上海市2021届高三英语名校自招宝典（2）--作文篇（无答案）

高考自招宝典（2）--作文篇 L8--写作1（段落的构成，写法以及不同题型的写作方法） 第一节 段落的构成 一、什么是段落 段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思：或描写事物，或争论某事，或对某事提出疑问，或要求什么，或给事物下定义，或驳斥某观点。 一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成：(1)主题句；(2)说明或支持主题的拓展句：(3)结论句（有些段落没有该部分）。 示范段落1 We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. In addition, it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases. It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society. [分析]这是一个典型的段落，可概括提纲如下： 主题句： We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems. 拓展句：1. Doctors say“can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. 2. It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases. 结论句：It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society. 从以上提纲可见，主题句提出了一个问题：What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause? 随后的两个拓展句回答了这个问题，结论句总结了拓展句并再一次强调主题句。 二、怎样写好主题句 作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么，这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。 1．主题句通常有以下三种形式 1)肯定句 例如：The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before. 2)疑问句 例如：How do you think people will solve the problem of wildlife protection? 3)不完整句 例如：And the working man? 初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。 2．主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况 1)段首：主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。 2)段末：用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。 3)段中：有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。 4)隐含：有时候，尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时，当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。 3．如何写主题句 1)要写合乎语法的句子 例l：Two causes of the American Civil War．（分析：这个句子是个不完整的句子，不合乎语法，因此不能用作主题句。} 例2：There were two causes that led to the American Civil War．（分析：重写后的句子合乎语法，是个较好的主题句。） 2)要使用限定词限定主题 为了正确表达观点，好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组来限制这一观点。 例3：Air travel is more convenient than train for at least three reasons. （分析：从这一主题句我们得知作者要写air travel，他将把train和air travel作convenience方面的比较，并且陈述reasons。由此可见，作者在convenient和reason两方面限制他的主题。） 3)要注意主题的可写性 所定的主题不能太笼统，也不能太具体。 例4: In Hemingway's story“Soldier's Home”，Krebs tells his mother that he wants no part of God's Kingdom．（分析：这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。） 例5: In Hemingway's story“Soldier's Home”，Krebs is a lonely, cynical veteran.（分析：这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕“lonely, cynical”展开段落。） 例6：Let me tell you something about overpopulation．（分析：这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。） 例7：Why has the world population been increasing so rapidly in the last decades? （分析：这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用 “ the reasons for overpopulation in the last decades” , 从“原因”和“时间”两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内论述。） 三、怎样写好拓展句 拓展句是对主题句的进一步阐述，是在主题句的基础之上运用各种方法进行说明、描述、议论、比较等等。因此，拓展句与主题句之间有着非常紧密的联系，主题句是拓展句的“纲”，限定了拓展句只能写什么，不能写什么；拓展句也要紧紧围绕主题句中所包含的一些关键词进行展开，以达到论证或说明主题句的作用。 例如： ①There arc two main reasons why[have decided to attend Kingston University next year. ②First of all, there is the question of money: Kingston's tuition is reasonable and I don’t even have to pay it all at once. ③This is very important, since my father is not a rich man. ④With Kingston's“deferred payment plan，”my father will be able to pay my tuition without too much difficulty. ⑤The second reason is the fine education which I feel I will receive there in agriculture, my chosen filed. ⑥It is a well-known fact that Kingston hires only the finest professors in its Agriculture Department. ⑦Moreover, the university requires all agricultural students to get practical experience by working on farms in the area while they are still going to school. [分析] (1)该段落的主题句是：①There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend Kingston University next year．(2)拓展句是从②到⑦。(3)在拓展句中，作者提出了两个理由：理由1 - financial consideration(其中还补充了两个细节：a．reasonable tuition , b. deferred payment plan)；理由2- quality of education(a. fine teachers; b. experience)。 由此可见，段落的拓展依赖于支持主题句的细节。拓展段落的方法很多。通常每个段落以一种方法为支配方法，必要时，可运用其他一种或数种方法作为辅助方法。上面的段落使用因果法作为支配方法，分类法作为辅助方法。 四、怎样写好结论句 段落由三个部分组成，最后一部分就是结论句。结论句通常与主题句一样包含有段落的中心思想，然而所用措辞与主题句不同。在示范段落l中，主题句是：We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems．结论句是：It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society. 如何写结论句 1. 把握主题句的关键词 例如在关于cigarette smoking的示范段落l中，中心思想是the health problems caused by cigarette smoking, 关键词是 health problems。 