第2部分 专题1 第3节 主旨大意题（教师用书word）-2023大二轮【导学教程】老高考英语专题辅导与训练

第三节　主旨大意题 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。 [对应学生用书P22] [命题解读] 主旨大意题主要考查考生归纳概括信息、把握文章主题和理解中心思想的能力，要求考生在阅读中抓住主要信息。主旨可分为直陈式和暗含式。直陈式的主旨可以直接从阅读材料中找出；而暗含式的主旨隐含在文中，需要考生对文中的各种信息进行分析、归纳、概括才能得出。主旨要义类题目在阅读理解中所占比重虽然不大，但是难度较大，是考生容易失分的题目类型，应给予足够的重视。 [设题特点] 主旨大意题目主要的考查形式：理解段落大意、把握全文主旨和拟定文章标题。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。 [选项特征] 正确选项特征 1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段； 2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小； 3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩； 4．一般不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。 干扰选项特征 1．主题扩大：所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容； 2．以偏概全：所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点； 3．偷换概念：所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案； 4．无中生有：所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 [对应学生用书P23] 考法1　最佳标题类 (2022·全国甲卷·B)Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape­recognition abilities to a human two­year­old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial­and­error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two­year­old babies. The next step, according to the researchers