought n. 超级干旱

at different rates以不同的速度

food shortages 食物缺乏

ultimately adv. 最终；终于

once­great adj. 曾经伟大的

ruin n. 残垣断壁，废墟

fall into ruin(因无人照料而)衰落，败落

meanwhile adv. 与此同时

the rise and fall of ……的兴衰

think about 想起；思考