2. 总结细节，回答主题句中隐含的问题 示范段落l中，隐含的问题是What are the health problems caused by cigarette smoking? 结论句做出的回答是It is identified as one of the chief cause of death in our society. 3. 用不同的措辞表达同一中心思想 在上述段落中，主题句的关键词是health problems，而在结论句中，关键词是causes of death。 示范段落2 Our neighborhood has been greatly changed. When I last visited there, about half of the homes had been torn down to make way for a superhighway. The remaining buildings were plastered with billboards and surrounded by traffic signs and litter. Now the whole neighborhood has become dirty, noisy and full of cars. [分析] 主题句：Our neighborhood has been greatly changed. 主题句关键词：changed 主题句隐含的问题：How has the neighborhood changed? 细节：(1)a superhighway built — noisy and full of cars (2) full of billboards, traffic signs and litter — dirty 结论句：Now the whole neighborhood has become dirty, noisy and full of cars. 结论句关键词：dirty, noisy and full of cars 结论句总结了细节并回答了主题句提出的问题。 五、如何写好一个段落 一个好的段落应该具有以下了个特征：1）完整性；2）统一性；3）连贯性。 1．完整性 段落的完整性指的是段落得以充分展开。作者一写好主题句，就应该用细节进行拓展，细节越充分越好。例如，你认为“Riding motorcycles is dangerous”，你就应该用你所知道的事实证明这一观点是正确的。你可以使用数字，列举例子，进行描绘等等。 示范段落3： Ever since the time of the Greeks, drama has played an important ro1e in man's lives. The Greek tragedies and comedies were a central part of the citizens' lives in ancient Greece. During the Middle Ages, Bible stories were acted out in churches, and some wandering companies of players performed in the streets. In modern times, drama is brought into people's homes through the magic of television. [分析] 主题句：Ever since the time of the Greeks, drama has played an important ro1e in man's lives. 细节：(1) ancient Greece; (2) the Middle Ages; (3) modern times 作者根据各个不同历史时期提供细节，举例说明戏剧的重要性。 2．统一性 一个好的段落应该具有统一性。统一性就是一个中心思想统领整个段落。每个细节都应支持主题句，不应有无关的细节。为了支持主题，要尽可能多地提供细节，但又要避免滥用细节。 读下面段落，然后找出毛病。 ①Innovations, whether practical or aesthetic, are often resisted by the general population. ②When the early experiments in the field of aviation began their work, there were many who said, “lf God had wanted man to fly, he would have given him wings.” ③The Wright brothers made the first powered flights in a heavier-than-air craft in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. ④Even today there are many who strongly object to modern art and music as being nothing more than “splashes of paint and honking horns”. The painter Picasso's well-known masterpiece "The Three Musicians" is done primarily in blues and browns, [分析] 主题句：Innovations, whether practical or aesthetic, are often resisted by the general population. 拓展细节： (I) People's objection to the early experiments in the field of aviation. (2) People's objection to modern art and music. 无关细节： (1)The Wright brothers' experiment in flight. (2) Picasso's well-known masterpiece "The three Musicians". 3. 连贯性 。 段落的连贯性指的是句子以清晰、符合逻辑的顺序连接。连贯性使读者能够找出每个观点之间的联系以及这些观点与主题句的联系。 I (1)使用同一时态 如果随意而毫无理由地改变时态，那么不管作者连句的技巧多么高超，段落也不可能取得连贯性。在写作时，可以使用现在时或过去时。选用哪一种取决于作者处理材料的方式。 (2)使用某种逻辑顺序 常用的逻辑顺序有：1）时间顺序；2）空间顺序；3）重要性顺序；4）熟悉度顺序。 (3)使用连接成分 使用某些连接词和短语，重复某些关键词，可以大大增加段落的连贯性。某些连接词、短语和关键词可以起黏着物的作用，把各部分连接起来，使句子间的关系更加清楚。连接成分主要有以下三种： a. 连接词语； b. 代词：代词用于提醒读者注意其先行词，以此把有关的部分连接起来； c. 重复关键词语。 示范段落4 Until recently daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time．②Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties．③But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming．④And it may be that more people are suffering from a lack of daydreaming than are suffering from too much of it. [分析] 顺序：熟悉度和对比关系 连接词语：until recently，or，but，and，then 代词：it 重复关键词：daydreaming 第二节 段落的具体写法 一、事实与数据法 1. 什么是事实与数据法 事实是可以客观证实的事情。例如： The sun rises in the east. 是个事实。 Oil and water do not mix. 也是个事实。两者都可以通过实验证明是真实的。但是Eating carrots improves eyesight. 也许是真实的也许不是真实的。这不是个事实，是一种看法。数据是一个数字事实，用于给某一主题提供有意义的信息。例如： There are twenty-five students in the class. 示范段落1 The term “population explosion” is usually applied to the rapid growth of population over the last three centuries. In the two hundred years from 1650 to 1850, world population doubled and reached its first billion. In the next eighty years, it doubled again, and by 1975, it had doubled once more to a total of 4 billion. By the year 2000, it is estimated that it will exceed 6 billion and possibly approach 7 billion unless there is a major reduction in birth rates or a major increase in death rates. [分析] 主题句：The term “population explosion” is usually applied to the rapid growth of population over the last three centuries. 