微技能 推理判断之根据否定词或关键词推断-初中同步八年级英语阅读写作技能训练

阅读进阶 Graded reading 上一期，我们学习了如何归纳文章的中心。从这一期开始，我们将学习一种新的阅读技能——推理判断。 推理判断之根据否定词或关键词推断 推理判断题是阅读理解设题中较难的一类题型。其具体含义指根据原文中已知的信息，经过合理的逻辑推理，有时还需要结合一些常识，来推断出文中未出现的信息。 按照推理的依据，我们可以将推理判断分为：根据否定词或关键词推断、根据细节推断、根据逻辑推断、根据作者态度推断和根据常识推断。本期，我们来学习根据否定词或关键词进行推断的技巧。[来源:Zxxk.Com] 【例题】 仔细阅读下面的短文，并完成短文后的题。 A well-known old man was being interviewed(采访) and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday. “That’s right,” said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I don’t have any enemy in the world. They’re all dead.” “Well, sir,” said the interviewer, “I really hope to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.” The old man looked at the interviewer closely and said, “I can’t see why you shouldn’t. You look fit and healthy!” According to the passage, what do you think of the old man? A. He was ill. B. He was very proud and sure of his health. C. He was crazy. D. He was very polite to young people. 【解题步骤指导】 第一步：扫读原文及题干，确认对应原文信息的大致位置； 第二步：找出对应信息中的否定词或关键词； 第三步：整合和组织否定词和关键词，准确理解对应信息的内容；[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K] 第四步：运用常识及合理的逻辑分析，得出正确答案。 【解题过程详解】 该小题问的是“根据这篇文章，你认为这位老人怎么样？”，而文章的内容是关于这位老人接受的一次采访。因此，为了推断出老人的性格或特点，我们可以从老人在采访中的回答中找到正确答案。 文中老人的回答：[来源:Zxxk.Com] 1. Ninety-nine years old, and I don’t have any enemy in the world. They’re all dead. 2. I can’t see why you shouldn’t. You look fit and healthy! 这其中包含的否定词及关键词为：don’t have any enemy, dead, can’t see, shouldn’t, fit和healthy。 根据这些否定词和关键词并结合采访记者的提问可知，老人想表达的意思是“他虽然年龄很大（大到他的敌人全部都已经死了），但是他很健康，而且很有信心活到100岁。” 因此，我们可推断：老人对自己的健康很骄傲也很自信，故正确答案为B。 【总结】 在进行推理判断时，我们需要注意： 1. 忠实于原文，从字里行间寻找有用的提示和线索，切忌凭自己的主观臆断代替作者的本意； 2. 要全面分析，切忌以偏概全； 3. 文中已有的信息不能作为推断。 练一练 阅读下面的短文，并完成短文后的题。 Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The owner could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help. The engineer drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one.” The machine, with a new part on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $30,00