内容正文:
连词
一 在not,never等否定词后or和and的应用
当句中有not,never等否定词时,其后若用or,则表示两者都否定;若用and,则只否定其中之一。
He did not speak clearly or correctly.(他讲得不清楚,也不正确。)
He did not speak clearly and correctly.(他讲得清楚,但不正确。)
二 “否则”、“要不然”英语表达法
or除了解作“或者”以外,还可以解作“否则”、“要不然”,此时与or else,otherwise同义。
We must leave the party at exactly 9:00 or we will be late for work.
三 “祈使句+and…”结构的含义
“祈使句+and…”结构相当于“If…+主句”句型。
Say that again and I will punish you.
If you say that again I will punish you.
四 for,because,since和as在用法上的差异
for,because,since和as解作“因为”,其中,for是并列连词,because,since和as是从属连词。because指道德上的或自然的原因,常回答why的问题,语气最强,往往位于主句后。for指的是逻辑上的理由,即根据所产生的结果来推断造成这种结果的理由,起补充说明的作用,通常放在第一分句后。
The river has risen,because it has rained much of late.
It must have rained much of late,for the river is so high.
since和as指对既知的事实表示一种理由,since比as稍微更正式一些,其语气都要比because弱,常位于主句前。
Since you say so,I suppose it is true.
As the moon’s gravity is only 1/6 the gravity of the earth,a 200-pound man weights only 33 pounds on the moon.
五 “虽然…但是…”的英语表达法
汉语中可以说“虽然…但是…”,但在英语中,though或although都不能与but同时连用;用了though或although,就不能用but,用了but就不能用though或although;但是though或although可以与副词yet同时使用,当然不用yet的句子也是正确的,而且更为简洁。在正式英语中,yet也可以用作并列连词,等于but,此时句中不能再使用though或although。
Although he is rich,yet he is not generous.
He worked hard,yet he failed.
六 作“是否”解时whether和if的用法异同
whether和if解作“是否”时,区别如下:
1. 引导宾语从句时,用whether或if都可以。
I am not sure whether I will have time.
I am not sure if I will have time.
2. 当提出两种选择时,应该用“whether…or”或“whether…or not”,而不用“if…or”或“if…or not”。“if…or not”在美国口语中有时也使用,但是在正式文体中应该使用“whether…or not”。
It is uncertain whether he will succeed or fail.
I asked him whether he knew her or not.
3. 引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,要用whether,不用if。
Whether it is true remains a question.
What we want to know is whether he can finish the work in time.
They asked him the question whether an electric current can be produced by magnetism.
4. whether可以用在介词后或动词不定式前,if则不能。
I have not settled the question of whether I will go back home.
She does not know whether to go or stay.
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