提供信息：数据1:1650—1850; double, reach 1 billion 数据2:1850—1930; double again, reach 2 billion 数据3:1930—1975; double again, reach 4 billion 数据4:1975—2000; exceed 6 billion, approach 7 billion 示范段落2 A snake is a strange animal. It walks on its ribs and it smells with its tongue. Since its teeth are sharp like needles and not good for chewing, it swallows its food whole. [分析] 主题句：A snake is a strange animal. 事实1：walks on its ribs and it smells with its tongue 事实2：swallows its food whole 2. 用事实与数据写段落的方法 1)不要把事实与看法混为一谈。事实是真实的，因为它们已被证实。然而看法只是人们的主观想法，不一定真实。因此，记住用事实而不是用看法支持你的观点。 2)不要使用不相关的数据。如果你为了增加观点的可信度而使用不相关的数据，即使这些数据是真实的，也会引起误解。 二、叙述法 1．什么是叙述法 叙述法回答了“发生了什么”这一问题。叙述经常用于讲述一系列事件。这种方法常用作小说、传记的支配方法，也可用作其他各种文体的辅助方法。例如，轶事、寓言等都是用叙述形式阐述某一观点。 示范段落1 1 was seven years old when I first became aware of the terrible power of guilt. For piling our toys into the toy box, Mother had rewarded my brother and me with five shiny pennies each. If I had ten pennies instead of just five, l could have bought a gingerbread man with raisin eyes and sugar-frosted hair. The image danced in my head all day, until, finally, I crept into my brother’s room and stole his five pennies. The next morning, as my brother and l were dressing to go to school. l had all ten pennies in the pocket of my coat, cramming one of my father's handkerchiefs on top of them. As my brother and l lined up in front of Mother to be kissed goodbye, she looked at my bulging pocket with amazement. "What on earth do you have in your pocket?" She asked，“It's nothing," I said, as offhandedly（漫不终心地）as I could. "It's nothing at all." Bewildered, but too busy to investigate any further, Mother kissed me goodbye. I ran out the door and down our gravel path as fast as my feet could carry me. But the farther from home l got, the more miserable l became. The shiny pennies in my pocket felt oppressively like one-ton boulders(巨石). And l was haunted by the idea that l had become a thief. Forgotten was the gingerbread man, for whose sake I had stolen my brother's pennies. Finally, unable to bear my horrible feeling of guilt, l ran back home to blurt out my crime to my mother. [分析] 在上面段落中，作者在主题句中阐述了他的观点：1 was seven years old when I first became aware of the terrible power of guilt．然后用一件轶事作为支持这一观点的细节，叙述发生了什么事，并说明了他的观点。 2．写叙述段落的方法 1)只着重叙述有意义的事件和经历。尽量避免日常琐事和无聊事，只使用那些有助于阐明你观点的事件和经历。 2)保持始终如一的着眼点。不管叙述是以第一人称或第三人称进行，都要尽量使语言从叙述者的着眼点反映叙述者的见解和意向。 3)运用细节。写叙述段落时要运用细节，使人物栩栩如生，并在读者的想象中唤起事件发生的那种氛围。在描绘人物时也要使用细节，使人物血肉丰满，形象生动。 4)使用时间顺序。叙述几乎总是使用时间顺序法来组织细节。 三、描述法 1. 什么是描述法 叙述说明发生了什么事情，描述则向读者描绘某事物的样子、声音、味道等等。作者可以通过外表、行动或变化用语言描绘一个人、一个物体、一个地方或一个场面。 示范段落1 A tsunami（海啸）is a great wave or series of waves. It extends from the surface to the sea floor and moves the entire vertical section of ocean through which it speeds. The greater the ocean depth is, the faster the tsunami travels. Speeds of up to 600 mph have been reached. Toward land it slows down as the bottom of the wave drags on the seabed; its crest（波峰）rises from fifty to a hundred feet or more. [分析] 主题句：A tsunami is a great wave or series of waves. 细节1：extension 细节2：speed(statistics used) 细节3：height( statistics used) 在上面段落中，作者用细节（包括数据）描述了海啸的宽度( extension)、速度(speed) 和高度(height)，从而告诉读者海啸是什么样子。 示范段落2 The kitchen was in a mess. Along the left wall were the counter and sink covered with dirty dishes and garbage. On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of dirty clothes. Right next to the door where l was standing, on my right, l saw a table cluttered with old newspapers, an overturned catsup bottle, and a wet, half-eaten hot dog. At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with the door slightly open and milk dripping down from the top shelf. It was the messiest kitchen I had ever seen. [分析] 主题句：The kitchen was in a mess. 细节l: Along the left wall — counter and sink 细节2:On the far wall — washing machine 细节3:Right next to the door, on my right — table 細节4: At the far end of the right wall — refrigerator 结论句:It was the messiest kitchen I had ever seen. 2. 写描述段落的方法 1) 主题句给读者一个深刻的印象 写一个好的描述段落要注意两个方面：首先给读者一个深刻的印象，然后运用充分的细节。这种深刻的印象必须首先吸引读者，因此不要在主题句中运用太琐碎的东西冲淡这一印象。 比较下面两个主题句： a. The kitchen is in a mess. b. The kitchen is a place where the hostess does almost all the housework and as a consequence it is not always attractive and neat. 显然，前一个主题句比后一个更吸引读者，因为它能给人以更深刻的印象。 2) 提供充足的细节 具体和生动的细节是成功的描述所不可缺少的。在示范段落1中，作者通过海啸外表的生动细节以及速度和高度的具体数据描写海啸。在示范段落2中，在主题句后，作者提供细节描绘厨房是怎样的乱七八糟。记住不要提供无用的细节使读者失望。 3) 使用空间顺序法组织段落 好的描述还在于把一大堆具体的细节按空间顺序组成一个整体。在示范段落1中，作者按照从表面到海底，从远到近的顺序描绘。