内容正文:
☆(十) 非谓语动词之分词
1、 分词的基本概念
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种,主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有自己 的宾语、表语、状语等。
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:
1. 在语态上,现在分词表示主动的意思,而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思:
the moving body(运动着的物体):the moved body(被移动的物体)。
2. 在时间关系上,一般来说,现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程,即它所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的;而过去分词表示已完成的动作或己存在的状态,即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作:
I saw someone opening the door.
I saw the door opened.
2、 分词作定语
分词或分词短语作定语,通常是说明句子中名词的,但有时也说明代词one(ones),that (those),some,others,anything,something等:
The girl in the next room is his sister.
Today's computers are of much greater difference those used in the past(说明those)
1. 现在分词作定语
1) 表示正在进行的动作(变为定语从句时常用进行时态):
The man standing(=Who is standing)at the door is our new maths teacher.
2) 表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态(变为定语从句时常用一般时态):
They visited the museum lying(=which lies)nearby .
3) 动词wish,want,hope,know,think,believe,expect的现在分词短语常可用作定语。例如:
People wishing (= who wished)to see the film star had waited two hours outside the cinema.
4) 除以上情况外,用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如:
The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it.
2. 过去分词短语作定语
1) 意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生:
Is this book written by the young man?
A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.
2) 没有一定的时间性:
I don't like to see letters written in pencil.
3. 作定语时的位置
1) 单个分词作定语,常置于被说明的词之前,不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征:
The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.
2) 单个分词作定语,有时放在被说明的词之后,用来强调动作:
We have had good harvests for many years running. (我们连续多年获得丰收。)
3) 分词短语作定语时,通常位于被说明的词之后
3、 分词作状语
分词及分词短语作状语,通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末,一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件;放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。
1. 现在分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。
1) 作时间状语,相当子when等引起的从句:
Seeing those pictures(=When he saw those pictures),he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown.
Having done their homework(=After they had done/did their homework),they went swimming in the lake.
如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,也常用when或while加分词这种结构:
When lea