内容正文:
押全国卷3第32—35题
阅读理解D篇说明文
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体,在全国卷的阅读理解中每年都涉及到说明文的考查,是必考问题之一。因此考生在备考时要多加关注,勤加练习。
说明文的选材都是各专业领域的前沿问题,尤以科技类说明文居多。说明文的词汇和句式的运用比其他体裁文章而言,难度更大。词汇运用灵活,同一个词的不同词性用法交替出现。未列入考纲的生词较多,专业术语也多,且对考生而言比较陌生。文章中的长难句比较多。这些都导致考生在阅读时难度很大。
通过篇首确定说明对象
说明文一般都开门见山,在篇首会阐明文章的说明对象。学生课通过阅读文章手段迅速确定文章的说明对象,有助于考生把握文章主旨。
关注每段首尾句
说明文从第二段开始,通常从不同的方面对说明对象进行深入说明。
段落通常由topic sentence(主旨句),supporting details (支撑细节),和concluding sentence(总结句)三个部分组成。作者一般在段首表明段落的主旨,有时在段尾进行总结给出段落主旨,或者段首段尾以不同的文字给出。因此,阅读时,要关注每段的首尾句,确定段落的大意或主旨。阅读段落尾句还可以帮助我们理清段落之间的逻辑关系。
充分利用文章中说明方式的运用和语篇标记词
说明文中常见的说明方法有下定义,作诠释,举例子,作引用等。
考生可以通过文中下定义,作诠释的内容猜测生词或术语的含义。举例子是为了是说明对象具体化,考生可以充分读懂段落中文中的例子,更好地理解段落主旨。作引用通常引用专家,名人等话语,充当说明的依据或内容来说明,介绍事物。
常见的语篇标记词有:
表示对比反差,如but,however,yet,unlike,in contrast,on the contrary;
表示相似性,如likewise,similarly,in the same way;
表示补充细节,如also,moreover,furthermore,additionally,in addition;
表示原因,如because,as,since,as a result of,due to,thanks to;
表示结果,如so,as a result,therefore,thus,consequently,in consequence;
表示举例子,如for example,for instance,such as.
考生应当充分利用这些说明方法的运用,增加对文章主旨和细节的理解。
Passage 1(2020 •全国卷Ⅲ•第32—35题)
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stra