在示范段落2中，作者按照从左到右，从近到远顺序描绘。 4) 使用有新意的明喻和暗喻 明喻和暗喻可使描述更加生动，但要尽量避免使用已经用得太滥的比喻。 四、过程分析法 1. 什么是过程分析法 过程分析法用作支配方法时，其目的是告诉读者怎样做某事，说明某事物的工作原理或某事物的制造方法。 示范段落1 Even if you don't know how to cook, you'll never starve to death if you know how to prepare rambled eggs（炒鸡蛋）．You begin by melting one tablespoon of butter in a frying pan over low heat. While the butter is melting, break three eggs into a bowl. Add 1／4 teaspoon of salt, l／4 teaspoon“paprika（辣椒粉），and three tablespoons of milk to the eggs in the bowl and mix them for about a minute. Pour the mixture into the frying pan, break them into shreds with a fork, or stir them with a spoon until they become solid. When they are cooked, serve them with lightly buttered toast. [分析] 主题句：Even if you don't know how to cook, you'll never starve to death if you know how to prepare rambled eggs. 步骤2:break eggs 步骤3:add salt, paprika and milk to the eggs 步骤4:mix them 步骤5:pour into the frying pan and stir them 步骤6:senre with buttered toast 2. 写过程分析段落的方法 1)按照事物发展的顺序解释过程。 过程分析通常使用时间顺序法组织段落，因为告诉别人怎样做某事的最容易的方法是一步一步地分析。 2)提及必要的用具、成分的分量和时机，在适当的地方提醒读者注意容易做错的地方。 3)使用列举符号表示步骤。 下面的列举符号常用于过程描述：first, second, third, etc.；to begin with, then, finally, etc. 五、举例法 1．什么是举例法 举例法也是拓展主题的主要方法。举例法有两种形式，一种是首先陈述自己的观点，然后举出一个或多个例子阐明观点；另一种是先举一个很长的例子，然后转入例子所要阐明的观点。 请读下面段落： Courage is the willingness to take a risk when the outcome is uncertain, and when the risk taken may involve harm, loss, or danger to the one taking it. The courageous person fears no one and nothing. He or she is undaunted{不气馁）by danger or peril. He or she will venture boldly into an uncertain situation, hardly giving a thought to the harm or consequences which may result to him or her. 以上段落的缺点是乏味、含糊，不能向读者表达作者关于courage的看法。请看下面重写后的段落。 示范段落1 Courage is the willingness to take a risk when the outcome is uncertain, and when the risk taken may involve harm, loss, or danger to the one taking it. For example, in a Los Angeles suburb, a twelve-year-old girl ran into a burning house to rescue her baby brother, pulled him unconscious out of the burning bedroom, and dragged him down the stair and outside to safety. This was arousing display of courage. The girl had been safe outside the flaming house when she remembered her sleeping brother. Disregarding her personal safety, she plunged into the flaming house to save him. [分析] 较之上一段落，这个段落更能清晰地传达作者关于courage的观点。首先，作者概述什么是courage，然后举出一个女孩子从燃烧着的房子中把弟弟救出来的例子阐明这一观点。 2. 用例证写段落的方法 1) 选择恰当的例子。所选的例子应该能够恰当地支持自己的观点。 2) 要表明你的例子所要阐明的观点。大多数作者使用for example等短语引出例子。其他常用的短语有：as an example，to illustrate，for instance，an illustration of it，a case in等等。 3) 不要滥用例子。所举的例子要有典型性、代表性，并且要简洁、连贯。 六、比较与对比法 1. 什么是比较与对比法 有时为了说明某一事物，需要与其他事物联系起来才能阐述清楚，这就是比较或对比。比较和对比方法基本一致，不同的是比较强调两事物如何相同，对比强调两事物如何不问。 示范段落1 Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs. People living in the city are constantly exposed to the hustle and bustle of urban life. But life in the suburbs is generally quiet and casual and generally more low-key than in the city. If city dwellers want to see trees and grass, they must go to one of the public parks. On the other hand, the streets of many suburban communities are lined with trees and shrubs, and each house has its own grassy yard. A person living in the city is close to many sources of entertainment, but people living in suburban areas must go into the city for entertainment. 示范段落2 The llama（无峰骆驼）is a member of the camel family. Like the camel, the llama can live for weeks without a drink of water. Both get enough moisture from the grass, shrubs, and other plants they eat. But unlike the camel, the llama has no hump on its back. [分析] 示范段落1所用的支配方法足对比。作者对比城市生活与城郊生活。而示范段落2同时运用了比较和对比方法，既描绘了无峰骆驼和骆驼的共同点，也描绘了不同点。 2. 写比较或对比段落的方法 1) 弄清比较或对比的基点。 比较或对比时，第一步是确定比较或对比的基点。在示范段落1中，作者把对比基于生活步调、视野和娱乐上。在示范段落2中，作者把比较和对比基于无峰驼和骆驼的特性和外表上。 2) 用逐事比较或逐点比较的方法组织比较或对比段落，一旦确定了比较或对比基点，作者就可以用以下两种方式之一推展段落：逐事比较(item by item)或逐点比较( point by point)。 逐事比较重点放在被比较和对比的特定事物上，先叙述A事物，再叙述B事物。逐点比较重点放在两事物中每个事物的各个特征上，先叙述每个事物某一特征，再叙述每个事物的另一特征。如下面比较a motorcycle和a car的异同的大纲所示： Item by Item I. motorcycle: A. expense B. upkecp C safety II. automobile: A. expense B. upkeep C safety Point by Point I. expense: A. motorcycle B. automobile II. upkeep: A. motorcycle B. automobile III. safety: A. motorcycle B. automobile 3)运用连接词语保持连贯。 第三节 不同作文题型的写作方法 在各类英语考试中，关于作文的题目基本上可以分为5种类型，分别是：情景作文，关键词作文， 主题句作文，命题作文以及图表作文。这里主要就最经常考的三种作文类型：情景作文、命题作文以及图表作文作介绍。 1. 情景作文 情景作文是各类英语考试中常见的作文类型，这种作文要求考生根据所给的提示（通常以中文的形式出现）写一篇规定字数的文章，文章的内容必须围绕提示的要求。一般情况下，所给的提示都简单明了，非常具有指向性。因此考生一定要认真阅读提示语，并认真思考自己的作文。 例1： Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a three-paragraph composition on the topic“My Favourite Programme”. You should write no less than 100 words and yon should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1)我最喜爱的电视（或无线电）节目是…… 2)这类节目的内容和特点； 3)我喜欢它的原因。 [解析] (1)认真阅读写作要求，确保完全明确将要进行的写作内容或相关要求，如：a three-paragraph composition on the topic“My Favourite Programme”; no less than 100 words。(2)从已给的提示语中归纳出文章的关键词：最喜爱的节目；内容，特点；原因。(3) 思考并分析文章题目与各个段落之间的关系：第一段，写你最喜爱的电视节目是什么；第二段，描述该节目的内容以及特点；第三段，写你为什么喜爱这个节日。(4)草拟每一个段落的主题句，然后再根据主题句进行拓展，进而完成作文。例如： ① My most favourite programme is... ② The programme is interesting as well as instructive. ③ The reason why I like it is that... __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 例2： Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about “Television" in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop the idea in completing the paragraph. Your composition should be about 100 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. 1) Television presents a vivid world in front of us. 2) Television can also play an educational role in our daily life. 3) However, television can also be harmful. [解析] (1)仔细阅读作文的要求，并归纳出要点；(2)通过分析作文题目和各个主题句之间的关系我们知道，这篇文章要求我们写关于电视的“利”与“弊”；(3)分析已给的每一个主题句，找出其中的关键词：vivid world, educational role in daily life, harmful; (4) 进一步分析题目我们发现，第二个主题句实际上是对第一个主题句的深入，尤其also一词说明，这两个主题句之间是递进关系。因此在文章的第一和第二段，我们主要写电视节目的“利”，其中第一段重点写“vivid world”，第二段主要写“educational role”；(5)第三个主题句中的However 一词告诉我们，文章的内容在这里要进行转折，开始写电视节目的“弊”。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．命题作文 命题作文要求考生把握题目中的内涵要求并“创造”出一篇完整、连贯的文章。由于这种类型的作文没有直接的提示要求，但要求学生能够充分理解作文标题的含义，并写出文章。这类作文虽有一定的难度，但也给学生自由发挥提供了空间。 在写作时，我们要(1) 仔细阅读作文要求，确保自己理解写作要求；(2)根据自己对题目的分析列出写作提纲；(3)给每个段落写出主题句；(4)根据每个段落的主题句发展成文。 例： Directions: Write a composition on the topic "Should Firecrackers Be Banned?" Your composition should be at least 100 words. Remember to support the main idea with details and make your conclusion. Coherence is also important. [解析] (1)这篇作文的题目要求写的是关于firecrackers的内容，但firecrackers可写的方面很多，因此题目对我们的文章进行了限定：是否应禁止燃放，这样文章的要求就很明确了。考生只要写firecrackers是否应被禁止及其原因即可。(2)可以在草稿纸上罗列出firecracker可能带来的“好”的方面或者是“坏”的方面，以及自己的观点和结论（禁还是不禁），如： a. good - reflects the heritage of Chinese culture adds much to the warm atmosphere adds enjoyment of people b. bad - brings great economic loss to the country causes certain disorder in the society pollutes our environment c. your own opinion and conclusion (3)基于以上分析，写出文章每一个段落的主题句： ① Firecrackers have been used in China for hundreds of years. ② People in China have different opinions about setting off firecrackers. ③ In my opinion, setting off firecrackers should be banned. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3．图表作文 图表作文实际上就是将图片或表格中的信息转化成作文的一种形式，在写作的过程中，首先要求我们仔细看图片或表格，理解它们所隐含的意义和内容，通过图表抓住文章的主题。图表作文可分为图和表两类。 首先，“图”义可分为漫画式和记叙式，漫画式通过生动的图画传递深刻的思想。写作多数是在描述图片的基础上发表感想或分析问题，这一类作文类似于议论文。而记叙式的图片有点像连环画，一般由多幅图片构成，带有故事情节，这类作文接近于记叙文。当然有些题目还有可能要求根据图片内容发表感想，那就有点夹叙夹议了。所以要看清题目的要求。 例1：根据漫画，请以“烟”为题，用英语写一篇短文，描述图片的内容，并就此发表你的评论。 This is a funny and instructive picture. In the picture, a young man is smoking happily in a factory when he sees a sign which means "No Smoking" on the wall. But he finds that the factory is giving off large quantities of heavy smoke which makes him feel very puzzled. "Why does the factory forbid people to smoke while the factory itself emits so much poisonous smoke?" Nowadays, many factories know the danger of smoking to themselves and don't allow people to smoke in the factory. However, they don't pay any attention to the danger that they cause to the whole society. And they let out lots of polluted smoke which does great harm to our environment. In my opinion, we could not live comfortably without most of the industrial products, but we could not survive without nature! Therefore, something must be done to prevent the pollution caused by all factories! 其次，“表”还可以指表格类作文，即针对表所给出的内容进行描述并发表自己的观点。表格类作文至少包含描述性图标和解释原因两个部分，而当前的图表作文大多还有第三个段落。表格类作文规律性很强，不像图画式作文那样丰富于变化。 例2：近年来，越来越多的人使用电脑，请根据下面的图表，谈谈这一现象的利弊。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 图表作文的写法 (1) 首段的写作 图表作文有表格、柱形图、饼状图和折线图，不管是图标还是表格，都需要进行描述，一般放在文章的第一部分，长度宜适中。 例1：From the chart we can see clearly that the average number of hours a student spends on Internet per week has increased from less than two hours in 1998 to nearly four hours in 2000, and then to 20 hours in 2004. 例2：From the chart, we can see clearly that in a big city in China, state-owned houses declined from 75% in 1990 t0 60% in 1995 and then t0 20% in 2000, while private houses rose from 25% t0 40% and then t0 80% during the same period. [解析]这里用了while从句来突显对比，是一种非常好的办法。 (2)第二段的写作 第二段是解释原因的段落。 主观：I believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon. 客观：Several reasons can account for this phenomenon. (3)第三段的写作 第三段不要直接写结论。如果这篇文章讲的是一个令人担忧的问题，那么这一段最好写解决的办法。如果这篇文章讲的是一个好的变化，那么这一段很可能是两种情况：可能写负面的影响或存在的问题，或者写未来趋势或发展方向。 L9--写作2（写作的开头和结尾，英语写作模板以及模拟作文） 第三节 作文的开头和结尾 一、开头段的写作方法 1．使用引语 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them," Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 【分析】开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。 2. 具体或粗略的数据 当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后做出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如： As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002. 【分析】文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象，很有说服力。 3. 提出问题 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开简短讨论。如： What do you want from your work? Money, promotions, interesting challenges, continual learning, work-based friendships, or the opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things. 【分析】文章开头提出“你想从下作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其他收获这一结论。 4. 具体实例或报道 给出具体生活实例或新闻报道。如： As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect. 【分析】文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。 5. 定义法 针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如： As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly. 【分析】文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义： 6．主题句法 文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如： Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country. 【分析】文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。 7．开头段的常用核心句型 (1) As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that... (2) The arguer may be right about...，but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that... (3) Although it is commonly agreed that...，it is unlikely to be true that... (4) There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that… (5) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally overlooked. (6) On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution/idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis/on second thought), we find that... (7) Although many people believe that..., I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis. (8) The danger (problem/fact/truth/point) is that… (9)I agree with the above statement because I believe that… (10) There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of… Those who object to…argue that… But people who favor…on the other hand, argue that… (11) Currently (In recent years/In the past few years/For many years now), there is ( has been) a(n) general (widespread/growing/widely held) feeling towards (concern over/attitude towards/ trend towards/ awareness of/ realization of/illusion of/ belief in)... (12) As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that... (13) Now it is commonly( widely／generally／increasingly) believed( thought／held／accepted / felt/recognized/acknowledged) that... But I wonder (doubt) whether... 二、结尾段的写作方法 1. 总结归纳 简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。如： In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap. 【分析】文章通过in conclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确。 2. 重申主题 再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。如： Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man's energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually. 【分析】文章对前文的观点进行了再次阐述，使之更加鲜明。 3. 预测展望 立足当前，放眼未来。如： So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. 【分析】文章通过对未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。 4. 提出建议 提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如： As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census. 【分析】文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行。 5. 提出问题 提出有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。如： Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, and take care of them. Why can’t young people think of the days when they are getting old? 【分析】文章最后用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母。 6．引用格言 用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如： Many years ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change” — and accelerating knowledge acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change. 【分析】文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象。 7．结尾段常用的核心句型 (1) From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors/Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach/come to/arrive at) the conclusion that... (2) All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies/confirms/warrants/points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable/sound/just) conclusion that… (3) It is high time we placed (laid/put) great (special/considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development/increase/promotion) of... (4) It is high time we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy/ undesirable/deplorable) situation (tendency/phenomenon) of... (5) We must look (call/cry) for an immediate action (method/measure), because the present (current) situation( phenomenon／tendency／state／attitude) of... if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction/ heavy cost) of… (6) There is no easy (immediate/effective) solution (approach/answer/remedy) to the problem of..., but... might be useful (helpful/ beneficial). (7) No easy method( solution/recipe/remedy) can be at hand( found/guaranteed) to solve (resolve/tackle) the problem of …, but the common (general/public) recognition of (realization of／awareness of／commitment to) the necessity (importance／significance) of…might be the first step towards change (on the right way/in the right direction). (8) Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)...，but the pay-off will be worth the effort. (9) Obviously (Clearly/No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that... (10) Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to) ... , it is very likely(the chances are good) that . . . (11) There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special/ adequate / immediate /further) attention must be called (paid/devoted) to the problem of... (12) It is necessary (essential/ fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps/ measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct / check / end / fight) the situation (tendency/ phenomenon). (13) It is hoped (suggested/ recommended) that great (continuous/persistent/sustained/corporate) efforts should be made to control (check/halt/promote) the growth (increase/rise) of ... (14) It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on/ focused on) finding (developing/improving)... (15) It remains to be seen whether... but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy). (16)Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential/grave/serious/pernicious) consequences (effects) of . . . (17) To reverse (check/control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands/involves/ entails) a different state of mind towards (attitude towards/outlook on)... (18) For these reasons, I strongly recommend that... (19) For the reasons given above, I feel that... 三、英语写作用的过渡词 1. 段落.文章起始 ① first(of all) ② first and foremost ③ to begin with ④ in the first place ⑤ generally speaking ⑥ in general 2. 段落 .文章结尾 ① in conclusion ② in short ③ in summary ④ in a word ⑤ all in all ⑥ to sum up ⑦ in brief ⑧ therefore ⑨ thus ⑩ as has been said/mentioned consequently 3. 表示对比和比较 ① compared with . . . . . . is similar to . . . ③ likewise ④ on the other hand ⑤ however ⑥ despite( =in spite of) ⑦apart from… ⑧on the contrary 4．表示递进 ①besides ②furthermore ③moreover ④in addition ⑤what's more ⑥not only... but also... ⑦on the top of that 5．表示顺序 ①first/ firstly/first of all ②second/secondly ③next ④afterwards ⑤then ⑥soon later ⑧at last 6．表示让步 ①even so ②however ③nevertheless ④in spite of/despite ⑤regardless of ⑥after all 第五节 英语作文模板 一、对比观点题型 （1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1. 有一些人认为...... 2. 另一些人认为...... 3. 我的看法...... The topic of ________（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ________（支持A的理由一）．What is more, ________（理由二）．Moreover, ________（理由三）． While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, ________ （支持B的理由一）．Secondly(besides) ________（理由二）．Thirdly( finally)，________（理由三）． From my point of view, I think ________（我的观点）．The reason is that ________（原因）. As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice. （2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点． Some people believe that ________（观点一）．For example, they think ________（举例说明）.And it will bring them________（为他们带来的好处）． In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing, ________（我反对该看法的的理由一）. For another thing, ________（反对的理由之二）． From all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ________（我对文章所讨论主题的看法） 二、阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。 1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。 2. 分析并举例使其更充实。 The good old proverb ________（名言或谚语）reminds us that ________（释义）. Indeed, we can learn many things from it. First of all，________ (理由一)．For example, ________（举例说明）．Secondly, ________（理由二）. Another case is that ________（举例说明）. Furthermore, ________（理由三）. In my opinion, ________（我的观点）．In short, whatever you do, please remember the proverb ________（重复该名言或谚语）．If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you’ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. 三、解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径。 1．问题现状。 2．怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）。 In recent days, we have to face the problem of A, which is become more and more serious. First, ________（说明A的现状）. Second ________（举例进一步说明现状）. Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measure to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________ （解决方法一）. For another, ________ （解决方法二）. Finally, ________（解决方法三）． Personally, I believe that ________（我的解决方法）．Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________（带来的好处）. 四、说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明…下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊}出发，最后往往要求考生表明白己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） 1．说明事物现状。 2．事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）。 3．你对现状（或前景）的看法。 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First, ________ (A的优点之一). Besides, ________ (A的优点之二)． But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________ (A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse, ________（A的第二个缺点）． Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweight the negative ones. Therefore,1 would like to________（我的看法）． From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________（对前景的预测）． 五、图表作文 As is shown/indicated／illustrated by the figure/ percentage in the table(graph／picture/pie /chart), ________ (作文题目的议题) has been on rise／decline, significantly/dramatically／steadily rising／decreasing from ________ to ________. From the sharp/ marked decline/rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________. There are at least two reasons accounting for ________. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, ________ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for ________ Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that ________. 六、实用性写作（申请信） Your address Month, Date, Year Receiver's address Dear.... I am extremely pleased to hear from you,/ to see your advertisement for the position in... And I would like to write a letter to tell you that ... /I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising. I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed. On the one hand, ... on the other hand, ... I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference. I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview. I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience / I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience. Best regards for your health and success. Sincerely yours, XXX 第六节 模板作文及范文 1. Directions: For this pan you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Coping with Stress. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Outline: 1)随着生活节奏的加快，人们的生活越来越紧张； 2)紧张会对个人和社会造成危害； 3)学会应对现代生活的紧张。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Mobile Phone. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Outline： 1)移动电话发展很快； 2)移动电话的好处； 3)移动电话的不足之处。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 在一个人的成长过程中，家庭教育十分重要，同时朋友的影响也不可忽视。这两者中你认为哪一个更重要？请谈谈你的看法。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Directions: You are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled "The Rise of Shanzhai Culture". You should write at least 150 words based on the outline given below 1)最近掀起了一股“山寨”热； 2)为什么会有这个现象； 3)你如何看待这个问题。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Directions: Study the following chart carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words in which you should: 1) describe the chart; 2) account for the facts revealed in the chart. number of Chinese Scholars returning from overseas over the past years __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ $